Clusiaceae Research Articles

Exploration of the Diversity of Trees and Its Implementation in the Plant Morphology Course

The campus as an educational facility is always designed to create comfort that can support the quality of learning in it so the concept of green open space has long been part of the development of the campus environment. This study aims to determine tree species on the FKIP Universitas Cenderawasih (UNCEN) Abepura Campus and their implementation in learning plant morphology in the Biology Education Study Program. This research uses an exploratory method. The results of research on the Uncen Abepura FKIP Campus environment found 13 species with 10 families in the category of trees with a diameter of 20 cm and above. These trees are scattered in various environments on the FKIP UNCEN Abepura Campus. The Arecaceae family consists of two tree species, namely Cocos nucifera L and Livistona saribus (Lour.) Marr. The Cupressaceae family consists of one type of tree, namely Cryptomeria japonica. The Sapindaceae family consists of two types of trees, namely Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) and Pometia pinnata. The Fabaceae family consists of two tree species, Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr, and Tamarindus indica L. The Moraceae family consists of one tree species, namely Ficus benjamina. The Lecythidaceae family consists of one tree species, namely Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz. The Combretaceae family consists of one type of tree, namely Terminalia catappa L. The Anacardiaceae family consists of one type of tree, namely Mangifera indica L. The Oxalidaceae family consists of one type of tree, namely Averrhoa carambola L. The Clusiaceae family consists of one type of tree, namely Calophyllum inophyllum L. Implementation of This research is in the form of learning media in the form of a plant morphology practicum guide

Novelties in Chrysochlamys membranacea (Clusiaceae: Clusieae), an Update on the Nomenclatural and Morphological Knowledge of this Species Described from Biogeographic Chocó, Colombia

Chrysochlamys membranacea Planch. & Triana is a species described as a pistillate specimen collected between Nariño and Cauca departments, in the locality of biogeographic Chocó, Colombia. In that publication the authors also provide a description of staminate flowers, however, there is no clarity about the collection related to it. During studies on the Clusiaceae family in Colombia, it was shown that C. membranacea is one of the species for which clarity about its sexual dimorphism is lacking and that, additionally, the citation of collections and localities has also generated taxonomic and nomenclatural uncertainty. In this work the knowledge about the identity of C. membranacea is revalued, its morphology is extensively described, emphasizing the fruits and staminate flowers, and the lectotype for this species is proposed. Finally, some notes are provided on its geographic distribution, phenology, taxonomic affinities, sexual dimorphism, and threat category according to the categories and criteria of the IUCN.

The Platonia insignis Mart. as the Promising Brazilian ‘Amazon Gold’: The State-of-the-Art and Prospects

Bacuri (Platonia insignis) is a monotype belonging to the Clusiaceae family. Of Amazonian origin, it is highly appreciated for fresh consumption, mainly due to its peculiar sensory characteristics. It is also widely used in the food industry, mainly in pulp (endocarp), used in the manufacture of beverages, jellies, and ice cream. Although the use of pulp is well established in the food sector, recently, research has turned attention to the use of other parts of the fruit and plant, especially in the therapeutics, cosmetics, and fuel sectors. Its bioactive components have been investigated for having important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypotensive, cardioprotective, antiepileptic, antileishmanial, and antifungal activities, among others, mainly attributed to the presence of compounds such as xanthones, terpenes, phenolics, and fatty acids. Thus, this study aimed to gather data on the species Platonia insignis Mart. through an integrative review of the agronomic, nutritional, physical–chemical characteristics and a technological prospection about its applications. The study showed that in the last ten years there has been a significant increase in the number of patents deposited, with the prospect that with the advancement of studies on their properties, results for application in the most diverse areas will prove increasingly viable and promising.

Garcinia spp: Products and by-products with potential pharmacological application in cancer

The Garcinia genus belongs to the Clusiaceae family and is composed of approximately 240 species, distributed throughout the tropical regions, with a significant representation in Brazil. Their edible fruits have a high dietary value and have been recognized for their economic value as food and health. By-products of Garcinia fruits, such as the peel and seed of Garcinia brasiliensis, are a rich source of fibers, proteins, and bioactive metabolites, producing flour with an energetic value near wheat flour and antioxidant properties. Peel waste of G. mangostana (mangosteen) has been used as a green absorbent to recover valuable metals such as gold and silver from electronic waste. Many Garcinia species have obtained great prominence for extracts and isolated compounds, such as polyphenols, bioflavonoids, anthocyanins, benzophenones, and xanthones in the treatment of various illnesses. Thus, natural products isolated from Garcinia species have been described as having a chemical diversity and potential for medicinal uses with emphasizing adipogenesis, diabetes, cardiovascular illness, and cancer. This review comprises works published from January 2017 to March 2022 and highlights the promising anticancer activity and potential use of natural compounds from Garcinia species and fruit wastes.

