Coagulant Agent Research Articles

Efektivitas Konsentrat Papain Bubuk, Getah Pepaya Segar, dan Papain Komersial sebagai Koagulan dalam Pembuatan Dangke


 Dangke is a milk-based dish in which the papain coagulates casein. This study aims to test the effectiveness of powdered papain concentrate, fresh papaya sap, and commercial papain as a coagulant agent in the dangke preparation with three additional levels of enzyme activity in each type of papain. The resulting dangke was tested physically, chemically, and organoleptically to determine the type of papain and the enzyme's activity level most effectively as a coagulant. The three enzyme activity levels used were 217.14, 434,29, and 651.44 AU/mg with a heating temperature of 100.16°C. The experiment used a randomized group design factorial pattern with three replications. Testing on the physical properties of the two types of papain showed results that did not differ significantly (P>0.05) for the whey weight but differed significantly for the yield. The results of the chemical properties test showed significantly different results (P<0.05) on the protein level. Based on hedonic quality tests, the dangke that is liked was chewy in texture, white in color, predominantly milky, has a distinctive dangke taste, and does not taste bitter. The hedonic quality on Anova test indicated a significantly different result (P<0.05) for all tested parameters. The best papain as a coagulant in dangke making was fresh sap papain and freeze-dried papain with the addition of the lowest level of enzyme activity, or level one.
 
 Keywords: coagulant, dangke, enzyme activity, organoleptic, papain

Flotation of suspended solid by introducing coagulant and fine bubbles in the mobile wastewater treatment plant

Turbidity is an essential process variable in water treatment processes for clean water. This study reports the development of a mobile mini wastewater treatment plant (WTTP) intended to provide clean water in flooding incidents, where access to clean water is demanding. The mobile mini-WTTP employed with a fine bubbles generator aims to provide micro and nano bubbles with longer residence in the water expected to promote an effective flotation process. The system was evaluated in removing suspended solid capability to reduce total suspended solids (TSS) or water turbidity. The system consists of a mesh trap, chemical flocculation, dissolved air flotation chamber, and activated carbon–zeolite as a mineral filter. The system was tested on the suspended solid from homogenized clay resulted from a turbid tap water effluent with adjusted turbidity up to 500 FNU on the storage tank. Alum solution with a dosage of 200 mg/L was used as a coagulant agent. In the flotation process was introduced a fine bubbles generator with a pressurized mechanism. The effluent was pumped from a storage tank into a treatment plant with a flow rate of 200 L/h, and the samples were obtained after the separation from the corresponding sub-system at the condition of steady state of water flow. A digital water quality measurement was operated to evaluate the effluent after the separation process. The results show that the separation of turbidity up to 98% was obtained at the end of the processing system. The successful flotation of the suspended solid due to the zeta potential turn to zero up on the addition of flocculants lead to effective fine bubbles flotation. Finally, clean water was achieved in the performance test of mobile mini WTTP utilized with fine bubbles.

A Novel Natural Active Coagulant Agent Extracted from the Sugarcane Bagasse for Wastewater Treatment

The performance of extracted coagulant from the sugarcane bagasse was tested using synthetic wastewater for turbidity removal. Sugarcane bagasse was selected because it is available in abundance as a waste. This study was carried out to analyze the effect of the extraction process in optimizing the active coagulant agent of bagasse as a natural coagulant for optimum turbidity removal. Bagasse was characterized in terms of physical, chemical and morphological properties. The results showed bagasse has very high polysaccharide content which can act as an active coagulant agent together with hemicellulose and lignin. The extraction process for degradation of lignin and hemicellulose was run based on two different solvents (NaOH and H2SO4) with varying concentrations from 2% to 10% at different extraction temperatures varied from 60 °C to 180 °C for various extraction times (0.5 h to 3 h). The optimum polysaccharide content extracted from bagasse was 697.5 mg/mL by using 2% NaOH at 120 °C for 2 h extraction. The coagulation process using extracted bagasse showed the removal of suspended solids up to 95.9% under optimum conditions. The concentration of polysaccharides as the active coagulant agent plays a vital role where high polysaccharides content removes most turbidity at a lower dosage. Bagasse has the potential to be an alternative coagulating agent due to its efficiency, and eco-friendly properties for the treatment of wastewater.

