Cloven-hoofed Research Articles

Comparative Transcriptomics Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Infected Cell Model Systems.

The highly contagious FMDV is the agent responsible for foot-and-mouth disease, significantly impacting animals with cloven hooves and incurring substantial economic losses globally. The FMDV genome, composed of single-stranded RNA, consists of approximately 8500 nucleotides and harbors a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding both structural and non-structural proteins vital for the virus's pathogenicity and replication. BHK-21 (baby hamster kidney) cells are the optimal cell line for FMDV culture due to their robust viral replication ability and high infection susceptibility. The insufficient elucidation of the host response to FMDV hampers progress towards the establishment of precise therapeutic interventions. To fill this void in understanding, samples from FMDV-challenged and control BHK-21 cells were systematically procured, with comprehensive transcriptome sequencing subsequently undertaken to delineate the gene expression landscapes of each group. A total of 4018 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 2044 were downregulated and 1974 were upregulated. The data indicate that FMDV infection significantly enhances transcription initiation in BHK-21. According to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, FMDV affects a number of immune-related processes as well as the movement of chemicals within cells. In the analysis of the protein-protein interaction network, Fos, Flt3lg, Rpl22l1, Ifi35, Ep300, and Rps16 emerged as pivotal hub proteins, underscoring their significant roles within the cellular interactome. The RT-qPCR experiment of Lgfb5, Ler2, Vgll3, and Ahr verified that the DEGs' expression profiles matched the results of the RNA-seq investigation. The study's findings have enhanced our understanding of the molecular pathways underlying FMDV pathogenesis and host interactions. Furthermore, the identification of key genes could serve as potential targets for therapeutic strategies and diagnostic tools, thereby enhancing control measures for livestock foot-and-mouth disease and mitigating its economic impact.

Plots and Motives of Altai Myths about the 12-year Animal Calendar

The purpose of this article is to identify the plot-motivational features of Altai etiological myths about the appearance of the 12-year eastern calendar. Analysis of historiography on the problem of the origin of this animal cycle allowed the author to come to the conclusion that the animal calendar existed among the Turkic peoples already in the distant past. Based on the material of the narrative folklore of the Altai people, the plots and motives about the appearance of the 12-year animal calendar are considered. The main research method is plot-motive analysis of the text. The novelty of the research lies in identifying the plots and characteristics of the characters in the myths about the 12-year calendar cycle. The animals present in the calendar – dragon, tiger and monkey – indicate the influence of the mythology of other eastern peoples. The results of a comparative analysis of Altai myths about the 12-year animal calendar with the myths of the Kazakhs, Mongols and Chinese showed a difference in the main characters: among the Altai people the creator of the calendar is the deity Kudai (theonym variants: Dayuchi / Dayaachy), the mythical character Dyylchy, others among the southeastern peoples are Buddha, and in particular among the Chinese – Yu Di. A chronological feature of Altai myths is the relationship between the appearance of the calendar and the mythological time after the flood. In the folklore of the Altai people, based on the plot of competitions between animals wishing to enter the calendar, independent plots of an etiological nature also arose. Independent motifs include the mythological motifs “who will see the sun first” (about a camel and a mouse), “thunder is an animal” (about a dragon), “the cloven hoof of a cow” (about a cow and a monkey). The Altaians have developed certain mythological ideas about the characters of each of the twelve years, repeating in a cycle, which they associate with the behavioral characteristics of animals. Using this calendar, people figured out what the coming year would be like.

Diagnosis and Vaccination of Animals that are Affected by Foot and Mouth Disease

A virus that is both highly contagious and economically detrimental, foot and mouth disease primarily impacts animals possessing cloven hooves, including cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. The FMD virus, responsible for causing foot and mouth disease, exists in seven distinct serotypes, complicating the challenges associated with prevention and control. The main ways that the virus spreads are through direct contact between susceptible and infected animals, contaminated food, and aerosolized viral particles. Owing to its ease of propagation, epidemics can quickly spread throughout cattle populations, resulting in significant financial losses. Fast and accurate diagnosis is crucial to halt the spread of FMD and safeguard the livestock industry. Clinical examination, serological testing, and virus isolation are examples of conventional diagnostic techniques. Several methods like Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), RT-LAMP, Sandwich ELISA, Complement Fixation test (CFT) and PCR have become essential tools for FMD diagnosis in recent years. These techniques make it possible to identify the virus quickly and precisely, which facilitates the adoption of containment strategies and quick decision-making. Restrictions on migration, immunization, and the culling of diseased animals are all effective control measures. Nonetheless, the management of FMD continues to be based on prevention. Overcoming FMD in the future involves vaccination, strict bio-security protocols on farms, monitoring, and outbreak readiness planning. Sustained investigation and attentiveness are essential to effectively address this persistent problem.