A Review of Herbal Medicine-Based Phytochemical of Garcinia as Molecular Therapy for Breast Cancer.

Data from globocan statistic in 2020 indicate that breast cancer has become highest incidence rate of cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are known immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers that mediate cell growth and survival signaling. Furthermore, regulator proteins, receptors, and their downstream signaling pathways have emerged as critical components in breast cancer formation and proliferation, and have become well-established therapeutic targets and the core focus of breast cancer therapy research. Garcinia is a big genus in the Clusiaceae family that contains a wide spectrum of biologically active metabolites for the chemical composition of their isolated fruits, stem barks, seeds, leaves, and roots, have resulted including polyisoprenylated benzophenones, polyphenols, bioflavonoids, xanthones, lactones, and triterpenes. This review article aimed to analyze the potential of Garcinia phytochemicals as a molecular therapy of breast cancer. The results showed that phytochemicals of Garcinia (i.e., α-mangostin, Cambogin, Gambogic Acid [GA], Garcinol, Griffipavixanthone, Friedolanostane triterpenoid, Hexane, Neobractatin, 7-Epiclusianone, xanthochymol - guttiferone E, and isoxanthochymol - cycloxanthochymol) have anticancer properties, including apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, and metastasis. This review is important to provide information regarding phytochemicals of Garcinia as an alternative treatment for breast cancer patients. This article selected 28 article researches based on inclusion criteria with the keyword “Garcinia” and “Breast cancer”, in English, and available in full text and abstract searching on PubMed.

Antioxidant Potential of Garcinia cowa Roxb. : A Review

Oxidative stress and inflammation are two common risk factors in the pathogenesis of various life-threatening diseases. In recent years, antioxidant-rich medicinal plants have been extensively researched for their potential role in disease treatment and prevention. Garcinia cowa (Family Guttiferae) has been used as traditional medicine in many countries around the world. It contains numerous chemicals with various bioactivities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic. These effects are thought to be related to the radical scavenging effect, due to their antioxidant activities, along with other possible mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the present review provides in-depth knowledge about the antioxidant potential of Garcinia cowa. This review provides evidence in the literature for the Garcinia cowa, from 2000 to 2022. Three bibliographic databases were used as primary sources of information (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar). The keywords in this research were "Antioxidant", “Asam Kandis”, and " Garcinia cowa". A total of 10 studies were included in this review according to the required criteria. Garcinia cowa has powerful antioxidant characteristics, to remove free radicals. It is clear that Garcinia cowa, with different plant parts and diverse concentrations, can have varied antioxidant capacities.

Morphometric analysis and genetic diversity in Hypericum L. using sequence related amplified polymorphism

