CM Diet Research Articles

The effects of cricket meal (Gryllus sigillatus) on the meat quality, growth, and internal morphology of broiler chickens

Cricket ( Gryllus sigillatus) meal (CM) was fed to Ross 308 broiler chickens ( n = 624 total; 26 birds/pen) at dietary inclusion rates of 0% (non-medicated control; NM), 0% (medicated control; 0.05% virginiamycin, 0.03% monensin; M), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% CM (non-medicated) for 35 days to determine the impact of this novel feed ingredient on the growth, feed intake, organ indices, and meat quality of these chickens. The final average live weight of broilers fed 5% CM was lower than broilers fed the 10% CM ( P < 0.05) and the 0% NM diets ( P < 0.05). Total weight gain was lowest in chickens fed 5% CM ( P < 0.05) and the % ratio of the weight of the small intestine to body weight of the chickens fed 5% CM was significantly higher on day 20 than that of the other treatments ( P < 0.05). Meat texture and colour were not affected by dietary treatments. Cooking loss in birds fed the 10% CM diet was significantly higher than that of birds fed the 0% NM control. Feeding up to 20% CM did not alter the growth, organ indices, or meat quality of broiler chickens, although further research is required to determine whether including >20% CM in the diet will produce similar results.

Effects of Cornus mas L. on anthropometric and biochemical parameters among metabolic associated fatty liver disease patients: Randomized clinical trial

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCornus mas L. (Cornelian cherry, CM) fruits have been utilized for decades in numerous European and Asian countries as traditional cuisine and folk medicine. CM has antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and hypolipidemic activities due to its rich bioactive compounds, and CM fruits and other parts have been used for the prevention and treatment of a diverse variety of diseases in folk medicine. Obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation are strongly associated with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), therefore, CM may be hope for MAFLD patients. Aim of the studyThe study aimed to evaluate the effect of lyophilized CM fruit powder with/without diet therapy on biochemical parameters and anthropometric measurements in patients with MAFLD. Materials and methodsThis randomized clinical trial was conducted on 87 patients with MAFLD and 21 healthy individuals. Patients were randomly assigned into 4 groups: group-1 receiving 30 g/d lyophilized CM fruit powder plus diet therapy, group-2 receiving only diet therapy, group-3 receiving only 30 g/d lyophilized CM fruit powder, and group-4 had not undertaken any pharmacological treatment and diet therapy or lyophilized CM fruit powder for 8 weeks. Biochemical parameters, and anthropometric measurements at baseline and after the intervention were taken. ResultsAfter 8 weeks of intervention, a significant decrease in body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, waist and hip circumferences, fasting blood glucose, insulin, hbA1c, liver enzymes, total triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol were found in group-1, 2 and 3. ConclusionLyophilized CM fruit powder in addition to diet therapy and only diet therapy had a positive and similar effect on anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters in MAFLD patients. Furthermore, only lyophilized CM fruit powder improved glycemic parameters. Therefore, lyophilized CM fruit powder may be beneficial for adult patients with MAFLD.

Dietary sanguinarine ameliorates growth impairment and intestinal dysfunction in Ctenopharyngodon idellus fed a high cottonseed meal diet

