Codeposition Of Nickel Research Articles

Electrodeposition of Ni-Co thin films from ammonia-chloride electrolyte

This study presents the research results on the co-deposition of nickel and cobalt from an alkaline electrolyte containing glycine. For this purpose, cyclic and linear polarization curves of co-deposition were obtained at various cobalt concentrations, different poten-tial sweep rates, and electrolyte temperatures. It was established that the co-deposition process occurs anomalously, with the cobalt content in the deposited films exceeding that of nickel. The deposits obtained under optimal conditions contained 37.25 % Ni and 51.43 % Co. The study of the effect of the potential sweep rate on the co-deposition process of nickel and cobalt revealed a linear relationship between the current peak value and the square root of the potential sweep rate. This indicates that the initial stage of Ni-Co co-deposition is controlled by the diffusion of the metal ions to the cathode surface. When recording polarization curves on a rotating disk electrode at different rotation speeds, the relationship between the current peak value and the square root of the electrode rotation speed was also linear at relatively low rotation speeds. However, at higher rotation speeds, the process was controlled by electrochemical polarization. The co-deposition of Ni with Co was confirmed through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses. The investigation of the catalytic activity of Ni-Co deposits in a neutral medium (0.5 M Na₂SO₄) demonstrated that the amorphous thin films, not subjected to annealing, exhibited the best electrocatalytic properties for the hydrogen evolution reaction. The Tafel slope was determined to be 118 mV dec-1.

Influences of the Aqueous Electrolyte Composition and the Deposition Parameters on the Electrodeposition of Nickel-Rhenium Alloy

Rhenium is used as an alloying element for many special materials in high-temperature applications, such as turbine blades, catalytic converter, and thermocouples. These applications require a high melting temperature of the materials, which can be achieved by a small amount of rhenium in the alloy. Rhenium has the second highest melting temperature after tungsten at 3186 °C [Naor et al., 2009]. Furthermore, at high temperatures, rhenium has a good resistance to creep and fatigue as well as to chemical reactions that occur in this temperature range. Due to its scarcity on earth and the resulting high prices, a broad application of rhenium using conventional manufacturing processes such as primary shaping like casting is not economical. [Naor et al., 2010]A resource-conserving and economical process, on the other hand, is galvanic deposition, in which the required application-dependent properties can be produced in the form of a thin layer on inexpensive components. Rhenium can be electroplated from aqueous solutions, but only with poor current yields of around 10 %. With the aid of co-deposition of nickel, the current yield can be increased to approx. 90 % in laboratory scale. With the nickel-rhenium alloys depositions, rhenium deposition rates of up to 70 wt% could be realized. Furthermore, the layer properties can be influenced by the electrolyte composition and the process parameters.The deposited Ni-Re layers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy-EDX, laser scanning microscopy and Vickers microhardness testing.

Development of Nickel-Chromium Alloy Electroplating and Its Surface Morphology Studies for Automobile Industries

In the electroplating industry, alloy plating is typically one of the most difficult processes. We are showcasing the Ni-Cr (Nickel Chromium) alloy electroplating in our work. Trivalent chromium bath is made in order to resist the hazardous hexavalent chromium, and co-deposition of chromium and nickel is accomplished. Our work is appropriate for industrial electroplating in the automotive industry because Ni-Cr alloy exhibits good corrosion resistance along with features including wear resistance, ductility, and thermal stability. Through the use of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDAX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis), and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) studies, we are able to clearly observe the surface morphology in this project. These research allow us to observe the Porous behavior surfaces. Figure 1

Effect of Nickel Co-Deposition Amount in Zn-Ni Alloy Plating on Hydrogen Embrittlement of High Strength Steel

Effect of Nickel Co-Deposition Amount in Zn-Ni Alloy Plating on Hydrogen Embrittlement of High Strength Steel

Co-deposition and thermal conductivity of nickel–graphene composite coatings on copper surface

Co-deposition and thermal conductivity of nickel–graphene composite coatings on copper surface

Influence of Heat Treatment on Microhardness and Surface Roughness of Electroless Ni-YSZ Composite Coating