There are about 484 species of Hypericum in the Guttiferae family, which includes Hypericoideae. In Iran, species of this genus are mainly found in the north, northwest, and center of the country, and they are key contributors to the floral elements of the Hyrcanian mountains, Irano-Turanian, and Mediterranean regions (such as the Zagros). Medicinal, commercial, and horticultural values are associated with these plants.The genetic diversity was assessed through Sequence-related amplified polymorphism. To uncover genetic diversity and species characteristics in Hypericum species, were studied through a combination of morphological and molecular data. Eighty-five individuals related to 7 Hypericum were collected in 6 provinces. A total of 76 (Number of total loci) (NTL) DNA bands were produced through polymerase chain reaction amplifications (PCR) amplification of seven Hypericum species. These bands were produced with the combinations of 5 selective primers. The total number of amplified fragments ranged from 10 to 20. According to the SRAP (Sequence-related amplified polymorphism) markers analysis, H. perforatum and H. asperulum had the lowest similarity. This study also detected a significant signature of isolation by distance (Mantel test results). Present results showed that sequence-related amplified polymorphism have the potential to identify and decipher genetic affinity in Hypericum species. Current results have implications in biodiversity and conservation programs. Besides this, present results could pave the way for selecting suitable ecotypes for forage and pasture purposes in Iran. Genus Hypericum (Guttiferae, Hypericoideae) is perennial, belonging to the Hypericaceae family, having 484 species in forms of trees, shrubs, and herbs, distributed in 36 taxonomic sections. The genetic diversity was assessed through Sequence-related amplified polymorphism. To uncover genetic diversity and species characteristics in Hypericum species, were studied through a combination of morphological and molecular data. Eighty-five individuals related to 7 Hypericum were collected in 6 provinces. A total of 76 (Number of total loci) (NTL) DNA bands were produced through polymerase chain reaction amplifications (PCR) amplification of seven Hypericum species. These bands were produced with the combinations of 5 selective primers. The total number of amplified fragments ranged from 10 to 20. According to the SRAP (Sequence-related amplified polymorphism) markers analysis, H. perforatum and H. asperulum had the lowest similarity. This study also detected a significant signature of isolation by distance (Mantel test results). Present results showed that sequence-related amplified polymorphism have the potential to identify and decipher genetic affinity in Hypericum species. Current results have implications in biodiversity and conservation programs. Besides this, present results could pave the way for selecting suitable ecotypes for forage and pasture purposes in Iran.

Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and phytochemical investigation of eleven Clusiaceae members from Western Ghats, India

Plants of family Clusiaceae are growing in semi-evergreen to evergreen, moist, tropical and lower montane forest mainly native to tropical regions, except Hypericum and Triadenum. Clusiaceae are known for producing a wide range of phytochemicals like isoprenylated xanthones, biflavonoids and anthraquinones. In the present work, water and methanol extracts of the stem and leaves of various species were studied for their total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant properties. Phytochemical studies of different species extracts were observed that, species studied having very abundant in phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants. This study revealed that methanol allowing higher recovery of phytochemicals than water extracts, whereas leaves of all species contained higher amount of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant compounds than stem. In water and methanol extracts, the highest TPC was observed in stem of Calophyllum apetalum (17.48 mg/g) while the lowest TPC in leaves of Garcinia gummigutta (7.08 mg/g) on other hand, TFC was highest in Mammea suriga stem (8.46 mg/g) with lowest content in Calophyllum inophyllum stem (3.12 mg/g). The present investigation is the first comprehensive report on Clusiaceae species with respect to phytochemicals and antioxidants study from stem and leaves by using water and methanol as solvents. Our findings from this investigation are of considerable interest from pharmaceutical point of view and to provide suitable, sustainable and alternative source of phytochemicals and antioxidants.

Peel-off mask formulation from bintangur (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) leaf ethanol extract and its antibacterial activity

One of the most widely distributed plant species in Bangka Belitung is Bintangur (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) which is a genus of the Clusiaceae family. Bintagur leaf has the potential as a mask against acne-causing bacteria because it has high bioactivity such as antioxidants and antibacterials. Bitangur leaf extract masks were made by mixing the raw materials in the form of PVA 10 g; HPMC 1 g; glycerin 6 g; TEA 0.5 g; methylparaben 0.1 g; propylparaben 0.025 g; 30 ml distilled water and ethanol extract of Bintangur leaf formulation 0% 0 g; formulation 1% 0.5 g; 2% formulation 1 g and 3% formulation 1.5 g. Bintangur leaf ethanol extract mask in formulations F3 and F2 was the highest concentration producing an inhibition zone to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes bacteria which were in the medium category and for formulations F1 and F3 the highest concentrations were to inhibit the growth of epidermal Staphylococcus bacteria which were categorized as The ethanol extract of Bintangur leaf whose antioxidant activity was measured obtained an IC50 value of 9.87 g/mL which was included in the very strong category. The mask of Bintangur leaf extract in the form of the peel-off gel has the potential to be used and marketed.