Beyond microplastics: Water soluble synthetic polymers exert sublethal adverse effects in the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna

Plastic pollution is considered one of the causes of global change. However, water soluble synthetic polymers (WSSPs) have been neglected so far, although they are used in several industrial, dietary, domestic and biomedical products. Moreover, they are applied in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as flocculants and coagulant agents. Hence, their presence in the aquatic environment as well as their uptake by aquatic organisms is probable, whereas no data are available regarding their potential adverse effects. Here we show in the freshwater key species D. magna exposed to five different WSSPs life history changes along with an altered level of reactive oxygen species, although acute mortality was not observed. Since daphnids act as keystone species in lake ecosystems by controlling phytoplankton biomass, even sublethal effects such as WSSPs induced changes in life history may result in cascading effects, from lower to higher trophic levels, which in turn could affect the whole food web.

Oilseed Extracts from Local Markets as Promising Coagulant Agents for Milk from Various Mammalian Species.

The aim of this study was to identify novel milk coagulants to be used in cheesemaking. For this purpose, aqueous extracts from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), flax (Linum usitatissimum) and sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds were tested for their caseinolytic (CA) and milk coagulating properties (MCA) in skim milk at temperatures of 25, 37, 50, 65 and 80 °C. The seed oil samples with the highest temperature ranges in regard to coagulation efficiency were then tested in cow, buffalo, goat and sheep milks and the MCA and curd yield (CY) parameters were measured at different temperatures. Due to their high milk coagulation efficiency (CE) in all types of milk and at different temperatures, the sesame and sunflower seed extracts proved to be particularly interesting and their CY parameters were similar to those obtained with animal rennet. Moreover, our results confirm that oilseed coagulants are capable of coagulating milk and can also be considered as potential animal rennet substitutes. This study provides valuable insights into the development of potential vegetable coagulants that could be used for various production processes aimed at specific target consumers.

Performance of natural coagulant extracted from tapioca and corn flour for the treatment of tofu wastewater

Present study investigates the ability of tapioca and corn flour for turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from tofu wastewater. The active coagulant agent were succesfully extracted from tapioca and corn flour using NaCl (namely tapioca and corn extract) and Amberlite resin (namely tapioca ionic and corn ionic). Experiment were conducted in batch mode for initial turbidity of 527 NTU, initial TSS 740 mg/L and initial COD 13,015.04 mg/L. Results demonstrated that tapioca extract is less efficient in turbidity, TSS and COD removal compare to corn extract. Corn extract was found to provide high turbidity removal with efficiency of 71% and TSS removal with efficiency of 35%. Meanwhile, corn ionic was reported have the highest ability in COD removal and reached 31.71% efficiency. Thus, the natural coagulants extracted from NaCl and Amberlite resin revealed to be effective only for turbidity removal.

In Vitro Activity of Some Medicinal Plants on Blood Coagulation.

The concern for finding natural and curative agents without adverse side effects has prompted the interest in discovering hemostatic agents from plants. Therefore, in vitro activity of Aizoon hispanicum L. (Aizoaceae), Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss. (Asteraceae), Heliotropium maris-mortui Zohary. (Boraginaceae), Parietaria judaica L. (Urticaceae), Polygonum arenarium Waldst. & Kit. (Polygonaceae), and Verbascum sinuatum L. (Scrophulariaceae) on blood coagulation was estimated by two common tests, which are the prothrombin time test (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time test (aPTT). The extracted powders from the plants under this study were adjusted to be 50 mg/mL. Then, in vitro effect of these extracts on the platelet poor plasma samples was measured by an automated coagulation analyzer using PT and aPTT tests. Based on the obtained results, all plant extracts affected the coagulation cascade by rising either PT or aPTT or both, except for V. sinuatum extract, which reduced only aPTT value. Moreover, the recorded PT values showed that A. hispanicum, H. maris-mortui, and P. arenarium significantly prolonged the PT (p<0.05). Additionally, the results clearly showed that V. sinuatum acted as a coagulant agent based on aPTT values, while all other plants, in contrast, acted as strong anticoagulants. Among the plant species under study, A. hispanicum, H. maris-mortui, and P. arenarium extracts prolonged both PT and aPTT significantly (p<0.05). This could be referred to their additional effect on the common pathway. However, C. hyalolepis, P. judaica, and V. sinuatum showed no significant effect on PT values (p>0.05). The positive recorded data from this research could serve as identification of new hemostatic remedies that could be used for the commercial economic purposes and for managing several cardiovascular diseases.

