Coat Of Arms Research Articles

This article analyzes the creation of symbols of non-governmental non-commercial organizations (NGOs): coat of arms, flag, logo, emblem and other identification marks, their meaning and social significance, as well as administrative procedures for the registration and protection of these symbols on the basis of legislation. It is scientifically substantiated that NGO symbols play an important role in shaping the organization’s brand, increasing its social prestige, and visually representing its goals and objectives. Problems such as legal gaps in the process of official registration, use, and protection of symbols in the current national legislation, shortcomings in interdepartmental coordination, and inadequate data exchange were analyzed. Also, based on advanced foreign experience, proposals and recommendations were developed to strengthen effective administrative liability measures against cases of illegal use of NGO symbols, to introduce prompt, transparent, and corruption-free mechanisms through comprehensive protection of intellectual property rights and digitalization of these processes. The research results will serve to strengthen the legal status of NGOs, increase their social prestige, develop civil society institutions, and further strengthen mutual trust between the state and society.

National identity is a sense of belonging to a national community, shaped by the culture, language, history, traditions, and values shared by its members. Poland's national identity can be explained by elements such as the Polish language, national symbols (the national anthem, flag, and coat of arms), culture and history, awareness of common origins and kinship, and a sense of belonging to the nation. Since the 1989 transition, the formation and transformation of Poland's national identity has been a complex process involving a mixture of tradition and modernity, as well as aspirations for the future. Many traditional elements of Polish national identity, such as language, culture, history, and family values, continue to play an important role. Since 1989, diverse perspectives on the meaning of “Polishness” (polskość) have emerged from various experiences and viewpoints on life. On the other hand, systemic change, European integration, and ethnic culture play an important role in shaping the identity of modern Poles. While Poland's national identity is dynamic and constantly evolving, its core — rooted in the history, culture, and language shared by Poles — remains unchanged, shaped by various factors such as language, culture, history, religion, and national symbols. It is necessary to maintain traditions while adapting to a changing world, and to establish priorities and achieve balance between these factors. The national identity of modern Poland is a complex phenomenon that evolves in response to the dynamic changes occurring in Poland and around the world.

Ukraine has a Law on the State Anthem, but similar documents on the State Flag and the State Emblem have not been approved, as provided for by the Constitution. The article supports the position on the importance and even urgency of adopting these two constitutional regulatory legal acts. After all, in their absence, there are cases of improper use of state symbols: on unsuitable objects, in inappropriate places, under unacceptable conditions, etc. Due to the lack of official instructions and recommendations on the use of state symbols, both Ukrainians and foreigners can unknowingly or intentionally cause disrespect and even insult to these iconic and significant national objects. In addition, unscrupulous manufacturers of goods and service providers can use state symbols for faster profit, without resorting to moral, ethical and patriotic principles and ideas. In such documents, it is worth paying special attention to the use of the so-called stylized state symbols (when the main attributes of the flag are preserved – blue and yellow colors in combination, the coat of arms – the silhouette of a trident, the anthem – motifs of music by M. Verbytsky or words from the text of a poem by P. Chubynsky). Taking into account the history of the struggle of Ukrainians for state independence, at the level of state symbols it is advisable to also consider the black-and-red flag, which has become a national symbol of courage and patriotism in Ukraine. Legislative documents that will contain a detailed description and procedure for using the state symbols of Ukraine will not only provide an opportunity to streamline the mechanisms for using state symbols without violations, but also protect them from the impudence and contempt of enemies. After all, respect for state symbols is an integral part of raising patriots. Respect for the State Flag, Coat of Arms and the National Anthem should be formed in the minds of citizens from early childhood, when not just symbolic images or sounds are laid, but a symbolic reproduction of the identity of Ukraine as a state, Ukrainians as a nation and people with a deep history and rich traditions.

In the Swiss town of Romanshorn, on the shores of Lake Constance, next to the old, renovated Evangelical church, there is a building with a coat of arms on its wall. It is very interesting that the shield in the coat of arms features a dog. The subject of our research is precisely this dog.