The application of heat treatment was introduced in Ni-YSZ composite coating as the incorporation of ceramic YSZ in electroless nickel deposition is new and worth investigating. In this paper, the influence of heat treatment by varying the heating temperature and time on the electroless Ni-YSZ composite coating is investigated. The Ni-YSZ composite is deposited onto a high-speed steel substrate via electroless nickel co-deposition. YSZ powder of mixed sizes of micro- and nano-sized of the ratio of 1:1 is incorporated in the electroless deposits. The electroless Ni-YSZ composites coating was heated up to 400oC for a maximum of 2 hours. The microhardness measurements were carried out using a Vickers microhardness tester (Shimadzu) according to ISO 6507-4. The surface roughness of the coating was measured using Mitutoyo surface roughness tester SJ-301. The surface characterisation was analysed using Cambridge Stereoscan 90 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX). The crystallographic structure of materials was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Bruker D8 Advance instrument. The microhardness and surface roughness of the coating both increase with time. The microhardness is directly proportional to the heating temperature and time and these observations are supported by the XRD analysis. The surface roughness observation is explained by the SEM micrographs.

Preparation and properties of α-Al2O3 diffusion barrier on stainless steel 316

Preparation and properties of α-Al2O3 diffusion barrier on stainless steel 316

Effect of particle size on surface roughness and morphology of heat-treated electroless Ni-YSZ coating

The paper discusses the surface characterisation of electroless nickel-yttria-stabilised zirconia (Ni-YSZ) coating with varying YSZ particle sizes and undergoes heat treatment at a temperature between 300-400°C for 1-2 hours for wear resistance purposes. This finding will be helpful to the application of Ni-YSZ as an alternative coating for cutting tools. The surface characterisation was analysed using JOEL Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) JSM 7800F. The crystallographic structure of materials was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Bruker D8 Advance instrument. The Ni-YSZ coating was deposited using electroless nickel co-deposition of 8YSZ ceramic particles with a nano, mixed and microparticle sizes onto a high-speed steel (HSS) substrate. The coatings were heat treated at temperature 300-400°C and time 1-2 hours. The surface roughness was measured using Mitutoyo surface roughness tester SJ-301. The electroless Ni-YSZ coating deposited has an average thickness of 30 µm. It is found that the coating morphology electroless coating without YSZ particle incorporation (EN) and Ni-YSZ nano (N) is smoother compared to the Ni-YSZ mixed (NM) and Ni-YSZ micro (M). The EDS composition analysis shows the YSZ content in the electroless Ni-YSZ coating for N samples is the lowest, whereas NM samples are the highest. This resulted in the surface roughness behaviour where the mixed-size YSZ particle gives the highest roughness at all temperatures. The XRD analysis shows that heating temperatures above 300°C caused the precipitation of Ni3P crystalline. Previous studies in the surface characterisation of electroless nickel composite are scarce; thus, the study has limitations in finding supporting data. The surface characterisation especially related to the surface roughness of the electroless nickel, either the Ni-P or composites or alloys are rarely reported. Thus, this study enlightened the effect of particle size on surface roughness and morphology of heat-treated coatings.

A rapid two-step method for fabrication of superhydrophobic-superoleophobic nickel/copper alloy coating with self-cleaning and anticorrosion properties

A rapid two-step method for fabrication of superhydrophobic-superoleophobic nickel/copper alloy coating with self-cleaning and anticorrosion properties