Supercritical fluid extraction of dried Surangi flowers (Mammea suriga)

In this study, a restrained aromatic plant endemic to the Western Ghats of India, Mammea suriga (Buch. -Ham. ex Roxb.) Kosterm., belonging to the Clusiaceae family was studied to extract potential volatile oils for perfumery applications. Extraction of dried Surangi flowers, harvested once a year during March and April, was performed using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The volatile oil was extracted by CO2 at different process parameters of temperature (X1: 40–60 °C), time for extraction (X2: 90–180 min), pressure (X3: 100–200 bar) and flowrate of CO2 (X4: 2–3 ml/min). The optimisation of process parameters was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). A total of 30 experiments with six central points (as per the RCCD model) were conducted to understand the interaction of independent variables and the impact on the response factors of overall yield (Y1, % (w/w)), wax yield (Y2, % content), absolute yield (Y3, % content) and characteristic component (Y4, % composition). The optimum condition for maximising the overall yield with minimum wax content and maximum content of α-farnesene were found as 35.03°C, 179 min, 142 bar and 3 ml/min flow of CO2. Experimental readings at the desired optimised conditions were in good agreement with the predicted responses giving an overall yield of 4.75 %, with 100.00 % absolute and 0.67 % of α-farnesene in the composition.

Kolaviron, A Biflavonoid Compound: Its Pharmacological Activity and Therapeutic Efficacy

Abstract: The use of herbal remedies for medicinal purposes is becoming more popular around the world. As a result, plants have become viable treatment options for a variety of diseases. Garcinia kola (bitter kola) is a perennially grown plant in the Guttiferae family that has been evaluated and reported to have numerous health-promoting properties. Kolaviron is a biflavanoid and major phytochemical found in Garcinia kola that includes Garcinia Biflavanoid-1 (GB-1), kolaflavanone, and Garcinia Biflavanoid-2 (GB-2). It is obtained as a fraction extracted from Garcinia kola. Kolaviron's pharmacological properties include anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, ameliorative, anti-asthmatic, anti-cancer, anti-malarial, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, and anti-amnesic properties. Kolaviron is recommended for use in clinical settings because it has been shown to have a high therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. The purpose of this review is to assess the therapeutic efficacy of kolaviron.

Biological Evaluation of Garcinia kola Heckel.

Garcinia kola belongs to the Garcinia genus of the Clusiaceae family and Malpighiales order. It contains more than 180 members all over the globe. It is found all over Asia and in tropical African countries. In Africa, traditionally, G kola is used to manage and treat cancer, diabetes, malaria, analgesics, hypertension, and other numerous ailments. This review aimed to comprehensively update relevant information regarding the pharmacological potential of Garcinia kola. Electronic databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Wiley, Google Scholar, Hindawi, and Springer extracted valuable information from original scientific research papers. Inclusion Criteria. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antibacterial, medications, antiviral, traditional medicine, ethnopharmacology, toxicity, cytotoxic action, chemical composition, mineral elements, GCMS analysis, and any other related phrases were used as filters to find studies. Exclusion Criteria. Data from questionable online sources, as well as thesis reports and review publications, were excluded from this investigation. The investigation revealed that seeds of G. kola are very efficient as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antihypertension, antianalgesic, and anti-inflammatory. The study also found that too much consumption of the seeds caused low fertility and toxicity. However, the safety and efficacy of G. kola have not been wholly assessed in humans, and further well-designed clinical trials are needed to corroborate preclinical findings. The mechanism of action of the seed extract should be examined. The standard dose and safety of the seed should be established.

Structural diversity and biological activities of caged Garcinia xanthones: recent updates

Caged xanthones are a class of natural compounds with approximately 200 members that are commonly isolated from the Garcinia genus in the Clusiaceae (formerly Guttiferae) family. They are often characterized by a notable 4-oxa-tricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]dec-2-one (caged) architecture with a common xanthone backbone. Because most caged xanthones have potent anticancer properties, they have become a target of interest in natural product chemistry. The unique chemical architectures and increasingly identified biological importance of these compounds have stimulated many studies and intense interest in their isolation, biological evaluation and mechanistic studies. This review summarizes recent progress and development in the chemistry and biological activity of caged Garcinia xanthones and of several compounds of non-Garcinia origin, from the years 2008 to 2021, providing an in-depth discussion of their structural diversity and medicinal potential. A preliminary discussion on structure-activity relationships is also provided.

