Cloud Radiative Forcing Research Articles

Impacts of active satellite sensors' low-level cloud detection limitations on cloud radiative forcing in the Arctic

Abstract. Previous studies revealed that satellites sensors with the best detection capability identify 25 %–40 % and 0 %–25 % fewer clouds below 0.5 and between 0.5–1.0 km, respectively, over the Arctic. Quantifying the impacts of cloud detection limitations on the radiation flux are critical especially over the Arctic Ocean considering the dramatic changes in Arctic sea ice. In this study, the proxies of the space-based radar, CloudSat, and lidar, CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations), cloud masks are derived based on simulated radar reflectivity with QuickBeam and cloud optical thickness using retrieved cloud properties from surface-based radar and lidar during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment. Limitations in low-level cloud detection by the space-based active sensors, and the impact of these limitations on the radiation fluxes at the surface and the top of the atmosphere (TOA), are estimated with radiative transfer model Streamer. The results show that the combined CloudSat and CALIPSO product generally detects all clouds above 1 km, while detecting 25 % (9 %) fewer in absolute values below 600 m (600 m to 1 km) than surface observations. These detection limitations lead to uncertainties in the monthly mean cloud radiative forcing (CRF), with maximum absolute monthly mean values of 2.5 and 3.4 Wm−2 at the surface and TOA, respectively. Cloud information from only CALIPSO or CloudSat lead to larger cloud detection differences compared to the surface observations and larger CRF uncertainties with absolute monthly means larger than 10.0 Wm−2 at the surface and TOA. The uncertainties for individual cases are larger – up to 30 Wm−2. These uncertainties need to be considered when radiation flux products from CloudSat and CALIPSO are used in climate and weather studies.

Investigation of ice cloud modeling capabilities for the irregularly shaped Voronoi ice scattering models in climate simulations

Abstract. Both weather–climate models and ice cloud remote sensing applications need to obtain effective ice crystal scattering (ICS) properties and the parameterization scheme. An irregularly shaped Voronoi ICS model has been suggested to be effective in remote sensing applications for several satellite programs, e.g., Himawari-8, GCOM-C (Global Change Observation Mission–Climate) and EarthCARE (Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer). As continuation work of Letu et al. (2016), an ice cloud optical property parameterization scheme (Voronoi scheme) of the Voronoi ICS model is employed in the Community Integrated Earth System Model (CIESM) to simulate the optical and radiative properties of ice clouds. We utilized the single-scattering properties (extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo and asymmetry factor) of the Voronoi model from the ultraviolet to the infrared, combined with 14 408 particle size distributions obtained from aircraft measurements to complete the Voronoi scheme. The Voronoi scheme and existing schemes (Fu, Mitchell, Yi and Baum-yang05) are applied to the CIESM to simulate 10-year global cloud radiative effects during 2001–2010. Simulated globally averaged cloud radiative forcings at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) for Voronoi and the other four existing schemes are compared to the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF) product. The results show that the differences in shortwave and longwave globally averaged cloud radiative forcing at the TOA between the Voronoi scheme simulations and EBAF products are 1.1 % and 1.4 %, which are lower than those of the other four schemes. Particularly for regions (from 30∘ S to 30∘ N) where ice clouds occur frequently, the Voronoi scheme provides the closest match with EBAF products compared with the other four existing schemes. The results in this study fully demonstrated the effectiveness of the Voronoi ICS model in the simulation of the radiative properties of ice clouds in the climate model.

Climate Controls on the Interseasonal and Interannual Variability of the Surface Mass and Energy Balances of a Tropical Glacier (Zongo Glacier, Bolivia, 16°S): New Insights From the Multi‐Year Application of a Distributed Energy Balance Model

AbstractThe application of a distributed energy balance model over nine years at an hourly time step to a 20 × 20 m grid cell over Glacier Zongo (Bolivia, 16°S) enabled assessment of the climate factors that control the interseasonal and interannual variability of its surface mass balance. The model was validated by comparing the measured and simulated discharge at the outlet, albedo at the Automatic Weather Station, surface state and annual mass balance both glacier‐wide and as a function of altitude. Analysis of the mean monthly energy fluxes highlighted the importance of the meteorological conditions over October and November on the variability of the annual surface mass balance. Two sensitivity analyses are presented, one of the distribution of precipitation over time which maintains a physical coherence between the different meteorological variables and one of the impact of prolonged periods of intense cloud radiative forcing on the surface mass balance. The distribution of precipitation events over time and their associated amounts are the main drivers of the interannual variability of the surface mass balance via an albedo feedback effect. Additionally, prolonged periods of negative cloud radiative forcing, specifically over the month of November, notably reduce the melt rate.