The assembly speech is dedicated to the formation of the pediatric surgical service in the Tver region. The history of the Department of Pediatric Surgery at Tver Medical University and its diverse activities are vividly presented. The methodological support of the students' educational process includes monitoring the initial level of knowledge, optional discussion of the results of scientific research, conducting webinars, abstract conferences, distance learning, as well as clinical analysis of newly admitted patients. The training programs developed at the department include recommendations on the care of children after surgical interventions in the primary level of pediatric services. The educational process covers all levels of medical care, including emergency and emergency room doctors for the diagnosis of urgent surgical conditions. The article describes the efforts spent on the creation of a pediatric surgical service, the close relationship between the Department of Surgery at the university and the surgical departments of the regional hospital, which the department regularly replenishes with trained specialists. Morality, morality, and professional ethics have been implemented at the department for more than 30 years. The department lives under the coat of arms, which depicts its postulate — work, faith, loyalty.

Law is a unique sign-symbolic system. The legislator uses legal symbols to personify objects that exist in legal reality and that can be externally expressed by a symbol. Judges’ robes, border signs, military uniforms, coat of arms, anthem, flag—expressing these and other objects only with the help of text can significantly reduce the effectiveness of the legal norm, since the textual definition of a given phenomenon can give it an ambiguous meaning. The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between legal symbols and legal signs with the social functions of law, as well as with the psychology of law. The article discusses the issues of the functioning of legal emotions and their connection with linguistic means. Research methods include semiotic analysis and discourse analysis. The relevance of the research topic is related to the growing importance of global electronic networks and the corresponding changes in the perception of legal norms. The authors conclude that the legal or illegal behaviour of an individual is largely determined by both his ability to perceive legal symbols and legal signs, and the quality of the stimuli themselves and the corresponding information in the context of socialisation and communication. Keywords: Legal Symbol; Legal Sign; Legal meanings.

The article analyses the status of the legal framework and the use of state symbols in trademarks in the Republic of Poland. It examines the genesis of law enforcement of exceptional conditions for granting legal protection to signs containing state symbols of the Republic of Poland. Additionally, the article explores the correlation of these exceptions with Article 6 ter of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property concerning the general prohibition of such use as an absolute ground for refusal to register a trademark. The article draws attention to the fact of expanded application of Article 6 ter of the Paris Convention in the legislation of the Republic of Poland. It is emphasised that the Polish legislator did not limit itself to the prohibition of registration of marks containing different state emblems of the Union, but uses the concept of a symbol of the Republic of Poland (coat of arms, flag, or anthem). Accordingly, the concept of symbol of the Poland is a broader concept than the coat of arms, flag and emblem, not only because it also covers the use of the national anthem. It's also because it is not limited to the statutory de scription under Polish law. The authors drew attention to the fact that the lack of registration of the national emblem and other official symbols of the Republic of Poland in the WIPO Article 6ter Express Database. The lack of a competent authority to grant permission to use the national symbols in a trademark are manifestations of legal uncertainty in the regulation of these legal relations, which contributes to unfair competition.Therefore, the authors suggest that Polish legislation needs further harmonisation with EU legislation. The author makes a recommendation to define at the legislative level a precise list of all authorised bodies which are obliged to consider requests of business entities for granting permits for use of state symbols in trademarks and the rules for their consideration. Taking into account the peculiarities of ex officio review of EU trademarks, it is recommended to include the full list of official symbols of the Republic of Poland in the relevant WIPO database.

There are many historical tools available to researchers to help them understand the past. In addition to the classical subjects (heraldry, sphragistics, insignology, genealogy, archontology, etc.), a number of new, modern auxiliary sciences (historical psychology, network analysis, etc.) have recently been introduced into the methodology of historiography. Family history research has played an important role in Hungarian history since the 19th century, while the digitisation of the Hungarian National Archives has led to a renewed interest in researching the history of families with a significant historical heritage (and archival material). The archival collection of the Perényi family in Nyaláb and the baron Perényi family archives at the State Archives of Transcarpathia County provide researchers with a relatively accurate picture of the family's history in the 14th and 19th centuries. This may be important, since the public (and scientific) scholarship in Transcarpathia has so far focused mainly on only a fraction of the family's history and its prominent personalities. In our research, we will focus on an early period of the history of the Perényi, the Luxembourg period (1387 – 1437). The members of the Perényi family, who originated in the Abaúj county and rose to the rank of noblemen, rose to the highest echelons of power thanks to their personal talents and loyalty to the ruler, becoming some of the richest landowners in the country. During their European tours (accompanied by the king or on diplomatic missions), the Perényi’s, who were part of King Sigismund's immediate entourage, were able to learn about the various forms of power representation, which they used in their everyday lives and in their wider environment. Some of these have survived to this day, illustrating the Perényi family's cultural patronage. The coats of arms used by the Perényi, for example, adorned church and secular buildings, seals and tombstones, showing the place of the bearer in the social hierarchy. As a result of archaeological research, in addition to the previously known tombstones at Trebišov and Rudabánya, new ones have recently been discovered in Abaújvár and Királyháza.

