Coconut Plant Research Articles

Study of the effect of water dosage and compaction on the physico-mechanical characteristics of a mixture of earth (Avédji clay soil) and coconut fibers

The objective of this study is to contribute to the popularization of knowledge on the earth construction sector by studying the influence of the variation in the quantity of water and the compaction energy on the physico-mechanical properties of a mixture of earth (Avédji clay soil) and coconut plant fibers. · To achieve this, we carried out : · characterization of clay soil and coconut fibers ; · a pre-formulation to achieve good workability and manageability of the soil-fiber mixture (this made it possible to adopt 80% clay soil and 20% coconut plant fibers) ; · the formulation and preparation of soil-fiber mixture samples with two compaction modes: vibration and staking and variations in the quantity of water from 16% to 20% in increments of 2% ; · determination of the mechanical properties of mixtures by compression and tensile tests by bending in the hardened state. The results obtained show that for a water variation of 16% and 20%, the staked specimens give higher compressive strengths than the vibrated specimens; while at 18% the resistances are approximately the same. In traction, the resistance varies in the same direction as the water variation and the addition of fibers makes it possible to improve this tensile resistance by bending. Furthermore, the best mechanical strengths are obtained in traction, which is about 1.00 MPa, and in compression, which is about 1.544 MPa for a water variation of 20% and for compaction energy by staking precisely at compression.

Phytochemical Screening of Coconut Pistil Extract (Pistillum Cocos nucifera) as Traditional Medicine

The coconut plant is a plant that has many benefits for human life. Every part of the coconut plant has great benefits for life, such as the trunk, roots, fruit, even the fruit or pistil of the coconut also provides many health benefits. Villagers use coconut pistil as a traditional medicine in the treatment of diarrhea. Traditional medicine can be obtained from plants that contain secondary metabolite compounds. Secondary metabolite compounds are active compounds found in plants to defend themselves from harmful environmental attacks. The purpose of this study is to identify secondary metabolite compounds present in coconut pistils. Identification of secondary metabolite compounds is carried out qualitatively, namely conducting phytochemical tests (phytochemical screening) in the laboratory. Phytochemical Screening is a simple and effective method. The results of this study indicate that coconut pistil (pistillum Cocos Nucifera) positively contains secondary metabolite compounds of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and phenolics. So that coconut pistil can be used as one of the traditional medicinal ingredients

Impact of welding steel rod rotor bars on ripple mill efficiency and cost-effectiveness at Sumatera Jaya Agro Lestari Sawit Coconut Plant

Impact of welding steel rod rotor bars on ripple mill efficiency and cost-effectiveness at Sumatera Jaya Agro Lestari Sawit Coconut Plant

Kelayakan Usaha Gula Kelapa Di Kabupaten Kulonprogo

The coconut plant (Cocos nucifera L.) is a strategic commodity that has an important role in the social, cultural and economic aspects of society. Kulon Progo Regency has a coconut plantation area of ​​16,104 ha, with productivity reaching 26,152 tons. Meanwhile, Panjatan District contributed 3,856 tons of coconut production with a coconut plantation area of ​​2,065 ha (BPS Kulon Progo Regency, 2021). The large area and high productivity of coconut in Panjantan District have great potential in developing the coconut sugar agro-industry. Apart from that, coconut sugar business actors in Kulon Progo Regency have received the European standard CSQA (Certified Software Quality Analyst) geographical indication certificate from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. Coconut sugar has an important role in meeting local sugar needs, especially for people who still rely on natural sugar as a source of sugar. Coconut sugar also has high economic value, is in demand in local and international markets. So, this research wants to see the feasibility of the brown sugar business in Panjatan. The location determination technique was carried out purposively, while sampling was carried out using simple random sampling. Data was collected for one week. The results of the analysis show that the feasibility of the coconut sugar business in Panjatan is worth pursuing, because the results of the R/C value analysis are more than 1, namely 1.02. Capital productivity of 1.93% is greater than the bank savings interest rate of 0.175%. Labor productivity of Rp. 112,729,- exceeds the daily wage in Luweng Lor Village, namely Rp. 40,000,-. The BEP price is Rp. 13,106,- which is smaller than the average price for the coconut sugar household industry in Luweng Lor Village, which is Rp. 13,313,-. Meanwhile, the production BEP of 42 kg is smaller than the average production amount for coconut sugar craftsmen, namely 43 kg. To increase the coconut sugar business by using a larger tool for boiling sap, so that productivity will increase.