Bovine Sero- surveillance of Foot- and – Mouth Disease in Four States in Nigeria

Animals with cloven hooves are susceptible to highly contagious foot and mouth disease (FMD). FMD epidemics have affected several underdeveloped countries, including Nigeria. The migration of pastoralist animals has been linked to FMD transmission in Nigeria, and surveillance is essential for assessing the threat and impact of FMD, as well as the emergence of PCP-FMD. Here, we report the sero-surveillance of FMD in cattle in four states in Nigeria in 2019. Sera collected from four states (Anambra, Enugu, Imo, and Katsina) were tested for antibodies against FMD non-structural protein (NSP), with an overall prevalence of 45%. Significantly higher seroprevalence was recorded in Imo (63%), followed by Kastina (56%), Anambra (29%), and Enugu (6%). An overall serotype-specific prevalence of 81%, 35 %, 50 %, and 35% was recorded for serotypes O, A, 50% for SAT 2, and SAT 1, respectively. Furthermore, circulating antibodies against four serotypes of FMDV were found in 16% of sera samples, 20% had antibodies against three circulating serotypes, 33% had antibodies against two serotypes, and 25% showed exposure to only one serotype, indicating exposure to multiple FMD serotypes. These findings demonstrate the presence of FMDV antibodies in cattle across all surveyed states, which may be related to the presence of multiple FMDV serotypes (O, A, SAT1and SAT2) and concurrent co-infection in these states. Therefore, there is a need for the continuous surveillance of FMD in Nigeria. This will help ascertain the burden of the disease and enable the implementation of necessary control measures to stop its potential transmission and further spread. This sero-surveillance data expands our understanding of the FMD situation in Nigeria and is crucial for determining the country’s FMD risk in order to advance the PCP-FMD.

Clustering Vaksinasi Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku Menggunakan Algoritma Fuzzy C-Means

Foot and Mouth Disease is a disease that attacks cloven hooves, this disease spreads very quickly and the mortality rate of infected animals is up to 100%. FMD is caused by type A picornaviridae virus, namely Apthaee epizootecae, which has a development period of 1-14 days after the animal is infected. The delay in handling it can cause many livestock to die and have an impact on cattle farmers. One of the steps taken to prevent the spread of this disease is to eradicate all livestock. The Riau Provincial Government has taken steps to prevent vaccination of all livestock in Riau Province in the form of preventing this disease from becoming more widespread. From these problems, this research will form a data cluster for the PMK program in Riau Province so that the government can improve supervision of livestock to prevent re-outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in Riau Province. The method used is data mining with the Fuzzy C-means algorithm and the data used comes from the Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health in Riau Province. The best cluster results after testing is 2 clusters. The most numerous clusters are in cluster 1 with a total of 48704 cows and cluster 2 with a total of 21232. The validity test using the DBI gets a value of 0.416, so it is still far from good

Clinical Examination of Foot and Mouth Disease of Dairy Cows in Sukamurni, Cilawu, Garut, West Java, Indonesia

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, pigs, and other animals with cloven hooves. It is a transboundary animal disease that seriously affects livestock productivity and disrupts trade in live animals and animal products worldwide. Indonesia was declared free of FMD in 1986, then vaccination and FMD vaccine production were banned. In April 2022, FMD was detected in cattle in some provinces in Indonesia, including West Java. This study investigated the clinical signs of FMD-positive dairy cows from 20 to 30 May 2022, in Sukamurni village. A total of 284 dairy cows were confirmed FMD by the laboratory and investigated for their clinical signs by direct examination and questionnaire. The result revealed lactating cows account for 42.6% of total positive cases, followed by pregnant cows (24.3%) and calves (11.27%). The main clinical signs were lameness (including lesions on foot) and excessive salivation (77.27%). Milk production was decreased on day 3 and returned to normal on day 10 after infection. Most cows reported clinical signs up to 3-4 weeks. In conclusion, these results suggest that lameness and excessive salivation are the most common clinical signs of FMD in dairy cows.