Contrasting impacts of net cloud radiative forcing on the surface temperature trends in India

The rise of spatial heterogeneity in surface temperature (T s ) over India cannot be explained by only the direct effect of enhanced greenhouse gas forcing. Here we propose an analytical framework to estimate the impact of the net cloud radiative forcing (CRF) trend on the observed T s trend for the duration of 2000–2019. The cloud sensitivity () estimated from the satellite observations vary in the range −0.180 to 0.241 K per W m−2 across the seven T s homogeneous zones in India. Net average (±1σ) CRFs over the Indian landmass during 2000–2019 in the shortwave and longwave are −15.5 ±11.3 and 12.4 ± 7.4 W m−2, −28.1 ± 22.4 and 24.6 ± 9.8 W m−2, −75.1 ± 20.4 and 55.0 ± 13.8 W m−2 and −23.3 ± 14.9 and 21.6 ± 14.8 W m−2, respectively for the winter (Dec-Feb), pre-monsoon (Mar–May), monsoon (Jun–Sep) and post-monsoon (Oct–Nov) seasons. We find that in some of the T s homogeneous regions, seasonal T s trends are suppressed, whereas in some other T s homogeneous regions, seasonal T s trends are accelerated by the net CRF. Our framework can be useful in studying the role of clouds in observed surface warming trends.

High temporal variability of surface solar irradiance due to cloud enhancement effect over the Western Ghat mountains in peninsular India

Western Ghat (WG) mountains along the west coast of peninsular India play an important role in the distribution of monsoon rainfall on its windward and leeward sides. The study unravels the increase in cloudiness and also increase in the Cloud Enhancement of Solar irradiance (CES) during the dry and wet seasons in the windward (high altitude) and the leeward (low altitude) sides of WG. From May 2018 to May 2021, the global horizontal irradiance (GHI) reveals wide temporal and spatial variability with a high frequency of CES events, even exceeding the extraterrestrial value around the noontime during the wet season (May to October). The observed excess irradiance due to partial/transparent clouds compared to clear sky maxima is more than 400 W/m2 on the windward and 350 W/m2 on the leeward. With the increase in cloudy days, diffused irradiance also increased with greater values during CES events. CES induced positive shortwave cloud radiative forcing (CRF) varied up to +400 W/m2 (warming effect), while negative CRF varied up to −1000 W/m2 (cooling effect). During monsoon, the warming due to frequent CES events could locally offset a large cooling to some extent. Clouds resulting in huge irradiance variability in a day could also induce large fluctuations in renewable solar energy. Such short-term sporadic local events are averaged out in satellite data.

Variability of Aerosols and Clouds Over North Indian and Myanmar During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period

The implementation of a nationwide lockdown to curb the spread of COVID-19 disease has reduced the loading of anthropogenic aerosols. However, AOD distribution over South Asia during the lockdown period shows a dipole pattern: reduction over North Indian and enhancement over the Myanmar region. This dipole pattern is evident in some datasets (MODIS, MERRA, and CALIPSO). MODIS fire counts collocated with CALIPSO smoke aerosols show enhancement over Myanmar indicating the contribution from fires. However, over the North India region number of fires during the lockdown period are less compared to climatology. Thus, the observed reduction in AOD is due to fires and anthropogenic sources. Our analysis shows that aerosols originating from biomass burning forms a layer (900–600 hPa) over the Myanmar region that produces atmospheric heating (0–2.8 K/day) that eventually leads to cloud dissipation/burning (negative in-atmospheric cloud radiative forcing ∼ −13 W/m2) and precipitation reduction (−1 to −4 mm) over Myanmar. In contrast, the aerosol reduction over North India favors cloud formation, that is, increase in cloud cover and reduction in specific cloud liquid water content leading to precipitation enhancement, indicating the anti-Twomey effect.