High cottonseed meal diets can reduce the growth and cause intestinal damage of aquatic animals. Sanguinarine is a plant alkaloid with demonstrated anti-inflammatory. Howerve, its role in the negative effects caused the high cottonseed meal diet is unclear. Herein, an eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of sanguinarine supplementation in a high cottonseed meal diet on the growth and intestinal health (such as inflammation, physical barrier, oxidative stress, and microbiota of Ctenopharyngodon idellus, providing a theoretical basis for the application of sanguinarine in cottonseed meal diets. A basal diet of 0% cottonseed meal was designated as the control diet (CON). Diets (44% cottonseed meal) supplemented with four sanguinarine (0, 300, 600, and 1200 μg/kg; designated as the CM, CMLS, CMMS, and CMHS, respectively) were prepared. There were 3 replicates per group and 50 fish per replicate. One-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple comparisons of the means were used in this experiment. The results showed that feeding grass carp with CM obviously reduced the growth, impaired the intestinal physical and immune barrier function, and disrupted the microbiota balance of the intestine. Compared with the CM group, supplemented sanguinarine markedly improved the growth performance, serum AKP, C3, and IgM levels of grass carp, and enhanced intestinal antioxidant capacity (gpx1, cat, and gsto expression levels obviously up-regulated and ROS and MDA contents reduced). Sanguinarine observably down-regulated the expression levels of il-1β, il-8, il-6, and tnf-α and up-regulated the expression levels of il-10, il-15, and tgf-β1 by inhibiting NF-κB signaling molecules, thereby alleviating intestinal inflammation caused by a CM diet. Additionally, sanguinarine observably down-regulated claudin-12 and claudin-15 gene expression and up-regulated zo-1 and occludin gene expression by inhibiting MLCK signaling molecules. Besides, compared with the CM group, the α-diversity indices and abundances of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetes in the CMMS group were markedly reduced, while the abundance of Firmicutes was the opposite. In conclusion, the CM diet negatively impacted grass carp, and supplemented sanguinarine can improve growth, enhance intestinal antioxidant ability, alleviate intestinal barrier damage, and ameliorate intestinal microbiota homeostasis.

127 Standardized Amino Acid Digestibility and Protein Quality of Extruded Canine Diets Containing Hydrolyzed Protein

Abstract Hydrolyzed protein in companion animal diets has been of public interest because of itsdecreased susceptibility to elicit overreacting immune response and the potentially easier digestion. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the chemical composition, standardized amino acid digestibility, and protein quality of 2 test protein hydrolysates, chicken liver hydrolysate (CLH) and chicken hydrolysate (CH), compared with a traditional chicken meal low ash (CM) in extruded canine diets. Five treatment diets were formulated to have similar ingredient compositions except for the main protein source, 1) CONd: CM diet; 2) 5%CLHd: 5% substitution of CLH of CM diet; 3) CLHd: CLH diet; 4) 5%CHd: 5% substitution of CH of CM diet; 5) CHd: CH diet. A precision-fed rooster assay using cecectomized roosters (n=4/treatment) was conducted to determine the standardized amino acid ileal digestibility and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) like values for the 3 protein ingredients and 5 extruded diets. The standardized ileal digestibility for the 10 indispensable amino acids was all equal or greatere than 80% in all protein sources and treatment diets. Tryptophan digestibility in 5%CLHd was less than CLHd (P < 0.05) but no difference was seen when compared with the other diets (P > 0.05). The DIAAS-like values of the diets according to AAFCO nutrient profile showed that tryptophan was the first limiting amino acid for CONd, 5%CLHd, and 5%CHd; the diets containing only protein hydrolysates had no limiting amino acid as their DIAAS-like values were greater than 100%. The DIAAS-like values were less in CONd (95.6%), 5%CLHd (94.9%), and 5%CHd (96.2%) compared with CLHd (104.5%) and CHd (116.9%) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, all test protein sources were well digested; however, substituting CM with protein hydrolysate could increase protein quality in canine extruded diets.

Expeller-Pressed Canola (Brassica napus) Meal Modulates the Structure and Function of the Cecal Microbiota, and Alters the Metabolome of the Pancreas, Liver, and Breast Muscle of Broiler Chickens.