“The Cloven Hoof under the Cassock”: Sacrifice Hidden in the Hebrew Bible and Roger Scruton

A typology of sacrifice is applied to the study of Roger Scruton’s religious philosophy, in order to contemplate the ways in which dissidence against totalitarianism can become a positive form of self-giving. The mimetic theory of René Girard can help us to see how totalitarianism creates a sacrificial crisis by demanding, on the one hand, that individuals sacrifice themselves for the regime, and yet, on the other hand, empties such sacrifices of the type of self-giving that makes a sacrifice not just efficacious but also nonviolent. The deprivations that a regime inflicts on its subjects, for example with respect to education and careers, are enforced forms of sacrifice. With respect to the self-giving enacted in visible dissidence, there is a performative dimension to such self-giving that brings both sacrifices and rewards of a public nature. In his novel, Notes from Underground, Scruton explores the private, underground world of people who are excluded even from such careers of public dissidence. The difficult question Scruton confronts is how any regenerative self-giving is possible among people who in their isolation and powerlessness have nothing to give. While Girard’s mimetic theory helps account for the systematic desecration at work in totalitarian cultures, the biblical typology of sacrifice offered by Moshe Halbertal in his disagreement with Girard offers improvements to such a theoretical framework. Halbertal’s typology of sacrifice better accounts for the instances of spiritual transcendence considered by Scruton in his novel, and also in Scruton’s posthumous final work, Wagner’s Parsifal: The Music of Redemption.

A Vaccine Based on Asia1 Shamir of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Offers Low Levels of Protection to Pigs against Asia1/MOG/05, Circulating in East Asia.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most contagious diseases in cloven hoof animals. Vaccination can prevent or control FMD, and vaccine antigens should be matched against circulating viruses. According to phylogenetic analyses, field isolates in this region belonged to genotype V and showed low genetic similarity with the Asia1 Shamir vaccine, the OIE-recommended vaccine strain. In this study, we investigated whether pigs vaccinated with the Asia1 Shamir vaccine could be protected from challenges with the Asia1/MOG/05 virus, one of the genotype V field isolates. Eight pigs were divided into either vaccinated or nonvaccinated control groups. After two vaccinations with Asia1 Shamir, both groups of pigs were challenged with the Asia1/MOG/05 field isolate at 2 weeks after the second vaccination. In the control group, symptoms appeared at 2 days post-infection (dpi). The clinical sign score peaked at 4 dpi, and this coincided with virus shedding through nasal discharge. Neutralizing antibody titers peaked at 17 dpi. In the vaccinated group, clinical signs were delayed compared with the control group, and the highest score was shown at 10 dpi accompanied with virus nasal shedding, which peaked at 11 dpi. Neutralizing antibodies were induced 2 weeks after the second vaccination and peaked at 17 dpi. In conclusion, Asia1 Shamir vaccination in pigs provided partial protection from Asia1/MOG/05 virus infection.

Newly Discovered Gold Does Not Distort the Economy; It Is Not A Market Failure

Abstract We wish to “quibble” with Murphy (2019). We mean this literally. That is, we are in strong and enthusiastic agreement with virtually everything he writes therein, except for one point: we think him guilty of allowing the cloven hoof of market failure into the Austrian tent. Our purpose in the present essay is to banish market failure from praxeological premises. To wit, he maintains that pure market processes such as a gold discovery can “distort” prices and interest rates, and we argue to the contrary.

Efficient inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in vitro by artificial microRNA targeting 3D polymerase.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating acute viral disease of livestock with cloven hooves. Among various therapeutic control measures, RNA interference (RNAi) is one of the methods being explored to inhibit FMD virus replication and spread. The RNAi is achieved by short hairpin RNAs or artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs). Utility of amiRNAs as antiviral, targeting conserved regions of the viral genome is gaining importance. However, delivery of miRNA in vivo is still a challenge. In this study, the efficacy of amiRNAs in preventing FMD virus replication in a permissive cell culture system was investigated, by generating stable cell lines expressing amiRNAs targeting three functional regions of the FMD virus (FMDV) genome (IRES, 3B3 and 3D). The results showed that amiRNA targeting 3D polymerase is relatively more efficient. However, expression of multiple microRNAs targeting the three regions did not exhibit additive effect. The data suggest that 3D specific miRNA is a potential valid strategy in developing novel antiviral measures against FMDV infection. Keywords: artificial microRNA; foot-and-mouth disease virus; virus inhibition.