An assessment of macrophysical and microphysical cloud properties driving radiative forcing of shallow trade-wind clouds

Abstract. The clouds in the Atlantic trade-wind region are known to have an important impact on the global climate system. Acquiring a comprehensive characterization of these clouds based on observations is a challenge, but it is necessary for the evaluation of their representation in models. An exploration of how the macrophysical and microphysical cloud properties and organization of the cloud field impact the large-scale cloud radiative forcing is presented here. In situ measurements of the cloud radiative effects based on the Broadband AirCrAft RaDiometer Instrumentation (BACARDI) on board the High Altitude and LOng Range Research Aircraft (HALO) and cloud observations from the GOES-16 satellite collected during the ElUcidating the RolE of Cloud-Circulation Coupling in ClimAte (EUREC4A) campaign demonstrate what drives the cloud radiative effects in shallow trade-wind clouds. We find that the solar and terrestrial radiative effects of these clouds are largely driven by their macrophysical properties (cloud fraction and a scene-averaged liquid water path). We also conclude that the microphysical properties, cloud top height and organization of the cloud field increasingly determine the cloud radiative effects as the cloud fraction increases.

Differences in Radiative Forcing, Not Sensitivity, Explain Differences in Summertime Land Temperature Variance Change Between CMIP5 and CMIP6

AbstractHow summertime temperature variability will change with warming has important implications for climate adaptation and mitigation. CMIP5 simulations indicate a compound risk of extreme hot temperatures in western Europe from both warming and increasing temperature variance. CMIP6 simulations, however, indicate only a moderate increase in temperature variance that does not covary with warming. To explore this intergenerational discrepancy in CMIP results, we decompose changes in monthly temperature variance into those arising from changes in sensitivity to forcing and changes in forcing variance. Across models, sensitivity increases with local warming in both CMIP5 and CMIP6 at an average rate of 5.7 ([3.7, 7.9]; 95% c.i.) × 10−3°C per W m−2 per °C warming. We use a simple model of moist surface energetics to explain increased sensitivity as a consequence of greater atmospheric demand (∼70%) and drier soil (∼40%) that is partially offset by the Planck feedback (∼−10%). Conversely, forcing variance is stable in CMIP5 but decreases with warming in CMIP6 at an average rate of −21 ([−28, −15]; 95% c.i.) W2 m−4 per °C warming. We examine scaling relationships with mean cloud fraction and find that mean forcing variance decreases with decreasing cloud fraction at twice the rate in CMIP6 than CMIP5. The stability of CMIP6 temperature variance is, thus, a consequence of offsetting changes in sensitivity and forcing variance. Further work to determine which models and generations of CMIP simulations better represent changes in cloud radiative forcing is important for assessing risks associated with increased temperature variance.

Uncertainty of SW Cloud Radiative Effect in Atmospheric Models Due to the Parameterization of Liquid Cloud Optical Properties

AbstractClouds are largely responsible for the spread of climate models predictions. Here we focus on the uncertainties in cloud shortwave radiative effect due to the parameterization of liquid cloud single scattering properties (SSPs) from liquid water content (LWC) and droplet number concentration (N), named parameterization of cloud optical properties. Uncertainties arise from not accounting for the droplet size distribution (DSD)—which affects the estimation of the effective radius (reff) and modulates the reff‐dependency of the SSPs—and from averaging SSPs over wide spectral bands. To assess these uncertainties a series of reff‐dependent SSPs parameterizations corresponding to various DSDs and spectral averaging methods are derived and implemented in a radiative code. Combined with the DSD‐dependent estimation of reff they are used to compute the bulk radiative properties (reflectance, transmittance, absorptance) of various clouds (defined in terms of LWC and N), including a homogeneous cloud, more realistic case studies, and outputs of a climate model. The results show that the cloud radiative forcing can vary up to 20% depending on the assumed DSD. Likewise, differences up to 20% are obtained for heating rates. The estimation of reff is the main source of uncertainty, while the SSPs parameterization contributes to around 20% of the total uncertainty. Spectral averaging is less an issue, except for atmospheric absorption. Overall, global shortwave cloud radiative effect can vary by 6 W m−2 depending on the assumed DSD shape, which is about 13% of the best observational estimate.