Volatile blooms of Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin infested coconut and banana leaves attracting parasitoid Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani

Invasive whitefly species in coconut plantations have become a matter of concern in the last half a decade as they cause direct and indirect infestation on the palms. The Rugose spiralling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin infestation was high on Cocos nucifera L. (coconut) followed by Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) (Butterfly palm) and Annona squamosa L. (custard apple). The coconut varieties Malayan Yellow Dwarf and Chowghat Orange Dwarf were observed with higher infestation index while that of West coast tall was the lowest. Higher RSW parasitization levels were observed on Musa paradisiaca L. (banana) and Canna indica L. (Indian shot), with 85.96 and 71.59% parasitization, respectively. Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) between healthy and RSW-infested coconut plants revealed the emission of 56 VOCs from the healthy coconut plant and 47 VOCs from RSW infested plant. 22 VOCs were common in both samples, and 25 VOCs were unique to RSW-infested coconut plants. The presence of 42 VOCs was identified from the headspace extracts of RSW-infested bananas. Differences in the VOCs emitted from RSW-infested banana and coconut plants revealed higher emission of terpenoids like β-Caryophyllene, (E, Z)-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-Octatriene, Humulene, α-Pinene, Farnesane, α-Copaene and β-cis-Ocimene from RSW infested banana plants that proved to be more attractive to the parasitoid. Identifying specific blends of volatile compounds influencing Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani could help to augment the parasitotic for RSW management in coconut plantations.

Coconut Plant Disease Identified and Management for Agriculture Crops using Machine Learning

This research paper introduces an innovative approach to improve the quality and sustainability of coconut farming and exports in Sri Lanka. It employs advanced image processing techniques to detect, classify, and grade pests and diseases early in coconut palms. This allows for swift interventions and reduces the need for harsh chemical treatments, promoting eco-friendly farming practices. Furthermore, the study goes beyond pest control to evaluate optimal conditions for coconut growth, considering factors like soil quality, water availability, and climate. It empowers farmers with insights to maximize coconut palm yield. Additionally, the system incorporates a growth prediction component using historical data and machine learning, enabling farmers to plan and allocate resources effectively. By combining early pest detection, pest management, growth classification, and predictive analysis, this research offers a comprehensive strategy to enhance Sri Lanka's coconut quality for export. This approach not only improves product quality but also safeguards the industry's sustainability by reducing economic losses and ecological impact. Leveraging cutting-edge tools like image processing and machine learning, this research aims to boost efficiency, economic viability, and international competitiveness in Sri Lanka's coconut farming sector.

Pengolahan Kelapa Menjadi Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) dengan Metode Fermentasi Sederhana

Coconut plant is frequently referred to as the plant of life since every part of it may be utilized and turned into a product. One of the commercial processed product by coconut is virgin coconut oil (VCO), which has many benefits to health properties. VCO is extracted from coconut milk from coconut fresh. The introduction of virgin oil (VCO) to partners aimed about VCO's advantages and development of appropriate technology that can be applied to local communities in Negeri Katon, Lampung Selatan. This community service activity program introduced fermentation method using yeast to convert coconut milk into VCO. The activity were conducted in three steps: i.e presentation of VCO process production and discussion, demonstration of making VCO together, and evaluation based on pre and post-test form results. Several analysis have been conducted including the percentage yield, density, viscosity and pH of the VCO. The evaluation of this activity was obtained from pre and post-test results. The results of the pre-test showed that among 50% the people of Negeri Katon really needs to the activity of making VCO by fermentation together. Based on the highest post-test result of 91%, it can be concluded that the VCO-making activities are very useful. Further development of activities, such as intensive practice in making VCO and training in packaging and selling VCO is very needed. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the activity of making VCO by fermentation for the community of Negeri Katon is very necessary to be carried out in terms of utilizing coconut into VCO and creating business opportunities for the future.