History of Foot-and-mouth disease in North African countries.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious and contagious transboundary viral disease of domesticated and wild cloven-hoofed animals. Wide prevalence of FMD in Asia and Africa associated with huge economic losses to livestock farming and industry prompted global concern. The present review summarizes the state of the art research in epidemiology, diagnosis, and surveillance of FMD in the North African countries. Even if the situation varies across the North African states, FMD is still a key factor affecting livestock production in this part of the world. Historically, 4 serotypes have circulated in North Africa (O, A, SAT2, and C) with type O being the most prevalent serotype, followed by serotype A. However, the rapid spread of SAT2 lineages from Libya to Egypt in 2012 and the O lineages from Libya to Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco between 2014 and 2015 demonstrated the need for a robust surveillance system to detect and respond effectively to exotic infections. Emergence and re-emergence of FMD virus genotypes/lineages have been detected engendering the need to replace vaccine strains quite frequently.

Serological, hematological, Biochemical and Oxidative Markers During Foot and Mouth Disease Serotype ‘O’ Infection, Egypt

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely grave communicable disease of livestock. It affects all wild and domestic animals with cloven hoof. It is caused by Aphtho virus (Apthous fever) or (FMDV) foot and mouth disease virus which is originated from family Picornaviridae. 30 adult female water buffaloes, 3-5 years old infected with FMD serotypes, O. These animals were located at Sharkia governorate, Egypt during the period beetwen December 2014 to March 2015. Hematological findings showed no significant change in erythrogram and reduction in total leukocytes in the early stage of FMDV infection. Moreover development of macrocytic normochromic anemia and increase in total leukocytes and lymphocytic counts was reported in the late stage of infection. A significant decrease in cholesterol , progesterone , total proteins, albumin , globulins, calcium and sodium levels in infected groups, while a significant increase in serum activities of ALT ,AST, glucose, total, direct ,indirect bilirubine, phosphorous potassium, NO. MDA, CK-MB, LDH and CTNI. Without alterations in creatinine level.

On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine: From Newman to the Second Vatican Council and Beyond

340 Studies • volume 106 • number 423 On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine: From Newman to the Second Vatican Council and Beyond Fáinche Ryan If a check be not placed on the laity of England they will be the rulers of the Catholic Church in England instead of the Holy See and the Episcopate … the laity are beginning to show the cloven hoof. … They are only putting into practice the doctrine taught by Dr Newman in his article in the Rambler. ... What is the province of the laity? To hunt, to shoot, to entertain. These matters they understand, but to meddle with ecclesiastical matters they have no right at all, and this affair of Newman is a matter purely ecclesiastical. … Dr Newman is the most dangerous man in England, and you will see that he will make use of the laity against your Grace.1 Thus wrote Monsignor George Talbot (Papal Chamberlain to Pius IX and canon of St Peter’s) from Rome to Cardinal Manning, Archbishop of Westminster, in April 1867. ‘The laity have no right to meddle in ecclesiastical matters’: this paper will interrogate that claim. While it begins with John Henry Newman (1801–90), its ultimate aim is to explore the locus of authority in the Catholic Church, a Church guided by the Holy Spirit. It is not about the laity, and ‘their’ role, but a paper in ecclesiology, about the theology of the Church. It is an exploration of the concept of the Church and how its authority is, and might be, exercised internally, and thus implicitly an exploration of how the Church might impact society today. In 1859 Bishop Ullathorne of Birmingham, in a meeting with Newman, asked the famous question ‘Who are the laity?’, to which the reported response was, ‘The Church would look foolish without them’. This paper will ask: who is the Church? Is the Church the ‘priests and people’, those ordained with authority and those ‘lay’ who are to be ‘consulted’ or not, depending on the subject matter? Or perhaps there is another way to be the Body of Christ in the world, a way in which the fact that all share the one baptism into the priestly, Fáinche Ryan Studies • volume 106 • number 423 341 prophetic and kingly roles of Christ is clearly made manifest. The first section of the paper will outline the article, appearing in a Catholic periodical called The Rambler, that resulted in Newman being termed ‘the most dangerous man in England’. Newman has also been called the ‘Father of Vatican II’. The second section of the paper will ask to what extent The Second Vatican Council has contributed to a deepened ecclesiological understanding of the question of the locus of authority in Church. The third section will bring into the discussion recent theological explorations of the concept of the Church by the International Theological Commission, the Catholic Theological Association of the United States and recent theological work in Germany. Part One: ‘On consulting the faithful in matters of doctrine’ (1859) Newman, an Anglican divine, was a very active member of the Tractarian movement (the Oxford movement). In 1845 he was received into the Catholic Church. In 1847 he was ordained a Catholic priest in Rome. He spent a couple of years (1854–58) in Dublin as (a very unhappy) Rector of a fledgling Catholic University of Ireland. In July 1859, back in England again, he published ‘On consulting the faithful in matters of doctrine’ in The Rambler. As John Coulson notes in his introduction to a 1961 republication of the article, ‘this work is fundamental not only to a fuller understanding of Newman’s theory of doctrinal development, but to an appreciation of the importance he attaches to the laity in his theology’.2 The background to the article is significant. We are in a very particular era in the history of the Catholic Church in England. Catholic emancipation is recent (1829). In the English Roman Catholic Church at this time we have the recusant Catholic families, who had never converted to the established Church, significant numbers of ‘new’ Irish emigrant Catholics, and, most significantly, the many converts from Anglicanism of which Newman...