A comparative study of two-way and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US: performance evaluation and impacts of chemistry-meteorology feedbacks on air quality.

The two-way coupled Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model has been developed to more realistically represent the atmosphere by accounting for complex chemistry-meteorology feedbacks. In this study, we present a comparative analysis of two-way (with consideration of both aerosol direct and indirect effects) and offline coupled WRF v3.4 and CMAQ v5.0.2 over the contiguous US. Long-term (5 years from 2008 to 2012) simulations using WRF-CMAQ with both offline and two-way coupling modes are carried out with anthropogenic emissions based on multiple years of the U.S. National Emission Inventory and chemical initial and boundary conditions derived from an advanced Earth system model (i.e., a modified version of the Community Earth System Model/Community Atmospheric Model). The comprehensive model evaluations show that both two-way WRF-CMAQ and WRF-only simulations perform well for major meteorological variables such as temperature at 2 m, relative humidity at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m, precipitation (except for against the National Climatic Data Center data), and shortwave and longwave radiation. Both two-way and offline CMAQ also show good performance for ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Due to the consideration of aerosol direct and indirect effects, two-way WRF-CMAQ shows improved performance over offline coupled WRF and CMAQ in terms of spatiotemporal distributions and statistics, especially for radiation, cloud forcing, O3, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, elemental carbon, tropospheric O3 residual, and column nitrogen dioxide (NO2). For example, the mean biases have been reduced by more than 10 W m-2 for shortwave radiation and cloud radiative forcing and by more than 2 ppb for max 8 h O3. However, relatively large biases still exist for cloud predictions, some PM2.5 species, and PM10 that warrant follow-up studies to better understand those issues. The impacts of chemistry-meteorological feedbacks are found to play important roles in affecting regional air quality in the US by reducing domain-average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), O3, nitrogen oxide (NO x ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and PM2.5 by 3.1% (up to 27.8%), 4.2% (up to 16.2%), 6.6% (up to 50.9%), 5.8% (up to 46.6%), and 8.6% (up to 49.1%), respectively, mainly due to reduced radiation, temperature, and wind speed. The overall performance of the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model achieved in this work is generally good or satisfactory and the improved performance for two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ should be considered along with other factors in developing future model applications to inform policy making.

Surface radiation characteristics and downward cloud radiative forcing in southern Xinjiang during summer 2019

Surface radiation characteristics and downward cloud radiative forcing in southern Xinjiang during summer 2019

The Arctic Temperature Response to Global and Regional Anthropogenic Sulfate Aerosols

The mechanisms behind Arctic warming and associated climate changes are difficult to discern. Also, the complex local processes and feedbacks like aerosol-cloud-climate interactions are yet to be quantified. Here, using the Community Earth System Model (CAM5) experiments, with emission enhancement of anthropogenic sulfate 1) five-fold globally, 2) ten-times over Asia, and 3) ten-times over Europe we show that regional emissions of sulfate aerosols alter seasonal warming over the Arctic, i.e., colder summer and warmer winter. European emissions play a dominant role in cooling during the summer season (0.7 K), while Asian emissions dominate the warming during the winter season (maximum ∼0.6 K) in the Arctic surface. The cooling/warming is associated with a negative/positive cloud radiative forcing. During the summer season increase in low–mid level clouds, induced by sulfate emissions, favours the solar dimming effect that reduces the downwelling radiation to the surface and thus leads to surface cooling. Warmer winters are associated with enhanced high-level clouds that induce a positive radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere. This study points to the importance of international strategies being implemented to control sulfate emissions to combat air pollution. Such strategies will also affect the Arctic cooling/warming associated with a cloud radiative forcing caused by sulfate emission change.