A circular approach for the efficient recovery of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis biomass harvested by flocculation and water reusability

Flocculation has been proved an efficient method for microalgal biomass harvesting, but some coagulant agents may have adverse effects on microalgae growth, making the reuse of the medium unfeasible. In this study, Haematococcus pluvialis was harvested by different flocculants, and the feasibility of the reuse of the culture medium was evaluated. Results suggested that both inorganics, polyaluminum chloride (PA) and ferric chloride (FC), and organics, extracted from Moringa oleifera seed (MSE) and chitosan (CH) resulted in efficient flocculation – flocculation efficiency above 99 %. However, using PA and FC had adverse effects on the astaxanthin recovery from haematocysts – losses of 58.6 and 73.5 %, respectively. Bioflocculants in the reused medium also had higher growth performance than inorganic ones. Furthermore, bioflocculants in reused medium increase the contents of β-carotene, astaxanthin, and linolenic acid. This investigation demonstrated that using MSE and CHI for harvesting H. pluvialis enables the water reusability from a flocculated medium.

Low-cost coagulation treatment of dye sensitizer for improved time immersion of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)

In this study, titanium dioxide, TiO2 photoelectrodes of dye sensitized solar cells, DSSCs were sensitized with natural blackberry molecule sensitizer, and the role of aluminium sulfate hydrate, Al2(SO4)3. H2O (alum) coagulation agent on the immersion time was successfully investigated. The time for immersing process of TiO2 photoelectrodes in the coagulated dye solution, CADS (treated) and bare dye solution, BDS (untreated) was varied, and the properties that contributed to the highest overall performances at the shortest immersion time were examined. The photoelectrodes were analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, FESEM, Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, EDXs, and X-ray diffraction, XRD methods, while the dye sensitizer properties were optically and chemically examined using UV–Vis Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy, FTIR measurements. Finally, current to voltage, I-V characteristics were used to evaluate the overall performance of DSSCs with varying duration immersion, and due to treatments. According to the findings, the 8-CADS cell had the highest efficiency at the shortest immersion duration, with around 0.49% compared to the 24-BDS cell, which achieved only 0.41% efficiency. This significant time reduction was due to the synergistic effect of alum as a multifunctional treatment agent, which increased the hydroxyl anchoring group, increased the acidification level, and the dye solution purification via coagulation effect, hence remarkably improving the dye adsorption. As a result of these integrated effects of coagulation treatment, the immersion time was reduced from 24 h to 8 h.

Optimization of the Use of Chinese Teak Seed Powder Coagulant (Cassia angustifolia) as a Natural Coagulant in Reducing Turbidity of Dug Well Water Using the Jar Test Method