Necessary Parts

Necessary Parts Alana Thurston (bio) Her lungs were acting up more than usual. The music playing in the bar was reminiscent of popping bubbles with an electronic twist, but it was nearly drowned out by the low hum pulsating from her esophagus. Jane stroked her throat, fingers lingering on the source of the vibrations before pressing hard against her trachea. There was a slight click, and she felt the filtration disk settle back into place. She winced, and instinctively cleared her throat, as if it would diffuse the pressure that seemed to lurk just behind her gag reflex. The analog clock on the wall read 12:42 p.m., although Jane didn't trust it. She had made it a habit not to trust anything battery-powered. Either way, Jane knew that unless Aster came back soon, she would be late. She glanced down the bar with a low sigh. Not surprisingly, it was practically desolate. Alcohol had become somewhat of a luxury since the start of the organ crisis. One that even I can't afford, Jane reminded herself, grimacing into her stale pouch of lingonberry pop. The only other occupants of the bar were a few older men behind her, draped over their booth, their neckties strewn like mangled nooses, and a single ungulatus at the end of the bar. Or were they calling themselves sumesticas these days? There didn't seem to be a whole lot of consensus within the community, and interspecies communication was sketchy at best. Sus intelligus was probably the most widely agreed upon label by the general human population, although the ungulatus seemed to take offense at the reminder that their closest relative was a pig. It—Jane was leaning toward "she" due to the ruffled polka-dot blouse that was stretched across its torso, but then again, ungulati weren't particularly known for understanding traditional human fashion or styles—had [End Page 193] been clacking its cloven hoof against a large tablet for the better part of the past ten minutes. The tablets had been the latest marketing scheme that Apple had released—hoof accessible technology. Even though the product had debuted more than a year ago, the controversy it had incited had yet to subside. Supporters of the technology argued that this was only fair; the ungulati had been an active part of society for the past thirty-three years, and society's technological barriers had been classified as an ongoing human rights violation. Except they could no longer call them "human" rights violations. It was now a "violation of those who possess a qualifying intelligence and agency," but that—both parties agreed—was more than a mouthful. But advanced ungulatus-friendly technology had also brought out the worst in people. There were unquellable factions who were convinced that inviting the ungulati into society had been a tremendous mistake that could only be rectified by opening back up the laboratories from which they came and continuing the experimental harvests. To that measure, there were still live roasts on television by extremists. Jane shuddered just thinking about it. The ungulatus finished its drink through a twisted straw before poking its snout through a makeshift fanny pack. It resurfaced with a few crumpled dollars, pressed delicately between its incisors, and placed them on the bar. It slid off the barstool, barely touching its feet to the ground before steadying itself with a walker. Even with the aid of the device, it was obvious that the ungulatus was a quadruped. It was hunched over and, despite the rubber booties that covered its hind hooves, it had not quite achieved the necessary traction to walk, rather than slip, across the floor. "Pig," she heard someone behind her grunt. The ungulatus kept walking, painstakingly slow, the pinkness of its body further illuminated under the fluorescent lights. Jane clenched her fist, and the added tension triggered another wave of vibrating pulsations from the back of her throat. But she didn't say anything. "Sorry for the wait!" Aster had returned. Her limber body was propped over the bar, gift in hand. She was leaning in close enough that when Jane looked into her eyes, she could make...