Simple SummaryThe impact of a broiler chicken diet that is supplemented with canola meal (CM) on the cecal microbiota, growth, and metabolome of broiler chickens was examined. CM did not affect feed consumption, weight gain, nor the richness, evenness, or diversity of the cecal bacterial community. However, CM affected the structure of the bacterial microbiota, the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were elevated, and the abundance of bacterial taxa known to ferment dietary fiber were more abundant in the ceca of birds fed the CM diet. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolomics was applied, and a number of metabolites that were associated with SCFA metabolism were differentially regulated in cecal digesta. The supplementation of diet with CM also affected the metabolic profiles of the pancreas, liver, and breast muscle (e.g., metabolites that are associated with energy production, protection against oxidative stress, and pathways of amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism). In summary, broiler chickens that were fed a diet supplemented with CM showed equivalent feed consumption and growth, but CM affected the composition and function of the cecal microbiota, and the metabolome of the pancreas, liver, and breast muscle of birds indicating the possibility of an increased disease risk. The study also demonstrated the utility of using metabolomics to ascertain impacts of diet on the microbiota and host tissues, and identified biomarkers to facilitate subsequent evaluation in production settings.The inoculation of one-day-old broiler chicks with the cecal contents from a mature broiler breeder resulted in a highly diverse and uniform cecal bacterial community. CM did not affect feed consumption, weight gain, nor the richness, evenness, or diversity of the cecal bacterial community. However, the structure of the bacterial community was altered in birds fed the CM diet. Although the CM diet was formulated to contain equivalent metabolizable energy to the control diet, it contained more dietary fiber. The abundance of bacterial families, including those that are known to contain species able to metabolize fiber was altered (e.g., bacteria within the families, Methanobacteriaceae, Atopobiaceae, Prevotellaceae, Clostridiales Family XIII, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Succinivibrionaceae), and concentrations of SCFAs were higher in the ceca of birds fed the CM diet. Moreover, concentrations of isoleucine, isobutyrate, glutamate, and 2-oxoglutarate were higher, whereas concentrations of phenyllactic acid, indole, glucose, 3-phenylpropionate, and 2-oxobutyrate were lower in the digesta of chickens that were fed CM. The metabolic profiles of pancreas, liver, and breast muscle tissues of birds fed the CM diet differed from control birds. Metabolites that were associated with energy production, protection against oxidative stress, and pathways of amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism had altered concentrations in these tissues. Some of the observed changes in metabolite levels may indicate an increased disease risk in birds fed the CM diet (e.g., pancreatitis), and others suggested that birds mounted metabolic response to offset the adverse impacts of CM (e.g., oxidative stress in the liver).

Effect of common mallow (Malva sylvestris) dietary supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, haemotological and immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The present study was designed to assess the effect of common mallow (Malva sylvestris) extract diet in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) health parameters such as growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, hematological profile, and immunological responses. In addition, we evaluated the possibility of controlling A. hydrophila infection in common carp during the common mallow extract diet (CM). Diets of common carp were supplemented with three different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1 g kg−1) of common mallow extract. They were fed with common mallow diet for 45 days. At the end of feeding, 0.1 g kg−1 CM diet group showed higher final weight and SGR (p ˂ 0.05), whereas the 0.5 g kg−1 CM diet group showed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) lower FCR rate. The digestive enzyme activity experiment was showed that amylase and lipase activity significantly increased (p ˂ 0.05) in 0.5 g kg−1 CM diet. No hematological parameters changed in all experimental groups. Only 0.1 g kg−1 showed significantly decreased level of red blood cell. In immunological response experiment, serum lysozyme activity, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and myeloperoxidase activity significantly increased in different doses of common mallow diet during the 45 days. Result of challenge test with A. hydrophila showed that survival rate in 0.5 and 1 g kg−1 CM diet was significantly lower compared to control. The results elucidated that the CM diet could support nonspecific immune system and growth promoter in common carp. Hence, common mallow can be used in semi-intensive and intensive common carp culture.

PSIV-7 Diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance in weaned pigs fed steam-exploded canola meal