Effects of Different Concentrations of Coconut Water Extended with Glycerol and Ringers Solution Extenders on Cockerel Semen Preservation

The study was conducted at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State. Nigeria, Kashere is located at an elevation of 431metre above the sea level. Its coordinates lies between latitude 9°46''O''N and longitude 100o57'0'' E, Altitude 349m (2006, census). The aim of the study was to determine the effects of cryptoprotectants on cockerel semen preservation. A total of twelve (12) indigenous cockerels with ages ranging from 12 to 15 months, with an unknown previous management background from local markets in Kashere were used. The cockerels were managed intensively and put into pens as experimental units. Cockerels were fed daily with growers mash feed and served water ad libitum; the birds were trained once a day in the morning by abdominal massage for two weeks. The cockerels were randomly allotted into three treatments. Each treatment had 3 replicates. The indigenous cockerels were trained once a day and semen was collected between 10:00am and 11:00am. The cockerels were allowed a period of two week for adaptation, Semen were collected by abdominal massage method described by Burrows and Quinn (1937). The semen concentration were measured using haemocytometer with the direct cell count method. The coconut water was collected from a freshly harvested coconut plant. Five milliliters of the coconut water was placed into different sampling bottles and diluted with different percentages of glycerol. The data on the percentage of sperm progressive motility, live/dead sperm, morphological normal intact sperm, total abnormal head, mid-piece/neck, tail and overall abnormalities were subjected to a one way analysis of variance using statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23, 2015). coconut water extended with ringer solution at 2% glycerol at 0-7% concentration showed no significance difference (P<0.05). In this study head sperm was significantly high (P<0.05) at 2%, 3%, 5% and ..

Pengaruh Volume Air dan Lama Waktu Putaran Terhadap Kualitas VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil)

Coconut plant (Cocos nucifera L.) is one of the industrial plants which plays an important role for the survival of the Indonesian nation. Because of that, the coconut tree is called The Tree of Life. Coconut also produces a processed product that is popular lately, namely Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), which scientifically has VCO health benefits, including reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease [1], anti-diabetic and antioxidant [2], preventing premature aging and healing wounds [3], and many other benefits. (Septiany Christin Palilingan & Meity Pungus, 2018). This study aims to determine the effect of water volume and spin time on the quality of VCO. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors, namely the length of time factor (A) and the ratio of water addition ratio (K). Factor A consists of three levels, namely: A1 = 10 minutes, A2 = 20 minutes and A3 = 30 minutes. The K factor consists of 3 levels, namely: K1 = 1 kg of grated coconut: 2 liters of water, K2 = 1 kg of grated coconut: 3 liters of water and K3 = 1 kg of grated coconut: 4 liters of water. The results showed that the spin time factor had no significant effect on the yield, specific gravity, viscosity, acid number, water content and pH. The water volume factor had a significant effect on the yield and water content but had no significant effect on the specific gravity, viscosity, acid number and pH.

Uji Efikasi Berbagai Konsentrasi Insektisida Nabati Buah Majapahit (Aegle marmelos L. Correa) terhadap Mortalitas Hama Uret Tanaman Kelapa (Oryctes rhinoceros L.)

A type of insect that causes a decline in coconut production is the uret pest of coconut (Oryctes rhinoceros L.). The vegetable pesticide of the majapahit fruit is one of several techniques for controlling pests. This study was carried out from April to July 2022 at the Plant Protection Laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Production, Jember Country Polytechnic. The goal of this investigation was to determine the impact of the majapahit vegetable pesticide on the death of the uret pest of coconut plants. This study employed a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and six replications, namely control, 50%, 60%, and 70% majapahit fruit extract.. The experimental data were examined using ANOVA; if the findings indicated a significant influence, a 5% stage LSD similarly check was carried out, along with the determination of LT50 using probit analysis. Mortality, physical changes, and LT50 are the key factors. The results showed that the majapahit fruit's natural insecticides had a significant impact on the death of the coconut plant's ureth pest, with the LT50 value at a concentration of 70% majapahit fruit extract reaching its lowest point in 178 hours.