Garcinia intermedia, un frutal poco conocido en los trópicos de América

Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel, known as the lemon drop mangosteen in English and by a variety of names including limoncillo and toronjil in Mexico, belongs to the family Clusiaceae, and is distributed in the warm tropical regions of Mexico and Central America at elevations of 300 to 1,000 m. It is an underutilized fruit tree that reaches up to 20 m in height and produces yellow fruits with up to four seeds. The pulp is bittersweet and is highly valued by the rural population of the regions where it grows, where bats and spider monkeys also consume it. The fruit has medicinal properties; it is rich in benzophenones, which attack colon cancer cells. The fruit of G. intermedia has higher antioxidant capacity than the fruit of the mangosteen (G. mangostana Linn.); however, little is known about the horticultural management of this species, and basic knowledge, such as asexual propagation or postharvest conservation, has not been reported. There is no information on ex situ conservation of this species in Mexico and Central America, and no selection of outstanding specimens with high quality fruits has been made. Most of the information reported so far for this species is about its ecology and medicinal properties.

O POTENCIAL DA XANTONA NATURAL α-MANGOSTINA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE NOVOS AGENTES ANTI-INFECCIOSOS: UMA REVISÃO

THE POTENTIAL OF NATURAL XANTHONE α-MANGOSTIN IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL ANTIINFECTIVE AGENTS: A REVIEW. The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana, Linn.) is a tropical fruit cultivated in the tropical forests of Southeast Asian countries. It is recognized as the queen of fruits due to its unique color, aroma, and flavor. It has been used for centuries in Southeastern Asian traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Many functional molecules with high medicinal value are obtained from the pericarp of mangosteen fruit, whose major constituent is xanthone α-mangostin. Several studies have been carried out over the last decades to further investigate and understand the pharmacological properties associated with the plant and its main chemical constituents, belonging to the class of xanthones. In addition, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies related to mangosteen have been published, indicating its importance and its potential application in medicinal chemistry. Prenylated xanthones, which include α-mangostin, are secondary metabolites particularly common in plants belonging to the Clusiaceae family. These substances have been intensively investigated for their potential as biologically active agents. This article describes a critical analysis of published data related to the properties of α-mangostin, aiming to provide a more detailed view of its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Pharmacological Activity of Garcinia indica (Kokum): An Updated Review

Garcinia indica (commonly known as kokum), belonging to the Clusiaceae family (mangosteen family), is a tropical evergreen tree distributed in certain regions of India. It has been used in culinary and industrial applications for a variety of purposes, including acidulant in curries, pickles, health drinks, wine, and butter. In particular, G. indica has been used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation, dermatitis, and diarrhea, and to promote digestion. According to several studies, various phytochemicals such as garcinol, hydroxycitric acid (HCA), cyanidin-3-sambubioside, and cyanidin-3-glucoside were isolated from G. indica, and their pharmacological activities were published. This review highlights recent updates on the various pharmacological activities of G. indica. These studies reported that G. indica has antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects both in vitro and in vivo. These findings, together with previously published reports of pharmacological activity of various components isolated from G. indica, suggest its potential as a promising therapeutic agent to prevent various diseases.

Biological activity and subchronic toxicity study of Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. on experimental rats

Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. (Elephant rice) belongs to the family Clusiaceae. It is confined to tropical Africa where it is used traditionally for the treatment of malaria, asthma and inflammatory diseases. This study evaluated the biological activity of methanol extract of A. floribunda's stem bark and leaf in addition to the seed oil as well as the subchronic toxicity of the stem bark extract. Standards procedures were used to screen the biological activity of A. floribunda. The subchronic toxicity profile was investigated by administering orally 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg b. wt of the stem bark extract to male Albino rats for 28 days consecutively. After the treatment period, changes in the various biochemical parameters and alteration in the expression of antioxidants, cytokine, Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and albumin genes of the sensitive organs were used to assess the safety level of the stem bark extract. The stem bark extract had more phytochemicals and better antioxidant activities compared with the leaf extract and oil. Administration of the stem bark extract did not result in treatment related changes in markers for hepatic and renal injury (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine and urea). The extract resulted in an increase in hepatic malondialdehyde. Also, hepatic and renal glutathione levels increased significantly. The blood composition was normal and the genes coding for albumin in the liver together with catalase in the liver and kidney were up-regulated. Tumor necrosis factor – alpha (TNFα) gene expression was down-regulated in the liver and up-regulated in the kidney while KIM-1 gene was down-regulated in the treated animals compared with the control. This study confirmed that A. floribunda's stem bark extract is richer in bioactive compounds than the leaf extract and seed oil. Furthermore, it is relatively safe to animals when used in moderate dose.