Abstract Canola meal (CM) is widely included in swine diets, but its fiber matrix compromises its nutritional value. Whether steam-explosion with high pressure can increase nutrient digestibility of CM and hence growth performance in pigs is unknown. To explore, Brassica napus CM was processed with steam pressure at 700 or 1,100 kPa for 5 min followed by a sudden release of pressure to produce steam-exploded CM7 and CM11, respectively. Four diets containing 20% CM, CM7, CM11, or soybean meal (SBM) were formulated to provide 2.3 Mcal net energy (NE)/kg and 5.1 g standardized ileal digestible lysine/Mcal NE. From 2 weeks post-weaning, 256 pigs (BW, 10 kg) were fed the 4 diets for 4 weeks in a randomized complete block design with 16 blocks and 4 pigs per pen. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and gross energy (GE) was 4.8, 4.3 and 3.7%-units lower (P < 0.05), respectively, for the 3 CM diets than the SBM diet, whereas diet digestible energy (DE) value was not different. Steam-explosion of CM did not affect diet ATTD of DM and GE, but reduced (P < 0.05) diet ATTD of CP. For the entire trial (day 1–28), steam-explosion at either 700 or 1,100 kPa increased (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) of CM, but the CM diet had lower (P < 0.05) ADFI than the SBM diet. Average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among the 4 diets. Consequently, feed efficiency (G:F) was greater (P < 0.05) for the 3 CM diets than the SBM diet. In conclusion, steam-explosion of CM did not increase diet nutrient digestibility or growth performance of weaned pigs.

Effect of some common West African farm-made feeds on the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

The effects of two common West African farm-made feeds on postprandial metabolism were assessed in adult Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by quantifying the oxygen consumption rates (MO2) and total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) excretion over a 24-h period. Measurements followed the ingestion of a single meal of a fishmeal-based control diet and two diets containing 30% copra (CM) or palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusions by groups of 15 adult O. niloticus per tank. The mean net MO2 (postprandial oxygen consumption corrected for routine metabolic rate) during digestion for the different tilapia groups varied narrowly between 112.2 ± 9.9 and 129.9 ± 20.4 mg O2 kg−1 h−1 with the fish fed the CM diet recording a significantly lower (p = 0.04) net MO2 response relative to the other two diets. Net TAN excretion rates of the different dietary groups varied between 3.4 ± 1.4 and 4.4 ± 1.6 mg TAN kg−1 h−1. Under the standardized experimental conditions, copra and PKMs appeared to be promising candidates as partial replacements to fishmeal in tilapia diets as far as rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia-nitrogen excretion are concerned.

Different physical forms of one diet fed to growing pigs induce morphological changes in mandubular glands and local leptin (Ob) production and receptor (ObR) expression.

The physical form of the diet plays an important role for morphological adaptations of organs in the gastrointestinal tract. It was hypothesized that different physical forms of one diet could exert extra-enteric effects, under local and systemic neuroendocrine regulation. Gross morphology, fresh mass and cytoarchitecture of mandibular glands (MG) were studied in growing pigs fed with one diet processed under four different physical forms. Four dietary treatments were offered for 4weeks to 32 growing pigs (initial BW: 8.30±0.83kg) allotted into 4 experimental groups: FP, finely ground pellet (dMean, 0.46mm); CM, coarsely ground meal (dMean, 0.88mm); CP, coarsely ground pellet (dMean, 0.84); CE, coarsely ground extruded (dMean, 0.66). Conventional and immuonohistochemical techniques were used to immunolocalize, in particular, leptin (Ob) and its receptor (ObR). A significant effect was observed on the relative mass of the MG, depending on the diet (p<0.03) and on the BW (p<0.04), with no interactions (diet*BW). The immunohistochemical reactions for Ob and ObR showed a marked positivity in the MG from the group fed with the CM diet, displaying Ob-positive acinar cells and ObR-positive cells in the striated ducts, together with endocrine-like cells. The intensity of chromogenic reactions positively testing to ObR was used to evaluate the cytoarchitecture of the MG and its possible correlations. Pearson's correlation coefficient resulted to positively link (p<0.0001) the ObR expression with the absolute mass of MG in the 61.1% of pigs. The physical form of the diet is related to extra-enteral effects, inducing changes in gross and microscopic morphology of the MG in the growing pig. The local production of Ob and the expression of the respective ObR in the striated duct cells shed a new light on the mitogenic activity of Ob in extra-enteral organs, like the MG, in relation to the physical form of the diet.