Effect of heat treatment on microhardness of electroless Ni-YSZ cermet coating

The paper discussed the effect of heat treatment on electroless nickel-yttria-stabilised zirconia (Ni-YSZ) cermet coating. Ni-YSZ cermet coating has potential applications such as cutting tools, thermal barriers, solid oxide fuel anode, and various others. The compatibility of ceramic YSZ and metallic nickel in terms of the mechanical properties such as hardness by varying the heating temperature, time and ceramic particle size is highlighted. Ni-YSZ cermet coating was deposited onto a high-speed steel substrate using the electroless nickel co-deposition method. The temperature and time were varied in a range of 300-400°C and 1-2 hours, respectively. The microhardness measurements were carried out using a Vickers microhardness tester (Shimadzu) according to ISO 6507-4. The surface characterisation of the cermet coating was carried out using JOEL Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) JSM 7800F. The crystallographic structure of materials was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) Bruker D8 Advance instrument. It was found that the microhardness of Ni-YSZ cermet coating with the ratio of 70:30, respectively, is directly proportional to the heating temperature and time. Heating the Ni-YSZ cermet coating at 300°C from room temperature (rtp) to 1 hour shows a 12% microhardness increment, while from 1 to 2 hours gives a 19% increment. Compared to heating at 350°C and 400°C, the increment is more significant at 33% and 49% for rtp to 1 hour and 8% and 16% for 1 to 2 hours, respectively. In addition, the effect of varying YSZ particle size in the Ni-YSZ cermet gave response differently for heating temperature and heating time. The paper is only limited to the discussion of the heat treatment effect on Ni-YSZ cermet coating hardness property. The tribological effect will be in future work. The microhardness data may vary due to the Vickers microhardness force applied and the amount of ceramic particle incorporation and phosphorus content in the nickel matrix. The value of this work is the compatibility of the ceramic YSZ and metallic nickel matrix in terms of mechanical properties, such as hardness, upon heat treatment.

Parametric optimisation of microhardness on heat-treated electroless Ni-YSZ cermet coating

The paper discusses the parametric optimisation of the electroless Ni-YSZ cermet coating microhardness upon heat treatment. Heat treatment is a process to increase the mechanical properties of the electroless nickel coating and it can be enhanced by manipulating its parameters. Parametric optimisation is conducted by the design of experiment full factorial 3x3 with 27 runs. Treating temperature, treating time and ceramic particle size parameters at 3-level are evaluated using statistical tool ANOVA in Minitab20. Ni-YSZ cermet coating is deposited onto a high-speed steel substrate using the electroless nickel co-deposition method. The temperature and time were varied in a range of 300-400oC and 0-2 hours respectively. The microhardness measurements were carried out using a Vickers microhardness tester (Shimadzu) according to ISO 6507-4. The surface characterisation was analysed using Cambridge Stereoscan 90 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDXA). The optimum condition in obtaining high microhardness on Ni-YSZ cermet coating is evaluated by statistical tool ANOVA in Minitab20 software. It is found that the most significant parameter for high microhardness is at the treating temperature of 400oC followed by treating time at 2 hours using nano-sized YSZ particles. The ceramic particle size is found not a significant parameter in obtaining a high microhardness, however it has effect on interaction between treating temperature and treating time. The paper only limits to the optimisation condition of microhardness on Ni-YSZ cermet coating hardness property by varying heat treatment parameters. The optimisation condition obtained might only applicable to the electroless Ni-YSZ cermet coating with similar electroless nickel solution and treatments. The value of this work is the heat treatment parametric optimisation to obtain high microhardness on electroless Ni-YSZ cermet coating by using the design of experiment 3-level full factorial.

Investigation on Cutting Feasibility on Ni-CBN on HSS Substrates for Aerospace Material

The study involves coating the high-speed steel (HSS) tool with cubic Boron via electroless nickel co-deposition. The surface coating of Ni-CBN was deposited via electroless nickel where the process of involved chemical reactions as the ceramic CBN powders was embedded within the layer. By introducing the electroless nickel process, the coating cost and procedure could be simplified. The electroless deposition has been extensively practised in industry, and the most prevalent coating offers excellent corrosion, wear and abrasion resistance, ductility, lubricity, electrical properties, and hardness. Thus, the introduction of the new electroless nickel (Ni-CBN) tools can be a contribution to the industry. This paper discussed on comparing the performance of Nickel-cubic boron nitride (Ni-CBN) HSS tool substrates and with uncoated HSS tool for its surface tolerance in milling of Aluminium Alloy 7075. The process variables selected during experimentation based on Taguchi L9 are cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut with three different levels for each parameter. Result shows, the lowest flank wear for coated measured is 51.34 μm while the highest is 380.26 μm. The highest surface roughness for uncoated is 1.154 μm and lowest 0.42μm. Meanwhile, for coated substrates, the highest Ra is 0.787μm and lowest 0.251μm. At the end of the analysis, the Ni-CBN HSS cutting tools are generally able to slightly reduce the tool wear with the longest tool lifetime 195 minutes compared uncoated 143 minutes. Therefore, it is concluded that the Ni-CBN HSS tool end mill are generally able to reduce the tool wear.