Antibacterial Activity of Acetone Coconut Husk (Cocos Nucifera Linn) Extract Against Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli Bacteria

Coconut plant (Cocos nucifera Linn) is an annual plant that is most beneficial to the people of Indonesia, because almost all parts of the plant can be utilized and used for medicine and daily needs. Part of the coconut plant, namely coconut fiber which is considered as waste, can be used as an antibacterial agent because it contains tannin compounds or also called tannic acid which is a complex chemical compound consisting of several polyphenolic compounds which act as antibacterial and antiviral. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of coconut coir acetone extract (Cocos nucifera Linn) against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The method used is disc diffusion (Kirby and Bauer test). Coconut coir powder (Cocos nucifera Linn) was macerated with acetone for 3 x 24 hours. Furthermore, the antibacterial test of coconut coir extract (Cocos nucifera Linn) was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Chloramphenicol as a positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a negative control. The results of antibacterial activity that have been carried out show that coco coir extract (Cocos nucifera Linn) with a concentration of 60% is the highest concentration of inhibition zone diameter between 20% and 40% with an average inhibition zone diameter of 11.7 mm against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Escherichia coli and belongs to the category of strong sensitivity.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI GULA MERAH DI DESA BESAN KECAMATAN DAWAN KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG

Coconut is a strategically important commodity in the lives of the Balinese people, playing social, cultural, and economic roles. Its benefits extend beyond the flesh of the fruit, which can be processed into coconut milk, copra, and coconut oil. Every part of the coconut plant has significant advantages. In the Dawan Subdistrict of Klungkung Regency, coconut trees are cultivated for sap extraction. The production of brown sugar serves as a processing industry in Klungkung Regency. However, the processing industry sector, as measured by the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), experiences fluctuations. The aim of this study was to analyze the combined effects of the number of tapped trees, raw materials, and capital on brown sugar production in Besan Village, Dawan District, Klungkung Regency. This research adopts a quantitative and associative research approach. The study was conducted in Besan Village, Dawan District, Klungkung Regency. The population consisted of all existing brown sugar craftsmen in Besan Village, and a sample of 55 ampel business units was selected as respondents. The analysis technique employed was the Cobb Douglas Production Function analysis. The results indicate that the simultaneous presence of the variables—number of tapped trees, raw materials, and capital—significantly influences brown sugar production. The partial results reveal that the number of tapped trees and raw materials have a positive and significant effect on brown sugar production, whereas capital does not impact brown sugar production. Efficiency analysis shows that the number of tapped trees has reached an efficient level, while raw materials and capital have not yet achieved efficiency.
 keyword: Production, Brown Sugar, Processing Industry

Pendampingan Edukasi Pembuatan Minyak Goreng Murni Pada Petani Kelapa

<em>Coconut plant is a plant that is useful for everyday life. These plants can be used by the community starting from the roots to the tips of the leaves, this is what makes coconut plants have high economic value. Some areas in Indonesia make coconut as a source of livelihood, one of which is in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Kab. KulonProgo, Kec. Kokap, Dusun Tangkisan II. Based on the local natural resources they have, the majority of the local people's livelihood is selling coconuts but what is sold is still raw. The purpose of this service is to improve soft skills as a stimulation of the independence of making coconut oil through a group of coconut farmers in Tangkisan II Hamlet. This activity method uses a questionnaire instrument by analyzing the average value of the pre-posttest results on coconut farmers. Result: there is a difference in the mean value of the pretest. Conclusion: the group of housewives is able to make and process coconut into pure cooking oil so that it has economic value and increases household income.</em>

RUGOSE SPIRALING WHITEFLY INFESTATION ON COCONUT: THREATS AND REMEDY

Rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) Aleurodicus rugioperculagus (Hemiptera: Aleurodidae) is an invasive pest causing severe damage to coconut plant, having higher percent of infestation (70.2% to 165.4%). The nymph and adults suck cell sap from the underside of the leaves and secret honeydew that develop sooty mold fungi and interfere the growth of the plants. It was first identified in Bangladesh in 2019 on coconut plants in Jashore.Then it has spread to almost all other districts in Bangladesh. Highest coconut tree infestation was observed in southwestern part (97.5%) and lowest (68.0%) was in central part of the country and there was no significant difference among locations. In the coastal regions, the highest percent (97.0%) of infested coconut tree, infested fronds (96.2%) and leaflet area (84.0%) was recorded in Bagerhat district while the lowest percent infested tree (68.0%), fronds per tree (67.2%) and leaflet area (48.0%) was in Cox’s Bazar. The abundance of RSW increases as the number of leaves increased. Higher percent tree infestation (85.7%) was noticed in native while it was lower(81.2%) in dwarf coconut plants although no significant difference was observed.Low abundances of adult RSW were also found in dwarf coconut plants than that of native ones. The highest incidence of whitefly of coconut was observed in summer months of April-May andthe lowest was in June-July. Biological control is an effective measure where Encarsia guadeloupae, lady bird beetleand lacewings are common predators and entomopathogenic fungi Isaria fumosorosea reduces the incidenceof RSW from 77.8 to 75.1%. Various cultural and mechanical practices also significantly reduce the pest incidence, infestation, abundance of egg, nymph and adult by 50.0%, 49.9%, 49.7%, 50.1% and 49.8% respectively. Different systemic neonicotinoid insecticides also showed successful result in controlling rugose spiraling whitefly