Diurnal cycle of cirrus cloud and its associated radiative effects at the SACOL site

Diurnal cycle of cirrus cloud (DCCci) can affect cloud interactions with both the solar radiation and terrestrial radiation. However, evaluation on how DCCci influences the radiative effects is relatively few, especially in the semi-arid region, which is one of the most sensitive areas in response to global climate change. In this study, we investigate the physical properties and associated radiative effects of DCCci using two-year, high-resolution Ka-band Zenith Radar (KZAR) observations at the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) site in Northwest China. We find that cirrus clouds occur more frequently during nighttime than during daytime, with a maximum occurrence frequency of 48% at midnight and a minimum occurrence frequency of 35% at midday, which drastically influences the diurnal variation of cirrus radiative effects. The diurnal variation of cirrus cloud radiative forcing (CRF) is calculated using the Fu-Liou model, involving 96 cirrus profiles per day to represent DCCci accurately. In each season, the diurnal cycle amplitude of CRF is more than 40 W/m2 for shortwave (SW), and less than 16 W/m2 for longwave (LW). During daytime, the net CRF at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) ranges from −16 to 30 W/m2; during nighttime, it varies from 30 to 33 W/m2. Based on the accurate simulation of CRF with DCCci, we then calculate the daily-mean CRF and compare it with the simulated results derived from different averaged cirrus profiles that do not fully represent the diurnal cycle, to evaluate the radiative biases induced by not having accurate DCCci. We find that the absolute bias of net CRF at the TOA can reach 11 W/m2 at the SACOL site when only one daily averaged cirrus property profile is used in the simulation, demonstrating that neglecting DCCci in the model will result in significant bias of cirrus net CRF. This evaluation suggests that DCCci need to be well considered in climate models to reduce the uncertainty of cirrus radiative effects.

Atmospheric ionization and cloud radiative forcing

Atmospheric ionization produced by cosmic rays has been suspected to influence aerosols and clouds, but its actual importance has been questioned. If changes in atmospheric ionization have a substantial impact on clouds, one would expect to observe significant responses in Earth’s energy budget. Here it is shown that the average of the five strongest week-long decreases in atmospheric ionization coincides with changes in the average net radiative balance of 1.7 W/m^2 (median value: 1.2 W/m^2) using CERES satellite observations. Simultaneous satellite observations of clouds show that these variations are mainly caused by changes in the short-wave radiation of low liquid clouds along with small changes in the long-wave radiation, and are almost exclusively located over the pristine areas of the oceans. These observed radiation and cloud changes are consistent with a link in which atmospheric ionization modulates aerosol's formation and growth, which survive to cloud condensation nuclei and ultimately affect cloud formation and thereby temporarily the radiative balance of Earth.

The Essential Role of Cloud‐Radiation Interaction in Nonrotating Convective Self‐Aggregation

AbstractConvective self‐aggregation in radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE) is a phenomenon of significant interest because of its potential relevance to the organization of tropical storms. However, some previous theories on RCE instability neglected or simplified cloud‐radiative interaction in theoretical models and suggested that water vapor‐radiation feedback is responsible for destabilizing a homogeneous RCE state. Here, through numerical experiments of nonrotating RCE, we first confirm that the predictions from these theories are valid insomuch that dry patches can form in an initially homogeneous domain with uniform sea‐surface temperature when cloud‐radiation interaction is suppressed or eliminated. However, sustained growth of those dry patches is not guaranteed. Developing deep convective circulation can engulf dry patches, and water vapor feedback is not sufficient for overcoming this barrier. Only when the early‐stage cloud radiative forcing is sufficiently strong can self‐aggregation fully develop. Therefore, cloud‐radiative feedback is essential for the eventual realization of self‐aggregation in nonrotating RCE.

A Numerical Study of Cirrus Bands and Low Static-stability Layers associated with Tropical Cyclone Outflow

AbstractProminent cirrus cloud banding occurred episodically within a northern cirrus canopy of Typhoon Talim (2017) during its recurvature. The generation mechanisms of the cirrus bands and low static-stability layers that support the bands are investigated using a numerical simulation with the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model. Inspection of model output reveals that thin layers of near-neutral to weakly unstable static stability are persistently present in the upper and lower parts of the upper-level outflow, and shallow convection aligned along the vertical shear vector is prevalent in these layers. The cirrus banding occurs as the lowered outflow from the weakening storm ascends slantwise over a midlatitude baroclinic zone, and updrafts of the preexisting shallow convection in the upper part of the outflow layer become saturated. It is shown that the strong outflow resulting from violation of gradient-wind balance in the core region, by itself, creates the low static-stability layers. Analyses of potential temperature and static stability budgets show that the low static-stability layers are created mainly by the differential radial advection of radial thermal gradients on the vertical edges of the outflow. The radial thermal gradients occur in response to the outward air parcel acceleration in the core region and deceleration in the outer region, which, by inducing compensating vertical mass transport into and out of the outflow, act to tilt the isentropes within the shear layers. The effects of environmental flow and cloud radiative forcing on the cirrus banding are also addressed.