The primary questions addressed in the research conducted as a qualitative content analysis were the communication framing of national identity in advertising in the Republic of Serbia. The visual, verbal, and audio elements of advertisements were observed as symbols, individually and in their interrelationships, as a cohesive narrative. The aim was to understand how national identity is adapted for commercial purposes and represented in advertising. The study explored how images, messages, sounds, and concepts are treated, and how they invite viewers to perceive national identity. Several specific symbols were highlighted. Visually, in addition to official symbols (the flag, coat of arms), food is the most prominent in presenting national identity. It is shown individually, as a particular authentic food product, or conceptually, as a meal around which people gather. Among the carriers of the narrative about national identity, sound also stands out. In most ads, music and sound effects have a distinctly ethnic character. The past has been identified as perhaps the most complex symbol of national identity. It runs through almost all narratives, within which creative treatments of the past, the selection of historical periods, and attitudes towards tradition as an aspect of the past are highlighted.

The article examines the peculiarities of visitation narratives that are interpreted as the evidence of the “autonomization of the social” in the intellectual discourse of the 16th — 17th centuries. The source basis is a group of early visitations (Visitations of the North, ca. 1480—1500) and visitations conducted under the Stuarts by Nicholas Charles and William Camden. The material for the visitations was collected empirically. The heralds were interested in the following information: the coat of arms used by the family and the genealogy of the owner of a particular estate. These elements were the structural basis of the visitation narrative. While early visitations include elements of dynastic narratives, in the Early Stuart heraldic texts the horizontal structure of the lineage comes to the fore, which has a historical (however, devoid of an event and chronological canvas) and spatial dimension, and in which the designated personalities are maximally impersonalized.

Michał Siedlecki presents the history of the Mackiewicz family based on the memories of Kazimierz Orłoś. The researcher mentions that they remain extremely colorful in their biographical aspect. In his publication, he presents the most important, in his opinion, fate of the representatives of this family. These are unique figures in Polish history and culture. They are characterized by deep patriotism. The Mackiewicz family comes from the native nobility of the Bożawola coat of arms. Many of them took an active part in the Kościuszko and January Uprisings. They fought for Poland’s independence in 1918, supported the actions of Marshal Józef Piłsudski, and later held high socio-cultural and political positions in their free homeland and in exile. Their achievements are remembered to this day. Kazimierz Orłoś – the nephew of Stanisław and Józef Mackiewicz – continued the work initiated by his great ancestors and, as a writer and political oppositionist in the Polish People’s Republic, was one of the important figures who fought in the cultural field for a sovereign Poland.

The article is devoted to identifying the main issues of defining identities in historical retrospect, which is extremely relevant, since identity as a social and cultural phenomenon is a key topic of scientific research, especially historical and archaeological research. The study of the identities of past societies requires an interdisciplinary approach that combines the analysis of material culture, written sources, and theoretical concepts. The article attempts to identify key issues and main approaches to reconstructing identities from archaeological materials and written evidence, as well as to identify the challenges faced by researchers. Identity is a fundamental concept in the social sciences and humanities. It encompasses the processes of self-awareness and self-determination, as well as the ways in which individuals and groups form and express their membership in particular social, cultural, ethnic, or other communities. The article examines identity as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is formed at the intersection of individual and collective factors, as well as its role in the modern world. Identity can be defined as an individual's or group's awareness of their own uniqueness and belonging, and can take different forms: personal identity, social identity, cultural identity. Identity as a product of interaction between an individual and society can be dynamic, changing depending on the social context or life circumstances. For example, the processes of globalization and migration contribute to the emergence of multicultural identities, where individuals combine elements of different cultures. At the same time, in the context of social conflicts, identity can become the basis for division and confrontation. Identity as a cultural phenomenon has a key aspect, as culture is one of the main factors in identity formation. Through language, symbols, rituals and traditions, individuals and groups express their cultural uniqueness. Cultural identity includes: language as the main means of communication and carrier of the cultural code; religion as a source of moral and ethical norms; symbols, such as national flags, coats of arms, clothing, music, and other attributes that define membership in a particular community. Cultural identity is also an important aspect of national identity. At the state level, it is often used to create a sense of unity among citizens. Identity is a key social and cultural phenomenon that affects all aspects of the lives of individuals and communities. Its formation depends on many factors, including social context, cultural traditions and historical events. In today's world, identity remains a dynamic and important tool to help people navigate the globalization and preserve cultural diversity.