BACKGROUND: Natural coagulants are used as much as possible to reduce synthetic materials that produce side effects in their use. The use of natural coagulants will be cheaper than synthetic coagulants, which are commonly used for water purification. Chinese tea seeds (Cassia angustifolia) can reduce turbidity, because they contain complex carbohydrates and sugars that can bind particles in the water. Cassia angustifolia plant may also be used as a coagulation agent for conventional drinking water treatment. AIM: This study aims to determine the optimization of coagulants from Chinese teak seed powder (Cassia angustifolia as a natural coagulant in reducing the turbidity of wells water. METHODS: This study used Cassia angustifolia coagulant for the water treatment coagulation process with turbidity and pH parameters. This was a quasi-experimental study. The Completely Randomized Design (RAL) method was used. The study location was carried out at the Laboratory of the Environmental Health Department, Poltekkes, Ministry of Health, Banda Aceh. The doses used were 10 ppm, 30 ppm, 50 ppm, 70 ppm, and 100 ppm. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: There is a difference in turbidity reduction in dug healthy water when Cassia angustifolia is added at doses of 10 ppm, 30 ppm, 50 ppm, 70 ppm, or 100 ppm. CONCLUSION: Cassia angustifolia coagulant can be used at low turbidity levels with low doses, but it is necessary to investigate the active compound content and its biocoagulant properties.

Controlling the structure and properties of semi-crystalline cellulose/silk-fibroin biocomposites by ionic liquid type and hydrogen peroxide concentration

This work reports how to tune the semi-crystallinity of a blended microcrystalline cellulose/silk-fibroin biocomposite using ionic liquids and various coagulation agents. The morphological and thermal properties of a blended 1:1 polymeric system are studied as a function of polymer fabrication parameters. Ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate verses 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, are used as competing solvent types and six hydrogen peroxide solutions (1—25%) plus water are used as varying coagulation agents. Analysis of the results demonstrate that solvent anion type, Ac− verses Cl−, affects protein secondary structure formation, and that solvent anion type and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide changes morphology and thermal stability of the regenerated materials. Polymers dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate are less thermally stable than those dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Furthermore, carbohydrate microcrystal size is positively correlated to hydrogen peroxide concentration upon fabrication and is calculated to have either a gradual or step transition increase in microcrystal size depending upon the solvent's anion type.

Synthesis and Performance of PAFS Coagulant Derived from Aluminium Dross

Polymerised aluminium ferric sulphate (PAFS) was prepared from aluminium dross as a coagulant in wastewater treatment. The effects of leaching time, leaching temperature, and sulfuric acid concentrations on the turbidity removal of the wastewater were investigated, and the optimum conditions were determined using response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimum PAFS preparation conditions were at a leaching time of 60 minutes, a leaching temperature of 65°C, and a sulfuric acid concentration of 1 mol/L. Furthermore, experiments were performed to investigate the effect of coagulant dosages using the PAFS prepared under the optimum leaching conditions, settling time and initial pH of the wastewater on the turbidity removal efficiency. As a result, it was found that the optimum coagulation conditions for PAFS coagulants were at a settling time of 15 minutes, coagulant dosage of 0.5g, and raw water pH 8. Under these optimum conditions, the turbidity removal efficiency of the wastewater was 91.45%. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of aluminium dross utilisation as a coagulant agent for wastewater treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that PAFS prepared by leaching metal oxides from aluminium dross is an effective wastewater coagulant.

Justification of the hydro-mechanical systems operating modes, used for restoring accumulation capacity of tailings storages

The paper describes the ways to extend the service life of tailings storage facilities by restoring their accumulation capacity. Analysis of the state-of-the-art experience in tailings management is provided. Restoring is carried out due to the following: storing of waste as paste-like slurry; raising embankment; intensifying wastewater treatment process in ponds by means of coagulation agents; selection of adequate alluviation maps mode; specifying parameters of surface and underwater alluvial beaches; implementing the separate storage of solid-phase fractions; preliminary pulp clarification in alluviation maps before supplying it to the pond. Due to the long length of the hydrotransport lines, the use of paste thickeners in the mining and processing plants of Kryvbas is impossible. These technologies are implemented at new storage facilities where waste is placed in the first tier. The aim of this study is to determine and substantiate parameters of hydro-mechanical systems during the operation of tailing facilities with temporary clarifiers. The study for the first time established relationship between the temporary pond operation time. There are such parameters as concentration and consumption of slurry, initial depth of the pond filling, barrier dam height and the length of alluvial front.