Study of electrochemical deposition of Ni-Mo thin films from alkaline electrolytes

The process of co-deposition of Ni with Mo from alkaline electrolytes was studied by taking linear and cyclic polarization curves of Pt electrode at various concentrations of initial components and potential scan rates. Solutions of Na2MoO4∙2H2O and NiSO4∙7H2O were used as sources of ions of the main components in NH4OH electrolyte. It was found that co-deposition of nickel with molybdenum goes through the oxide formation stage, and a solid solution of these two metals is deposited on the cathode surface. The film obtained at constant current on Ni electrode under optimal conditions was found amorphous, but additional thermal treatment at 500 °C for one hour made it polycrystalline. This was confirmed by peaks in X-ray diffraction patterns, corresponding to NiMoO4, Ni, and MoO3. The proposed electrolyte and electrolysis conditions allow to obtain thin films with molybdenum content ranging from 17.1 to 50.9 at.%. The co-deposition of Ni with Mo is limited by diffusion of these ions to the cathode surface. The knowledge of the mechanism of co-deposition of Ni and Mo will make possible a selection of optimal conditions for deposition of alloys of the required composition with satisfactory electrocatalytic properties.

Spectrophotometric Monitoring of Chloride Electrolyte for the Electrochemical Deposition of Permalloy

The use of chloride electrolytes for the electrochemical deposition of the Ni81Fe19 permalloy is promising because sulfate electrolytes are unstable in the presence of sulfur. The magnetic properties of the Ni81Fe19 alloy are very sensitive to the deviation of the composition from the molar ratio of 4.26 between components. In this study, the accuracy of preparing the chloride electrolyte for the electrochemical deposition of a permalloy is controlled using spectrophotometry. Analysis of the spectra of light absorption and scattering by the iron hydroxide colloidal species of the electrolyte reveals that the electrolytic dissociation of bivalent iron and the mechanism of anomalous nickel and iron codeposition depend on the temperature and affect the electrochemical deposition of permalloy films. It is noted that the precipitation of ferrous hydroxide in the form of a colloidal species with boric acid as a complexing agent is a specific feature of ferrous chloride during hydrolysis. It is shown that, after filtrating iron chloride solution, nickel is precipitated from the chloride electrolyte better than iron. It is established that the normal congruent deposition of Ni81Fe19 alloy films takes place and abnormal codeposition is excluded.

Electrochemical Deposition of NiFe Alloy at a Temperature of 70°C

The heating of chloride electrolyte to a temperature of 70°C excludes anomalous codeposition of NiFe alloy components as a result of a change of the nature of discharging iron ions from the single-charged (Fe2+Cl–)+ ions to the double-charged ions. Chloride electrolyte with a pH value corrected by hydrochloric acid provides the electrochemical deposition of permalloy at a concentration ratio cNi/cFe = 4.26. Conventional (not anomalous) codeposition of nickel and iron is observed also in the dilute solutions at room temperature due to their virtually complete dissociation.

Electrodeposition of Ni[sbnd]Co alloy from methansulfonate electrolyte. The role of the electrolyte pH in the anomalous codeposition of nickel and cobalt

Electrodeposition of Ni[sbnd]Co alloy from methansulfonate electrolyte. The role of the electrolyte pH in the anomalous codeposition of nickel and cobalt

The study of activation impact during formation and testing of Ni(OH)2 electrochromic films in the presence of Al3+ and WO42- ions

The present study is devoted to an attempt to improve the characteristics of nickel hydroxide electrochromic films. The study of optical and electrochemical characteristics of the films, prepared through the codeposition of nickel and aluminum and additional modification during the cycling of the prepared samples was conducted. The modification was realized through the cycling of films in the solution of potassium hydroxide with small amounts of potassium tungstate. Over the course of the study, a series of films were obtained, which demonstrated different electrochemical and optical behavior. Thus, it was found that both the deposition method and the cycling regime have a significant effect on the characteristics of electrochromic films. It is shown that for the potentiodynamic regime, the best characteristics were demonstrated by the film without modifications or additives. On the other hand, all modified films, codeposited with aluminum, demonstrated better characteristics in galvanostatic regimes over the reference film. It would appear that this is due to the physico-chemical features of the films deposited in the presence of additives. In turn, the use of high-rate cycling regime leads to a decrease of electrochromic characteristics, namely higher degree of irreversibility. Despite the difference of currents in different galvanostatic regimes by 4 times, the coloration degree did not differ much. It was also found that the presence of 0.3 mM potassium tungstate in the cycling electrolyte resulted in a significant decrease in the electrochromic properties of the samples