The article analyzes the role of national symbols in the formation of branding of Ukrainian goods. The historical development of the use of elements of cultural identity, such as coats of arms, ornaments, colors and motifs, in the process of creating a positive image of products in domestic and international markets is considered. Special attention is paid to modern examples of successful use of national identity in marketing strategies.

This article presents the development of symbolic interpretations that appear on the pediment in Palladian architecture in Thailand. Palladian architecture originated from an Italian architect, Andrea Palladio. The distinctive identity is that it has beautiful proportions that are harmoniously consistent, with the style unraveled from ancient Greco-Roman architecture. It emphasizes symmetry and incorporates classic building elements into the design, especially in pediment. Studies have shown that pediment is an important element. It is located on the top of the building. In the Greco-Roman period, pediment was used to decorate the temple for worshiping the gods. Andrea Palladio adapted pediment elements in residential buildings, adhering to the beauty of proportions rather than excessive decorations according to the humanist approach that was popular during the Renaissance. As a result, the pediments in Andrea Palladio's designs were interpreted as majestic. The Palladian style of architecture clearly reflects the essence of Western architecture. It has been popular in Thailand since the 19th century onwards. The study found that Western architects adapted the architectural style to be more oriental. The unique pediment elements of the Palladian architecture have been redefined. Sculptures decorated with stories of various gods were replaced by the symbols of the monarchy, royal emblems, coat of arms and Garuda. Such decorations often appear on the pediment of the palaces and various government buildings to indicate the status of the monarch as the builder of the buildings and reflect the center of power in the rule of the monarch under the absolute monarchy.

Private states (also referred to as “micronations”) are unique cultural and creative products that involve political, economic, and cultural factors tied to individuals, groups, and specific social contexts. From ancient settlers establishing overseas colonies to modern digital virtual state projects, the forms and operational methods of private states have continuously evolved and innovated. The successful marketing of private states is often accompanied by the creation of narrative elements, such as their histories, constitutions, national flags, and coats of arms, constructing a grand narrative that attracts consumers, in line with the theory of monogatari consumption. As symbolic cultural products, these states not only possess material attributes but, more importantly, also embody cultural experiences and emotional value. Therefore, the significance of studying private states lies in elucidating how they present and operate their unique worldviews and cultural atmospheres to attract participation.

Abstract The article aims to study the social change in Bulgaria in the short period immediately after the fall of the totalitarian regime in November 1989. The rapid renaming of the streets, squares, and institutions of Sofia is examined, and the changes of the city symbols (coat of arms, city flag, and city day) are commented on. The main research questions are: whether and how social transformation was projected at the tangible and intangible urban space; and to what extent these changes affected local collective memory. The study uses a social history approach and is primarily based on historical analysis of archival documentation.

Abstract: The story of the bookseller Giovanni Baldini (d. 1425) expands our understanding of class, neighborhood, social status, and the construction of memory in Renaissance Florence. Investigation of his tax records, testament, and gravesite shows this stationer ( cartolaio ) to have achieved a level of wealth in the top two percent of Tuscan households as measured in the 1427 catasto. Indeed, Baldini had aspirations similar to those of the great families of his day, which were encapsulated in the family tomb he installed alongside city elites in the Benedictine abbey of Florence. His inscribed stone slab decorated with a coat of arms, sadly now lost, served not only to ensure prayers for the salvation of himself and his descendants but also to establish a lineage with a common surname, heraldic shield, family history, and legacy.