Cloud Radiative Forcing over Sea Ice in the Arctic during the Polar Night According to North Pole-37, -39, and -40 Drifting Stations

Cloud Radiative Forcing over Sea Ice in the Arctic during the Polar Night According to North Pole-37, -39, and -40 Drifting Stations

NASA CERES Spurious Calibration Drifts Corrected by Lunar Scans to Show the Sun Is not Increasing Global Warming and Allow Immediate CRF Detection

AbstractOrbital Earth Radiation Budget measurement comparisons to models, are critical for climate prediction confidence. Satellite systems must reduce calibration drifts for this purpose. NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) measures Earth albedo reductions that if correct, would increase solar forcing and suggest greater sunlight absorption is driving much of recent temperature increases. Such results are presented, alongside those from the Moon and Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (MERBE). MERBE uses constant lunar reflectivity for tracking and compensation of instrument telescope degradation, undetectable by CERES. MERBE finds Earth albedo constant compared to that of the Moon, because Arctic solar warming effects are balanced by solar cooling elsewhere, likely due to negative feedbacks. Contrary to NASA, this shows the Sun is not increasing warming and that CERES results are not as stable as claimed and assumed. Furthermore, MERBE can actually resolve Cloud Radiative Forcing (CRF) signals from the existing record, rather than in decades with official observations.

Ice Nucleating Activity and Residual Particle Morphology of Bulk Seawater and Sea Surface Microlayer

Ice nucleating particles (INPs) in sea spray aerosols (SSAs) are critical in estimating cloud radiative forcing and precipitation with implications in climate change. Laboratory experiments simulating the ocean-atmosphere environment are becoming increasingly popular for studying the nature of INPs in SSAs. Understanding the ice nucleating characteristics of bulk seawater and the sea surface microlayer (SSML) can provide valuable information about the emitted SSAs. Samples for this study were collected from a waveflume during a phytoplankton bloom and analyzed with complementary methods. The primary method used is a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic static well array, designed and fabricated to trap droplets and measure the ice nucleation (IN) spectra of nanoliter-scale droplets of bulk seawater and SSML. Droplets were subsequently dehydrated in situ until efflorescence, and the dried residual particle morphology was correlated to the droplet IN temperature. Four distinct morphologies were found in the effloresced droplets, among which the aggregate and amorphous morphologies were present in larger amounts in the SSML compared to bulk. These particles also had a different IN spectra, nucleating ice at warmer temperatures than the single and fractal crystal morphologies. The microfluidic studies were complemented by micro-Raman spectroscopy and immersion freezing measurements of larger droplets assessing IN sensitivity to heat and organic carbon removal in an ice spectrometer (IS). This study highlights the compositional diversity of marine samples and paves the way for novel multiplexed microfluidic approaches to study the chemical and biological complexity behind the IN activity of aerosol liquid samples in an integrated platform.

An approach of renewable energy based on spatial patterns of radiation flux for solar thermal applications

The paper investigates about the aerosol index (AI) parameter obtained from the OMI during 2002–2016 concluded an East China, which have been discovered with a strong spatial heterogeneity in AI over the East China indicates variety of sources. We observed significant change in spatial AI increasing from the South to North attributed to impact for the powder unit’s ecstatic since Recompense sections. Spatial relative tendencies showed that the AI is the highest in most provinces. Further, the short-wave cloud radiative forcing (SWCRF) distribution revealed the highest (−180 Wm−2) and lowest (−110 Wm−2) values during JJA and DJF, respectively. While the long-wave CRF (LWCRF) values were seen prominent in almost the entire study area, with the high (60 W m−2) in JJA and low during MAM over the southeastern sites of study domain.