Evaluation of the efficacy of a new oil-based adjuvant ISA 61 VG FMD vaccine as a potential vaccine for cattle.

Foot-and-mouth disease is an important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. Inactivated whole particle virus vaccines are still widely used in prophylactic vaccination campaigns. The choice of adjuvant is a very important factor in enhancing immune responses and the efficacy of inactivated vaccines. Montanide ISA 61 VG is a new ready-to-use mineral oil-based adjuvant developed by SEPPIC Inc. (SEPPIC, France) with high-potential immune responses needed for clinical protection against FMD infection. In this study, we compared the efficacy of two FMD vaccines either formulated with the new oil-based adjuvant ISA 61 VG and saponin, or with aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin. Both vaccines contained the same antigen payloads of O2010/IR. Two groups of 15 naive cattle received a single vaccination with different doses (full dose, 1/3 dose and 1/9 dose) to calculate their PD50 (50% protective dose) after being challenged with the homologous virulent virus. The mean neutralizing antibody titer was determined at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after vaccination, measured by a micro neutralization test. The new vaccine improved humoral immune responses by 19%, while inducing a higher geometric mean. The titer for neutralizing antibodies was 2.91 log10 compared to the alum-gel based adjuvant vaccine which was 2.44 log10 (P-value=0.1782). The new vaccine showed a PD50 value of 10.05 as compared to a PD50 value of 4.171, respectively. According to the results, the FMD vaccine formulated with the new oil adjuvant, ISA 61 VG, shows potential as an alternative vaccine for routine and emergency vaccinations in the FMD enzootic region.

Terrain Adaptability Mechanism of Large Ruminants' Feet on the Kinematics View.

Ruminants live in various parts of land. Similar cloven hooves assist ruminants in adapting to different ground environment during locomotion. This paper analyzes the general terrain adaptability of the feet of ruminants using kinematics of the equivalent mechanism model based on screw theory. Cloven hooves could adjust attitude by changing relative positions between two digits in swing phase. This function helps to choose better landing orientation. “Grasping” or “holding” a rock or other object on the ground passively provides extra adhesion force in stance phase. Ruminants could adjust the position of the metacarpophalangeal joint or metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP or MCP) with no relative motion between the tip of feet and the ground, which ensures the adhesion and dexterity in stance phase. These functions are derived from an example from chamois' feet and several assumptions, which are believed to demonstrate the foundation of adaptation of ruminants and ensure a stable and continuous movement.

De Finnis cornutis

<p><em>Horned Finns</em>. The ‘cornuti Finni’ mentioned in the <em>Historia Norwegiae</em> have not found their explanation, because the Latin word <em>cornu</em>, from which the adjective is derived, has been understood in the strict sense of ‘horn on the head’. The Latin word, however, also means ‘hoof’ of horses or ‘cloven hoof’ of cows and goats, even of the mythologic Faunus and Pan. In December 1913 Kai Donner saw in Dudinka Avam-Samojeds, who because of their cylindrically shaped reindeer winter boots, the front of which was hoof-shaped, were called ‘hoofed men’ (in Finnish ‘kaviolliset miehet’). In the extracts of Aristeas of Proconnesus, who as early as about 625 B.C travelled in North-Eastern Asia, the <em>Aigipodes</em>, men with goats feet, are mentioned as inhabitants of Northern Siberia. In the first century A.D., Pomponius Mela knows <em>Hippopodes</em>, men with horse’s feet, in the Northmost Sarmatia. The three names, <em>cornuti Finni</em>,<em> Aigipodes</em> and <em>Hippopodes</em> find their explanation in the reindeer boots, necessary in the arctic climate. Recent photographs of the Ngasani and Nenets Samojed show that this kind of boots are still used. The fact that some arctic peoples have since ancient times got their nickname from their boots, which made them look like hoofed animals, makes it necessary to reconsider the origin of the names Lapp and Finn, the etymology of which is unclear. As the Swedish <em>lapp</em>, earlier form of modern <em>labb</em>, is of Indogermanic origin and has in several languages the meaning of the foot of a quadruped animal, it seems that the name Lapp, considered as abusive by the Sami, belongs to the arctic names given to people who because of their boots looked like men with goat’s or horse’s feet and were called, as Donner heard it, ‘hoofed men’. It remains an open question whether the ethnonym <em>Fenni</em> / <em>Finni</em> may be of similar origin.</p>