Diet diversity of jack and chub mackerels and ecosystem changes in the northern Humboldt Current system: A long-term study

Jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi (JM) and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus (CM) are medium size pelagic fish predators and highly exploited resources. Here we investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of JM and CM diet composition using a large dataset of stomach samples collected from 1973 to 2013 along the Peruvian coast. In total 47,535 stomachs (18,377 CM and 29,158 JM) were analysed, of which 23,570 (12,476 CM and 11,094 JM) were non-empty. Results show that both species are opportunistic and present a trophic overlap. However, despite their smaller maximal size, CM consumed more fish than JM. Both diets presented high spatiotemporal variability. Spatially, the shelf break appears as a strong biogeographical barrier affecting prey species distribution and thus CM and JM diet. Opportunistic foragers are often considered as actual indicators of ecosystem changes; we show here that diet composition of CM and JM reveal ecosystem changes but is not always a good indicator of changes in prey biomass as prey accessibility and energy content can also play an important role. In addition we found that El Niño events have a surprisingly weak effect on stomach fullness and diet. Finally our results show that the classic paradigm of positive correlation between diversity and temperature is unlikely to occur in the Humboldt Current system where productivity seems to be the main driver. We show how energy content of forage species and the strength of the oxygen minimum zone most likely play an important role prey diversity and accessibility, and thus in fish foraging behaviour.

Impact of Microbial Enzymes on Growth Performance, Micronutrient Digestibility, Tissue Protein Contents and Endogenous Enzyme Activities of Broiler Chickens Fed on Vegetable Protein Diets

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein sources and microbial enzyme supplementation on amino acid and mineral digestibility, tissue protein contents and endogenous enzyme activities of broiler chickens. Ross 308 day-old male broiler chicks (n = 160) were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments, each replicated five times, eight chicks per replicate, in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Two basal diets were formulated with soybean (SBM) and canola (CM) meals at a ratio of 75:25, respectively, along with basal grains and fed to the birds as such or supplemented with enzymes from 1 to 35 days. Enzymes had a positive effect on the gross responses (feed intake, body weight and feed conversion ratio) of the broiler chickens at 35 days. However, feed intake was significantly different (p 0.05) body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between 1 and 35 days. Tissue protein contents and endogenous enzyme activities at 21 days (except for maltase) were unaffected by dietary sources and microbial enzyme supplementation. The activity of maltase was higher (p 0.05) on mineral digestibility of broilers over the test period. The digestibility of Cu, Zn and Mg was increased (p<0.05) on CM diet, whereas Ca digestibility was higher on SBM diet at 35 days. It can be concluded that the improved growth of the birds might be a result of increased digestibility of amino acids and increase in feed consumption.

English

Effect of the Bt - or conventional cottonseed meal was assessed as well as the performance, fermentation, ciliate protozoa population and microbial enzyme of lambs. Three feed mixture (FM, forage: concentrate ration of 35: 65) contained groundnut oilmeal (GNM), insect protected Btcottonseed meal ( Bt -CM) or conventional whole cottonseed (C-CM) as protein source, were fed for 123 days to the control, C-CM and Bt -CM group of lambs, respectively. Whole seed meal Bt - and C-CM had similar nutrient composition. The Ca was higher while Zn content was lower in C-CM. Both CM had similar metabolizable energy (MJ/kg DM). Lambs of three groups had similar daily gain, DM intake and nutrient digestibility. Rumen fluid pH and TVFA were similar, while ammonia-N (mg/l) was higher (p<0.001) in control lambs. Cottonseed feeding eliminated (p<0.001) rumen protozoa; protozoa were 101.1, 59.0 and 39.6 ×104/ ml in rumen fluid respectively in control, C-CM and Bt -CM diet fed lambs. Rumen enzymes activities of xyalanase, β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase were similar, while Bt -CM feeding reduced (p=0.010) carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity by 47% and increased proteases activity by 22%. The study concludes that inclusion of Bt-CM produced pronounced defaunation with reduced rumen ammonia concentrations, which improved daily gain. Therefore, Bt -CM can be incorporated at 180 g/kg in lamb diet. Keywords: Cottonseed, genetically modified feed, performance, fermentation, rumen enzymes African Journal of Biotechnology , Vol. 13(3), pp. 509-522, 15 January, 2014