The Ugocsa estates of the Perényi family, Korolevo and the castle of Nyaláb, became Renaissance monuments of national importance in the 16th century. The era was defined by ominous events: the Dózsa Rebellion, the invasion of Ottoman Turks, and the country’s division into three parts. As a result of political events, manorial centres on the periphery of the Kingdom of Hungary paradoxically sometimes had more opportunities for development than the central areas of the country. The battles raged, but the wealthy Perényi family, which gained national influence and played a decisive role in the north-eastern counties, donated to literature and art because they wanted to develop the Hungarian language. It was important for them to be the first ones to read the letters of Saint Paul in print in their native language; they encouraged and sponsored the publication of Benedek Komjáthy’s Bible translation; and they supported the intellectual activity of the first Reformers. In addition, the traveling singer Péter Ilosvai Selymes also started and finished his career with them, and even Bálint Balassi was connected to the Perényi family. Support for the publication of psalms, religious songs, secular poems, and stories is connected to the family. In addition to the men of outstanding individuality and charity (Gábor Perényi, János P., István P., etc.), there was the caring mother, a woman who also dealt with economic matters in her widowhood: Katalin P. Frangepán. In addition to supporting literature, the activities of this noble family in supporting the fine arts cannot be neglected either. Stone carvings and stove tiles with the Perényi coat of arms or Renaissance flower motifs made in the castle of Nyaláb can be compared to the works of art in Sárospatak and elsewhere. Thanks to the activities of the Perényi family who donated to art and science and tolerated the culture of other ethnicities in addition to the Hungarian, such unique spiritual treasures as, for example, the Gospel of Korolevo – one of the oldest written records of Transcarpathia and Ukraine, were able to survive to this day. It can be said that Korolevo and the castle of Nyaláb became one of the cradles of Hungarian literature born at the beginning of the 16th century during the time of the Perényi family.

Abstract The paper deals with criminal law protection of state and national symbols in five Central European countries. It aims at reviewing the regulation of these symbols concerning the penal law level, and compare the characteristics of the legal systems analyzed. The paper concludes that there is no significant difference in the protection of state or national symbols at the level of legal regulation between the geographically eastern and western countries of Europe. The state and national symbols (flags, coats of arms or anthems) are symbols of state identity and of the unity of citizens, whose ideological role in forming identity justifies even their protection under criminal law.

We address the semiotics of conceptual shifts in the dominant discursive political and sociocultural practices of the Post-Soviet Armenia. The political history of independent Armenia is expressed through dominant political symbols and concepts, with a heterogeneous mixture of mythologized ancient history, Soviet and anti-Soviet ideologies. Attempts to create new symbols or re-interpret old ones led to significant transformations in the main discursive practices, which could form the foundation for the legitimization of the Armenian political identity. In general, if we depart from the substantive aspects, semiotic operations are governed by two main transformational principles: recursion and inversion, precisely those that Levi-Strauss described in relation to myth. At the same time, different cycles of this process can coexist in the same socio-cultural space. The political post-Soviet history of Armenia is divided into four periods, each of which is associated with a specific political regime (1990 - 1998; 1998 - 2018; 2018 - 2020; 2020 - up to present). Each of them gives rise to different political myths, both dominant (official) and oppositional, but in general, they are all based on the basic vocabulary that was formed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Therefore, from the point of view of symbolic conceptual patterns, they are all based on the transformation (negation, inversion, and recursion) of the previous stages. Thus, the initial stage was characterized by a revaluation of values: everything Soviet was to be denied, and the Republic of Armenia of 1918-1920 was considered as a model. However, the new authorities intended to establish themselves through the myth of the creation of a fundamentally new - namely, a political nation, therefore, a tension has emerged between the concepts of reincarnation and creation. Soviet Armenia is contrasted with non-Soviet Armenia, which is then split into two opposed concepts: the First vs. the Third Republic. Then their “reconciliation” took place. It is reflected in the metanarrative of the Three Republics, and the Soviet Armenia occupies a worthy place as an intermediate link from incomplete to full-fledged independent statehood. In the 1900s, primordial narratives were revived, asserting the immutability of Armenia, starting with the legendary progenitor Hayk. At present, there is an obvious attempt to create the concept of the “Fourth Republic” based on the negation of the previous ones, up to the rejection of the Declaration of Independence as a Soviet legacy and the annulment of previous symbols (the coat of arms, the anthem, the Mount Ararat).