Preparation and characterization of electrodeposited Ni-Ru alloys: morphological and catalytic study

Nickel-ruthenium alloys with various compositions have been deposited by electrodeposition for the first time. Cyclic voltammetry and linear stripping voltammetry measurements show that codeposition of nickel with ruthenium is possible below the potential value of nickel reduction. High-quality alloys containing nickel and ruthenium can be plated at cathodic potentials ranging from − 0.5 to − 1.0 V vs SCE. Deposited coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The diffractograms obtained show that an increase of nickel concentration in alloy will lead to a change in the phase composition and formation of NiRu (100) and (101) phases which is observed to be 78 mas.% Ni. SEM studies confirm the surface homogeneity and presence of small, regular grains. AFM observation allows the estimation of the real surface area of obtained alloys which increase with more negative electrodeposition potentials. Ni-Ru alloys were found to be highly electroactive in the water splitting process, which can be connected with the presence of the NiRu phase and a well-developed electroactive area.Graphical Electrochemical deposition of Ni-Ru alloys with various composition and their catalytic activity in water splitting process

Potentiostatic Co-deposition of Nickel and Graphite Using a Composite Counter Electrode

Nickel and graphite was potentiostatically co-deposited using a composite nickel-graphite composite counter electrode (CCE) with tunable-friability. This was done to achieve steady introduction of graphite into the electrolyte without intermittent mechanical infusion and stirring, thus facilitating a potentiostatic deposition route and promoting homogeneity of deposition. Graphite electrodes were produced at densities of 0.920, 1.026 and 1.188 g/cm3 and their suitability for constitution in a HCE assessed. The surface area of the nickel component of the HCE was varied from 100% to about 60 and 30% surface area and combined with the graphite electrode to form HCE constitutions designated as triplet, doublet and singlet respectively. Deposition was done for about 8 hours in 1 M NiSO4 using the different HCE constitutions, an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a custom deposition head which served as the working electrode. The mechanism of graphite electrode unraveling was observed to be the formation of oxygen and CO2 due to oxidation reactions at the HCE. Graphite electrode of density 0.920 g/cm3 was selected for the HCE due to its extensive surface porosity, a characteristic determined as favourable to the mechanism of electrode unraveling. Co-deposition of graphite with nickel was observed to increase as nickel surface area was reduced from the triplet to singlet. SEM micrographs show partially and fully embedded graphite particles in the nickel matrix while the presence of nickel and graphite was affirmed.

Electrolytic Codeposition of Nickel and Phosphorus from Methanesulfonate Electrolyte

The characteristics of Ni–P alloy electrodeposition from a methanesulfonate electrolyte have been investigated. It has been found that the phosphorus content of the alloy increases with increasing the concentration of sodium hypophosphite in the electrolyte and reducing the electrodeposition current density. A mechanism of codeposition of nickel and phosphorus has been suggested. It is shown that phosphorus was formed by electrochemical reduction of hypophosphite anions and their disproportionation at a catalytically active surface of a nickel cathode. It has been shown quantitatively that the most likely path for the formation of phosphorus through the electrochemical mechanism is the direct electrochemical reduction of a hypophosphite anion to atomic phosphorus. The rate of phosphorous formation from hypophosphite anions is dependent on the concentration of hydrogen ions in the near-electrode layer. Therefore, the phosphorus content of the coatings obtained from the methanesulfonate electrolyte is slightly decreased as compared with that from the sulfate electrolyte which exhibits higher buffering properties. It has been revealed that codeposition of nickel and phosphorus reduces the kinetic difficulties of electrochemical reduction of the nickel ions. This might be due to an increased near-electrode concentration of nickel hydroxyl complexes discharging at the cathode, which is the result of an increased near-electrode pH caused by the reactions involving hypophosphite anions and hydrogen ions.