The influence of grinding intensity and compaction of diets on the microbial community in the gastrointestinal tract of young pigs1

Sixty weaned piglets (33 d, 7.96 ± 1.09 kg BW) were divided into 4 groups with 15 pigs each and fed identical diets in which meal was coarsely ground (CM), coarsely ground and pelleted (CP), finely ground and pelleted (FP), or coarsely ground and extruded (CE) for 4 wk. At the end of the trial the pigs were killed and samples of the digesta were taken from the stomach, the end of the small intestine, and the cecum for microbiological, DM, pH, and lactic acid analyses. Differences (P < 0.05) regarding the counts of bacteria were mainly found between the CM and the FP group, but the CP and the CE diet mostly resulted in intermediate values. Pigs fed the CM diet had the highest numbers of lactobacilli in the stomach content (P < 0.01) and the cecal digesta (P < 0.05). Perhaps due to a more efficient stomach barrier, characterized by high lactobacilli counts and a marked pH gradient in the stomach content (cardia, 5.15 ± 0.475; pylorus, 2.83 ± 1.06; P < 0.01), the lowest counts of coliform bacteria were found in the distal part of the small intestine in pigs fed the CM diet (P < 0.05).

Effect of grinding intensity and feed physical form on in vitro adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium and mannose residues in intestinal mucus receptors for salmonellae

The hypothesis of this study was that feeding a fine, pelleted diet (FP) compared to a coarse meal diet (CM) results in a higher mannose content in the intestinal mucus of pigs and therefore an increased in vitro adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 L to the mucus. The 2 diets were fed to a total of 24 weaned pigs for 6 wk after which mannose content in the mucus was evaluated histochemically using the α1-3-d-mannose-specific lectin Galanthus nivalis agglutinin. The crypt width was determined as an indirect measure for the amount of secreted mucus. Ileal and cecal tissue samples were incubated with approximately 7.77 × 10(7) cfu Salmonella Typhimurium and numbers of salmonellae adhering to the mucus and/or mucosa were determined by culture techniques. There was no effect of feed physical form on the in vitro adhesion of S. Typhimurium either in the ileum (7.1 ± 0.19 log(10) cfu/g tissue) or in the cecum (6.8 ± 0.26 log(10) cfu/g). The mannose content of the mucus also did not differ between the treatment groups. The crypts of the duodenum, jejunum, and cecum were wider (P < 0.05) after feeding the CM diet. This might be an indication for a higher mucus production in these pigs.

Apparent digestibility of three diets in the Amiata breed donkey during lactation

The aim of the trial was to evaluate the apparent digestibility of three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets for lactating donkeys: a diet with 8 kg of hay and 1.5 kg of commercial flaked mixed feed (CM) (Diet 1); a diet with 7 kg of hay and a 2.2 kg of CM (Diet 2) and a diet with 7 kg of hay, 1.5 kg of CM, 200 ml of corn oil and 0.2 kg of soybean meal (Diet 3). Four pluriparous donkeys (309±12 kg BW) at approximately 2-4 months of lactation were used. The trial was conducted according to a 3x3 Latin Square design with 1 or 2 subject per each cell. Feed and faeces samples were analysed for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF and gross energy. Acid insoluble ash was used as marker to calculate the apparent digestibility. The apparent digestibility of the main dietary components showed not significant differences among the three diets but generally they were lower in Diet 3. DM intakes of every diet exceeded the estimated energy requirement, whereas protein requirements were not significantly satisfied by Diet 1.