Effect of transglutaminase on fresh cheese quality propertises using citric acid as a coagulant

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) on cheese quality properties using citric acid as a coagulant agent. The experimental results showed that citric acid has a temperature-dependent ability to agglomerate milk proteins. The process of protein coagulation at 50°C by citric acid (2.0%) gave fresh cheese with yield production (% H), dry matter content (% TS) and cheese solids yield (CSY) of 12.81%, 41.17%, 38.73%, respectively. The reconstituted milk was incubated with MTGase under different conditions of enzyme concentration (0-6.0 IU / g protein), processing temperature (30-50 °C) and time (60-180 min.). Enzyme treatment at 37 °C with enzyme concentration of 2 IU/g protein for 2 hrs showed the highest values of yield (15.03%), dry matter content (46.96%) and cheese solids yield (46.83%). Analytical results of the sensory score, acidity, whey separation and color difference of fresh cheese samples during storage (28 days) showed that using MTGase better maintained the quality of the product. Furthermore, MTGase also improved water holding capacity (reduced whey separation) during storage and did not affect the color of fresh cheese products. Moreover, the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the product were also determined. The results showed that the quality of fresh cheese coagulated by citric acid met CODEX STAN 221-2001 for unripened cheese including fresh cheese.

Valorization of potato peel residues to produce a bioflocculant to be used in the treatment of liquid effluents

The present study aims primarily to investigate the flocculation capacity of a novel potato peel-based bioflocculant in wastewater treatment. The analysis of wastewater revealed high COD and BOD5 contents that could respectively reach the values 529.08 mg O2/l and 317.03 mg O2/l. In addition, the effect of experimental parameters such as the pH, coagulant/flocculant dosage, and contact time, was studied using the coagulation-flocculation treatment technique. The experiments were carried out with a lab-scale jar-test apparatus where aluminum chloride (AlCl3) was used as a coagulant agent. It should be noted that the optimal dose of AlCl3 was equal to 0.6 g at 10 mn, with turbidity reduction of 99.01%. Moreover, the flocculation tests showed higher turbidity removal (98%), for a flocculant dosage of 0.2g. The results obtained in this study indicated that using the natural potato peel-based flocculant, in the presence of a coagulant, provides an effective and environmentally friendly coagulation option for wastewater treatment.

Structural and Morphological Properties of Wool Keratin and Cellulose Biocomposites Fabricated Using Ionic Liquids.

In this study, the structural, thermal, and morphological properties of biocomposite films composed of wool keratin mixed with cellulose and regenerated with ionic liquids and various coagulation agents were characterized and explored. These blended films exhibit different physical and thermal properties based on the polymer ratio and coagulation agent type in the fabrication process. Thus, understanding their structure and molecular interaction will enable an understanding of how the crystallinity of cellulose can be modified in order to understand the formation of protein secondary structures. The thermal, morphological, and physiochemical properties of the biocomposites were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray scattering. Analysis of the results suggests that both the wool keratin and the cellulose structures can be manipulated during dissolution and regeneration. Specifically, the β-sheet content in wool keratin increases with the increase of the ethanol solution concentration during the coagulation process; likewise, the cellulose crystallinity increases with the increase of the hydrogen peroxide concentration via coagulation. These findings suggest that the different molecular interactions in a biocomposite can be tuned systematically. This can lead to developments in biomaterial research including advances in natural based electrolyte batteries, as well as implantable bionics for medical research.

Feasibility Study on Wastewater Treatment Using Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment

A techno-economic analysis was performed to investigate wastewater treatment feasibility using chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) compared to conventional primary treatment (PT). An experimental study was conducted to investigate the performance of CEPT at optimum conditions, and experimental results were used to feed the techno-economical study with required input data. The wastewater treatment was focused on reducing BOD5, COD, and TSS. The comparison between CEPT and PT was concerned with removal efficiency and process economics. CEPT process has shown better efficiency compared to PT process. The experimental work indicated that ferric chloride is the optimum coagulant agent since it is highly efficient and available at a low cost. The optimum coagulant experimental results showed that the turbidity removal efficiency was 82%, COD removal 84%, BOD removal 68.1%, and SS removal 85%. The techno-economic study was performed to investigate the feasibility of CEPT. The techno-economic evaluation indicated that CEPT is a cost-effective and technically viable process for wastewater treatment. The techno-economic evaluation indicated that CEPT is a cost-effective and technically viable process for wastewater treatment as the operating cost can be reduced by 66% compared to PT.