Screening of medicinal plants unraveled the leishmanicidal credibility of Garcinia cowa; highlighting Norcowanin, a novel anti-leishmanial phytochemical through in-silico study.

Leishmaniasis, one of the most prevalent yet neglected parasitic causes of death, yearns for therapeutic control and treatment. Severely toxic and inefficient modern-day pentavalent antimonials, caters the search for naturally derived drugs, as efficient alternatives for disease treatment. The anti-promastigote activity of ten different plants selected for their ethnomedicinal properties revealed significant leishmanicidal capacity; the most potent being Garcinia cowa methanolic extract with an IC50 value of 21.4µg/ml. Garcinia cowa, a plant endemic to North-Eastern India that is of the Clusiaceae family, is replete with such medicinal qualities as antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, and antiproliferative activities. Computational biology with its tools such as molecular docking has opened new horizons aimed at a better understanding of biological systems, complexes, and their interactions, and subsequently drug discovery via in silico techniques. Therefore, an in-silico study was designed to evaluate the binding capability of six phytochemicals- cowanin, cowanol, cowaxanthone, norcowanin, rubraxanthone, and a basic xanthone, found in Garcinia cowa against Pentamidine, a synthetic anti-leishmanial drug. The active sites of three characteristic enzymes belonging to the Leishmania donovani parasite: O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS), Trypanothione reductase (TryR), and N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) were chosen as target proteins. Results revealed lower binding energies and higher affinities, of nearly all the phytochemicals with respect to Pentamidine, indicating their leishmanicidal potential. Norcowanin showed the lowest average binding of - 9.8kcal/mol against all the three enzymes under study.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Dried Fruit Rind of Garcinia gummi-gutta

Garcinia gummi-gutta is an evergreen medium sized tree of the family Clusiaceae with remarkable traditional value which has been indicated for the treatment of bowel complaints, rheumatism, intestinal parasites and also as a culinary and preservative agent for fish preparations in Southern India and Srilanka. The extract of dried fruit rind of Garcinia gummi-gutta obtained through Soxhlet extraction using ethanol was subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis along with in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity against common food borne pathogens. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the rind extract of the plant showed the presence of phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, diterpenes and triterpenes. The plant extracts were evaluated for the antimicrobial activity by in vitro agar well-diffusion at a dose rate of 5mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 15mg/ml against the microbial strains namely Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenus and Salmonella tymphimurium. The results of the antimicrobial activity showed effective inhibitory activity against all the tested organisms in a dose dependant manner.

Chemical constituents isolated from Clusia criuva subsp. Criuva and their chemophenetics significance

Clusia criuva belongs to the Clusiaceae family and it is endemic to the rupestrian fields in Chapada Diamantina National Park (Brazil). Phytochemical investigation of C. criuva trunks led to the isolation of five triterpenoids [winchic acid (1), betulinic acid (2), lupeol (3), friedelin (4), and friedelinol (5)], four steroids [lanosterol (6), stigmasterol (7), β-sitosterol (8), and sitostenone (9)], seven polyprenylated benzophenone derivatives [propolone A (10), propolone B (11), propolone C (12), propolone D (13), sampsonione B (14), hyperisampsin E (15), and hyperisampsin F (16)], four xanthones [neriifolone C (17), 6-deoxyisojacareubin (18), osajaxanthone F (19), and brasilixanthone B (20)], two biphenyls [aucuparina (21) and 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-7-phenylchromene (22)], and two tocotrienol derivatives [2Z- and 2E-δ-tocotrienoloic acids (23 and 24)]. Compounds 1, 11, 12, 15, and 16 were isolated for the first time in the Clusiaceae family, compounds 17, 19 and 21 were isolated for the first time in the genus Clusia, whereas 2–10, 13, 14, 18, 20, 22–24 were isolated for the first time in Clusia criuva. Compounds 1, 2, 11, 12, 13 and 15 showed potent in vitro cytotoxic activity against GL-15 glioblastoma-derived human cell line. Chemophenetics significance of these compounds is described herein.