Effects of Feeding Camelina (Seeds or Meal) on Milk Fatty Acid Composition and Butter Spreadability

The nutritional and rheological properties of butter depend on the fatty acid composition of milk. Therefore, feeding oilseeds rich in unsaturated fatty acids is likely to affect butter properties. The aim of this trial was to examine to what extent feeding the linolenic acid-rich cruciferous plant camelina can affect the fatty acid composition of dairy products and the properties of butter. A control diet composed of 60% corn silage-based ration and completed with high-energy and nitrogenous concentrates was compared with 2 experimental diets designed to provide the same amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids via either camelina seed (630 g/d, CS diet) or camelina meal (2 kg/d, CM diet). The diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. The trial followed a double 3×3 Latin-square design with 4-wk periods on 6 Holstein dairy cows. The camelina diets tended to decrease dry matter intake but did not have a significant effect on milk production. They generated a slight decrease in milk protein and a strong decrease in milk fat yield and content. The CM diet led to a stronger decrease in fat content. Camelina generated a greater proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids, notably C18:1 trans isomers, including trans-10 and trans-11 C18:1, which increased by 11.0- and 2.6-fold, respectively, with the CM diet. Camelina also led to an increase in conjugated linoleic acids, particularly rumenic acid, cis-9, trans-11 C18:2. Camelina did not affect parameters of buttermaking except churning time with milk from CM fed cows, which was longer. The butters of camelina diets were softer at all temperatures tested, especially with the CM diet. In conclusion, feeding camelina can modify milk fatty acid profile and butter spreadability.

The Effect of Carbohydrate Source on Nitrogen Capture in Dairy Cows on Pasture

The objective of this study was to determine if feeding carbohydrate supplements with faster degradation rates than corn to dairy cows grazing ryegrass would improve nitrogen capture, milk production, and components. Treatments were grain supplements based on: 1) corn (CORN), 2) barley and molasses (BM), or 3) citrus pulp and molasses (CM). For BM and CM, the diet composition was the same as that of CORN except that a portion of the corn was replaced with barley and molasses or citrus pulp and molasses, respectively, on a dry matter basis. Cows grazed ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture. Yield of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, and milk fat, as well as milk fat percentage, were not different among treatments. True milk protein percentage was higher for CORN (2.81%) compared with CM (2.70%), but was not different for BM (2.77%). However, true milk protein yield was not different among treatments. Milk urea N was higher for BM (11.43mg/dL) compared with both CORN and CM (average: 9.95mg/dL). There were no differences among CORN, BM, and CM treatments for overall BUN (average: 10.60mg/dL). At 0400h, however, cows on CORN had higher BUN than cows on CM (11.43 vs. 9.96mg/dL), but there were no differences between CORN and BM (average: 11.21mg/dL) or BM and CM (average: 10.48mg/dL), and there were no differences among treatments at other time points. The CM diet might have shown more advantage if the pasture crude protein content was higher. Partial replacement of corn with citrus pulp for grazing cows should be further studied using pasture with higher crude protein content. Although cows receiving CM and BM did not produce more milk than cows on CORN, if barley or citrus pulp is less expensive than corn, they may be viable replacements for a portion of the corn supplement for grazing cows.

Effect of addition of a detoxifying agent to laying hen diets containing uncontaminated or Fusarium toxin-contaminated maize on performance of hens and on carryover of zearalenone