Textile Effluent Treatment Using Natural CoagulantOpuntia strictain Comparison with Alum

AbstractNatural plant‐based coagulants have gained popularity as sustainable and cost‐effective alternatives to chemical coagulants. In this study, a novel plant‐based coagulant,Opuntia stricta(O. stricta), is evaluated in comparison to alum for the treatment of textile wastewater. Response surface methodology is employed to optimize the treatment variables pH and coagulant dose. Efficacy of coagulants are compared based on removal of total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color. Coagulants are characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and flocs produced are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Alum shows a maximum removal of 87%, 75.9%, and 79.6% for TSS, COD, and color, respectively (optimum pH 9; dose: 103 mg L−1).O. strictagives a maximum removal of 80.2%, 58.4%, and 77.3% for TSS, COD, and color, respectively (optimum pH 10.3; dose: 162.2 mg L−1). The optimum pH ofO. strictaaligns well with actual pH of textile effluent (i.e. 10.6). Among the target pollutants, removal of COD is more dependent on pH as compared to the dose of coagulants. Coagulation agent in cladodes ofO. strictais postulated to be polysaccharides, which acts through adsorption and interparticle bridging mechanism of coagulation.

Sponge-mediated Moringa Oleifera seeds as a natural coagulant in surface water treatment

Moringa Oleifera seeds (MOS) coagulant has been used as a coagulation agent in water purification. In developing countries, usage of MOS addresses many advantages namely eco-friendly, biodegradable, available and cost-effective coagulant, resulting in a powerful alternative to chemical coagulants. This research revealed the positive effect of MOS with the aid of sponge at different operational conditions and showed a great influence in the purification efficiency without any observed clogging of sponge pores or bad smell emission. Supplementation of the sponge improved the purification efficiency in terms of turbidity and UV254 substances removal from 96% and 72% to be 99% and 93%, respectively with reduced MOS coagulant from 500 to 150 mg/L, respectively. Finally, response surface methodology (RSM) has been employed to get the optimum operational conditions for a residual turbidity value less than 1.0 NTU, which occurred at MOS dose of 250 mg/L and pH value of 6.15 after 12.17 minutes of treatment.

New Solvent and Coagulating Agent for Development of Chitosan Fibers by Wet Spinning.

Adipic acid was evaluated as a novel solvent for wet spinning of chitosan fibers. A solvent with two carboxyl groups could act as a physical crosslinker between the chitosan chains, resulting in improved properties of the fibers. The performance of adipic acid was compared with conventional solvents, i.e., lactic, citric, and acetic acids. Chitosan solutions were injected into a coagulation bath to form monofilaments. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and its mixture with ethanol (EtOH) were used as coagulation agents. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of uniform chitosan monofilaments with an even surface when using adipic acid as solvent. These monofilaments generally showed higher mechanical strength compared to that of monofilaments produced using conventional solvents. The highest Young’s modulus, 4.45 GPa, was recorded for adipic acid monofilaments coagulated in NaOH-EtOH. This monofilament also had a high tensile strength of 147.9 MPa. Furthermore, taking advantage of chitosan insolubility in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at room temperature, chitosan fibers were successfully formed upon coagulation in H2SO4-EtOH. The dewatering of fibers using EtOH before drying resulted in a larger fiber diameter and lower mechanical strength. Adipic acid fibers made without dehydration illustrated 18% (for NaOH), 46% (for NaOH-EtOH), and 91% (for H2SO4-EtOH) higher tensile strength compared to those made with dehydration.