Effect of storage temperatures treatment of coconut flesh (Cocos nucifera L.) based on the quality of coconut milk

Coconut plant (Cocos nucifera) is one of the potential industrial plants and has an important role both in terms of nutrition and in terms of economy in Indonesia. The number of coconut plants in Indonesia is used by the community, one of which is as a raw material for making coconut milk. Coconut milk is obtained from the extract of old coconut flesh that has been grated, either with the addition or without water, this white coconut milk liquid is an emulsion of oil and water. Coconut milk contains 230 kilocalories and consists of 67.5% water, 23.8% total fat, 5.54% carbohydrates, 2.29% protein and 0.70% ash. During production, coconut milk needs to undergo pretreatment homogeneous high-speed shear. Generally, this type of pretreatment can improve the emulsion stability in coconut milk. This needs to be done because the coconut milk emulsion system is very easily unstable after thawing. Temperature pretreatmentin coconut flesh is the main factor that influences the quality of the coconut milk produced. This study was conducted to analyze changes in the quality of coconut milk after it was done pretreatment storage of coconut flesh before being grated and squeezed into coconut milk and knowing the temperature pretreatment the most appropriate method to obtain the best quality coconut milk by using the Multiple Attribute Zeleny. The research was carried out in stages including the preparation of tools and materials, making coconut milk starting with cleaning the coconut, then giving pretreatment coconut flesh with 3 storage treatments using cold temperatures (6°C ± 2°C) and freezing temperatures (-16°C ± 2°C) stored for 24 hours and room temperature (27°C ± 2°C) without storage time. Then the coconut flesh is grated and the coconut milk is squeezed and continued with testing the quality parameters of coconut milk. The best treatment in the manufacture of coconut milk is to use pretreatment at freezing temperatures (-16°C ± 2°C) which is stored for 24 hours with the quality of coconut milk in the form of 22% yield, 30.59% water content, pH 6.27, and Viscosity 86.70 cP.

Invasion of Rugose spiraling whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) across Bangladesh coastal region causes widespread damage to coconut plants.

Rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin, a native pest of coconut in Central America, has recently been introduced to South-East Asia. Little is known about the spread of RSW in Bangladesh, the effect this pest has on coconut plants, or the full range of its plant hosts. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted surveys across the southern coastal coconut producing region of Bangladesh. Coconut plant damage from RSW was high throughout all the areas surveyed, and this was correlated with the population density of RSW. Areas, such as Khulna, which had the highest population density of RSW, had the highest level of RSW leaf damage. Coconut plants with an infestation of RSW had significantly fewer leaves and fruits. The coconut fruits were also smaller, both in terms of size and weight, and contained less water and lighter endosperm compared to non-infested plants. This highlights the need for the management of RSW in coconut growing regions. We also report 39 new host plant species for RSW from 22 plant families, including the economically important mangrove plant Nipa palm, Nypa fruticans Wurmb.

Bauran Pemasaran (4P) Pada Produk Minyak Kelapa Kampung “Lanarasa” Di Desa Tambu Kecamatan Balaesang

Coconut is a plant that has a high economy because all parts of the coconut plant can be used for human interests, therefore the coconut plant is also called the tree of human life. Donggala Regency is one of the coconut centers in Central Sulawesi Province that has the potential for natural resources in supporting the development of coconut farming businesses where in Tambu village the coconut itself is processed into virgin coconut oil. The purpose of this community service is to provide an understanding and application of the marketing mix, namely products, prices, places, and promotions to Lanarasa coconut oil products. The benefits of this activity are expected to understand more about the marketing mix can help the Lanarasa coconut oil production process in the future to be good. The method carried out is Observation and mentoring. The result achieved is that the public better understands the application of the marketing mix to Lanarasa products. Lanarasa is a brand name product with an affordable market price offered but has good quality.and also has a strategic production place and close to raw materials so as to facilitate the production process. For promotions so far, we market products both directly and also through social media.