Inactivation of Nano- FMDV Type O/IRN/1/2007 Particles Infectivity Using Gamma Irradiation

Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a vesicular and contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. This study is aimed to inactivate FMD Virus type O/2007/IRN particles by gamma irradiation with unaltered antigenicity. FMD Virus type O/2007/IRN was propagated on BHK21 cells. The virus titration was calculated by TCID 50 method. A 60 Co-gamma cell instrument Nordian, model 220 with dose rate 4.8 Gy/sec and activity of 20469 Ci was used for the inactivation of the frozen FMD virus samples. Safety test was done by cell culture method, as well as antigenicity of irradiated and non-irradiated virus samples were evaluated by Complement Fixation Test. Irradiated and non-irradiated FMDV particles were concentrated by centrifugation and studied under electron microscopy. The virus titration decreased gradually by increasing of gamma ray doses, according to the Dose/Survival curve for irradiated samples. The D 10 value factor (dose of gamma ray which can decrease 90% of virus population) and the optimum dose of gamma ray for FMDV type O/2007/IRN inactivation and unaltered antigenicity was obtained 5-5.5 kGy and 45-50 kGy, respectively. The irradiated inactivated FMD virus with unaltered antigenicity can be used as candidate radio-vaccine with superior safety.

‘Monstrous combinations of horrors and mockery’? Southey, Catholicism and the Gothic

In a passage added to the proofs of his preface to A Vision of Judgement (1821), Southey called for the public to repudiate ‘those monstrous combinations of horrors and mockery . . . with which English poetry has in our days first been polluted’. He doubtless alluded to the black humour in Canto 2 of Byron’s Don Juan, where the shipwrecked Spanish sailors’ bootless prayers are followed by the unholy Mass of cannibalism in the long-boat. Marilyn Butler observes that Southey was a pioneer Gothic balladeer in the 1790s, and this essay will argue that his own poems manifested a conflicted repulsion and attraction towards Catholicism which also resulted in ‘monstrous combinations of horrors and mockery’. Southey’s balladry was influenced by the translations of his Germanist friends ‘Monk’ Lewis and William Taylor, but his originality lay in the Gothic potential of his comparativist study of mythology, superstitions and folklore – found in his common-place books and annotated published writings. Southey was the first English writer to use the word ‘zombie’ – in his History of Brazil. The notes to Book 8 of Thalaba provided his contemporaries with a handy compendium on the early eighteenth-century vampire scare in the Austro-Hungarian empire documented by theologians such as Dom Augustine Calmet. In 1816, when Byron’s Satanic school convened in the Villa Diodati during violent thunderstorms, it was not only Fantasmagoriana but also Southey’s verse which helped them reawaken the dead corpus of Gothic. Guilt and sin haunted Southey’s imagination. He recalled a vivid dream he had as a child of spotting the cloven hoof of a smiling visitor when he was paying a polite morning visit and realising it must be the Devil. In his early writings he often portrayed literal belief in the Devil, judgement and hell in ballads which returned to the vexed question which originally prompted Lutheranism: the vulnerability of the people to the venality of priests who claimed to lessen divine punishment. However, he also sought to transform the Gothic sublime from individual sensation into social consciousness. His unpublished Gothic novel, Harold, or the Castle of Morford (1791), uses a medieval setting to express his concern for the poor, via the introduction of the folk hero Robin Hood, rather than to inculcate Radcliffean terror. In ‘To Horror’ (1791, rev. 1797) the poet implores ‘stern Genius’ to lead him away from stereotypical scenes of ruins and tempests to proclaim the real horrors of the French wars and the barbarism of slavery. Southey’s most grotesque ballads were inspired by his attempts to inhabit the

American College of Physicians Ethics Manual (Fifth Edition)

When I was invited to write this review, the ponderous title suggested an intimidating tome with a minimum of 450 pages and my heart sank. Imagine my delight to discover that it is, in fact, a pamphlet with only 66 pages, reprinted from the Annals of Internal Medicine (2005;142:561-83). It is a genuine, pocket sized manual, firmly grounded in the daily reality of clinical work. In a 2001 paper in the Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London , Douglas Black, referring to “the cloven hoof …