16-wk experiment with laying hens was carried out to examine the effects of feeding of mycotoxin-contaminated maize (CM) on performance, nutrient digestibility, weight of organs, serum chemical parameters, and antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in serum. Also tested were fimbrien antigen K88 in egg yolk and zearalenone (ZON) residues in eggs and tissues. The Fusarium-toxin-contaminated maize contained 17,630 microg deoxynivalenol and 1,580 microg ZON/kg. Moreover, Mycofix Plus (MP), a so-called detoxifying agent, was added to both the uncontaminated control (UCM) and to the CM diet (70% dietary maize inclusion). Each of the four resulting diets (UCM, UCM-MP, CM, CM-MP) was tested on 25 laying hybrids (Lohmann Brown). Feeding of the CM diets significantly depressed feed intake compared to the control groups by approximately 5%. This was mainly due to the effects observed at the beginning of the experiment. Daily egg mass production/hen was 56.6, 58.4, 53.9, and 55.2 g in groups UCM, UCM-MP, CM and CM-MP, respectively. Nutrient digestibility and metabolizability of gross energy were slightly depressed by feeding the CM diets and improved by MP addition. Feeding of the CM diets resulted in a significant decrease in serum titers to NDV and to an increase in yolk titers to antigen K88. No residues of ZON or of its metabolites were found in yolk, albumen, abdominal fat, breast meat, follicles greater than 1 cm in diameter, ovaries including follicles smaller than 1 cm in diameter, magnum, and serum. ZON and alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) were detected in livers of hens fed the CM diets at mean concentrations of 2.1 and 3.7 microg/kg, respectively. It was concluded that feeding maize which was highly contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins adversely influenced performance of hens and modulated immune response. At the given level of zearalenone and at the indicated detection limits, no residues of ZON and its metabolites were found in eggs. The effects of the tested detoxifying agent were quite mycotoxin-independent.

Comparative subchronic toxicity studies of nixtamalized and water-extracted Fusarium moniliforme culture material

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum and other Fusarium species, which are commonly found on corn, cause a variety of species-specific toxicoses, and have been linked to human oesophageal cancer in areas of southern Africa and China where corn is a dietary staple. The effect of nixtamalization, the process by which masa flour is produced by alkaline hydrolysis of corn, on the organ-specific toxicity of F. moniliforme culture material containing fumonisin B 1 (FBI) was studied and the effectiveness of nixtamalization and water extraction for detoxifying culture material was compared. Male rats (n = 10/ group) were fed diets containing 5% culture material equivalent weights of nixtamalized culture material (NX diet) providing 58 ppm hydrolysed FB1 but no FB1, water-extracted culture material (WE diet) providing 8 ppm FB1, or untreated culture material (CM diet) providing 71 ppm FB1 for 4 wk. An additional control group was fed a diet containing sound seed corn. Serum chemical and histopathological findings confirmed that the nixtamalized culture material was hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. Hepatopathy was found in all rats fed the NX or CM diets. The lesions were qualitatively similar in these two groups, but were noticeably less severe in rats fed the NX diet. In contrast, only one rat fed the WE diet exhibited mild hepatopathy. Mild-to-moderate nephropathy resembling that induced by FB 1 was found in all rats fed the NX, WE or CM diet. Thus, the organ-specific effects of nixtamalized culture material, containing no detectable FB1, were similar to those of the FB1-containing diet prepared from untreated culture material. Furthermore, nixtamalization was not as effective as water extraction as a detoxification method.

Spontaneous motor activity during the development and maintenance of diet-induced obesity in the rat

More than 80% of most daily spontaneous activities (assessed in an Omnitech activity monitor) occurred during the last hour of light and 12 h of the dark phase in 8 chow-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty additional rats were, therefore, monitored over this 13-h period to assess the relationship of activity to the development and maintenance of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on a diet high in energy, fat and sucrose (CM diet). Nine of 20 rats became obese after 3 months on the CM diet, with 71% greater weight gain than 10 chow-fed controls. Eleven of 20 rats were diet resistant (DR), gaining the same amount of weight as chow-fed rats. Neither initial activity levels nor initial body weights on chow (Period I) differed significantly across retrospectively identified groups. After 3 months on CM diet or chow (Period II), as well as after an additional 3 months after CM diet-fed rats returned to chow (Period III), there were significant inverse correlations (r= −.606 to −.370) between body weight at the time of testing and various measures of movement in the horizontal plane. There was no relationship to dietary content nor consistent correlations of body weight or diet group to vertical movements, an indirect measure of ingestive behavior. Patterns of time spent in the vertical position were significantly different for DIO vs. DR rats in Period III, however. Thus, differences in food intake and metabolic efficiency, rather than differences in nocturnal activity, are probably responsible for the greater weight gain in DIO-prone rats placed on CM diet. Decreased activity associated with increasing body weight may contribute to the persistence of DIO but does not appear to be a major factor.