Comparative assessment of Pest damage identification of coconut plant using damage texture and color analysis.

Coconut cultivation is a promising agricultural activity. But to keep the coconut plants pest-free, the detection of various pest damage in coconut plants is of utmost importance for the cultivators. The processes that the cultivators use to detect pest damage in coconut plants are conventional methods, experts' views, or some laboratory techniques. But these procedures are not adequate in the detection of coconut damage identification. In this study, 16 different color and texture features are reported for 1265 coconut pest damage images by extracting the color and texture features of the damage images in the color and grey domain after the damage segmentation using the thresholding technique. The Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Gray Level Run Length Matrix (GLRLM) techniques are applied to extract the texture features of the damages and two Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architectures are reported to classify the extracted data features of the damages into 5 different classes such as Eriophyid_Mite, Rhinoceros_Beetle, Red_Palm_Weevil, Rugose_Spiraling_White_fly, and Rugose_in_Mature with an average testing accuracy of almost 100% respectively. To compare the results with the other machine learning techniques, the Support Vector Machine(SVM), Decision Tree (DT), and Naïve Bayes (NB) are also introduced for damage identification where the SVM methods also report almost 100% accuracy on the fuse features of GLCM and GLRLM. The results of the ANN and SVM are compared by finding the confusion matrix, precision, recall, and f-1 score of the ANN model with the DT and NB classifier. The ANN and SVM outperform in all matrices and they can be used as the base model for further study of coconut pest damage identification using deep learning techniques.

Host range of rugose spiraling whitefly, (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus) martin and its incidence and damage on coconut plant in coastal region of Bangladesh

Rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an invasive pest causing severe damage to several plant species. Surveys were conducted in the farmers’ orchards of 11 coastal districts of Bangladesh namely Patuakhali, Barguna, Barishal, Khulna, Bagherhat, Pirojpur, Jhalokathi, Bhola, Laxmipur, Noakhali and Cox’s Bazar to know the host range of rugose spiraling whitefly and its incidence and damage in coconut during July 2021 to June 2022. Results revealed that a total of 22 plant species from 16 families were recorded as hosts of A. rugioperculatus. Among the host plants 4 hosts were infested by A. rugioperculatus in which all the life stages such as egg spirals, nymphs and adults of whitefly were noticed whereas in other 18 host plants only the egg stages were observed. The highest incidence of whitefly egg spirals, nymphs and adults per leaflet of coconut was observed in September 2021 at Bagherhat followed by October, November and May 2022 while the lowest was in July 2021 at Cox’s Bazar followed by June, January, February 2022 and December 2021. The highest percent (97%) infested tree was recorded in Bagherhat district while the lowest percent infested tree (68%) was in Cox’s Bazar. The highest percent (96.23%) of infested fronds per tree were recorded in Bagherhat district and the lowest percent infested fronds per tree (67.23%) was in Cox’s Bazar. The highest percent (84%) of leaflet area occupied by this insect was recorded in Bagherhat and the lowest percent was in Cox’s Bazar (48%). SAARC J. Agric., 20(2): 183-197 (2022)

STUDY OF MAKING BIOMASS BRIQUETTES FROM COCONUT SHELL AND TAPIOCA ADHESIVE

One of the natural resources in Indonesia, especially Tarakan City, is the coconut plant. Coconut shells in Tarakan City are usually used for charcoal to be burned directly as an alternative fuel. This study aims to process charcoal from coconut shells into a more efficient fuel, that’s is biomass briquettes. Biomass briquettes from coconut shells are processed from charcoal making, milling, dough making, molding and drying. Coconut shell charcoal is mashed manually and combined with adhesive from tapioca flour with a ratio of coconut shell charcoal powder to tapioca flour powder is 5:1. Briquettes are printed in the form of tubes with a diameter of 4 cm and a length of 3 cm. The briquettes that have been molded are then dried in an oven at 110oC for 24 hours to remove the moisture content in the briquettes. In the study of application, it takes 10 minutes to cook 2 liters of water to a boil, which is equivalent to using a PGN gas stove with a medium flame setting, and in the process of cooking 2 liters of water it uses 602.8 grams of fuel with 390.2 grams of remaining fuel, and the efficiency is 37.14 %