In the article examines the problem of visual information leakage through channels of side electromagnetic radiation of video paths of computing systems. It is shown that the effectiveness of developing information security methods is directly related to an understanding of the mechanisms for intercepting and recovering visual data from SER. It is noted that the information recovery procedure is a multi-stage process, including SER reception, clock and synchronization signal recovery, signal filtering and threshold processing, data bit recovery, and image reconstruction with an increased signal-to-noise ratio. Based on an analysis of the recovery sequence, it is established that the key stage of the process is the recovery of the video path clock signal, since other synchronization signals are formed on its basis. It is concluded that this stage must be taken into account when developing new methods and tools for protecting information from leakage through SER channels.

A 50 Gb/s clock and data recovery circuit in 45 nm CMOS SOI, SPCLO GF process, for high-speed communication on fiber optics in data centers

ABSTRACT This paper reports a full‐rate reference‐less bang‐bang clock and data recovery (BBCDR) circuit with current mismatch elimination functionality. Specifically, a simplified frequency acquisition loop (FAL) based on lock detection (LD) is proposed to achieve efficient and robust frequency acquisition without the need to determine the polarity of frequency errors. This technique eliminates the need for multiphase clocks and additional high‐speed samplers, significantly saving power and area. In addition, a compact current mismatch elimination circuit is introduced to mitigate the impact of the bang‐bang phase detector (BBPD) metastability characteristic. Prototyped in 28‐nm CMOS, the BBCDR circuit automatically tracks a PRBS‐11 none‐return‐to‐zero (NRZ) input between 28.4 and 30.5 Gb/s, with the total chip area being 0.12 mm 2 . At a rate of 30.5 Gb/s, the peak‐peak jitter of the recovered clock and data are 2.25 and 7.31 , respectively, with a core power efficiency of 1.80 pJ/bit.

Analysis of Single-Event Effects in Clock and Data Recovery Circuits Based on an <i>LC</i> Voltage-Controlled Oscillator

Analysis of false lock in Mueller-Muller clock and data recovery system

We have employed a time-domain behavioral simulator to analyze how different design options for bang-bang Clock and Data Recovery (CDR) impact the Jitter Tolerance (JTOL) performance of High-Speed Serial Interfaces (HSSIs) with PAM-4 signaling. The simulator includes the effect of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) due to the transmission channel, various equalization schemes and a detailed description of the CDR architecture. Many design options have been investigated, with particular focus on transition filtering and on the algorithm to identify the Early/Late (E/L) information from data and edge samples after deserialization. It has been found that if majority voting is employed to derive a single set of E/L information from an array of phase detectors working on deserialized data and edges, the different filtering strategies provide the same JTOL, meaning that one can avoid transition filtering and furthermore use a single edge sampler with a zero threshold, significantly simplifying the CDR architecture. Instead, if summation of the E/L information from deserialized data and edges is performed, the decision to use one or three thresholds for the edge sampling and the choice of whether to implement transition filtering both impact JTOL; however, better performance is achieved under these conditions than when employing majority voting on the deserialized E/L signals.

INTRODUCTION: Slapfighting is a combat sport wherein athletes inflict high-powered slaps to the head against each other. The structured setup of the Power Slap promotion removes some of the obstacles seen with other combat sports, permitting detailed analysis of the clinical outcomes yielded by each slap. METHODS: VA of Power Slap was performed by four reviewers, observing for number of slaps in a match, the result of each slap/match, occurrence of a VSC (i.e. slow to get up, motor incoordination, loss of responsiveness/consciousness, clutching at head/face, blank/vacant look, impact seizure, vomiting, visible facial injury, amnesia), return to play time (expiration of recovery clock), and second impact (when a participant showed a VSC, after already showing signs following a previous slap). Inter-rater reliability was calculated using Cohen’s d. RESULTS: A total of 333 slaps were analyzed; the most common signs included motor incoordination (interrater reliability: 0.78), blank vacant look (interrater reliability: 0.74), and slow to get up (interrater reliability: 0.78). VSCs were observed in 97 (29.1%) slaps. Twenty occurrences of second impact were observed. Following a VSC, mean return to play was 31.8 seconds. Defenders who exhibited a VSC were more likely to lose the match (β = 1.515, 95% CI 0.552 to 2.574, p = 0.004) compared to defenders who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Power Slap athletes exhibit numerous signs of concussion, the most common of which is motor incoordination. Due to the alarming rate of signs observed that are indicative of concussions, slapfighting may be a more grievous combat sport than previously assumed, and strategies to optimize the neurologic health of these athletes should be pursued.

ABSTRACTFrequency shift keying (FSK) is a robust modulation scheme widely used in biomedical implants for wireless power and data transfer over inductive links due to its low sensitivity to amplitude noise and coil misalignment. However, conventional FSK modulation faces challenges in achieving high data rates and low power consumption, as it requires multiple modulation cycles to encode data bits (0 or 1), limiting carrier utilization. This paper proposes a novel FSK modulation scheme for clock and data recovery (CDR) that minimizes the required number of cycles to encode data bits, improving data rate and reducing power consumption. Using only two and one modulation cycles enables efficient data transmission at higher rates with lower energy usage, offering a promising solution for forward data communication. A prototype FSK modulator and CDR circuit are designed to implement this approach using 0.18 μm CMOS process. The proposed circuit recovers clock and data signals from a FSK‐modulated signal at rates up to 4 Mb/s and occupies an active area of 0.002747 mm2 (67 μm × 41 μm). The circuit consumes 15.4 μW power from a 1.4 V supply for data transfer. The design achieves an energy efficiency of 3.5 pJ/bit and demonstrates an improved data rate‐to‐carrier frequency (DRCF) ratio and greater compactness than existing FSK demodulators. These features make it suitable for wireless data transfer in energy‐constrained biomedical applications.

The Heavy-Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) and the High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) are essential platforms for heavy-ion scientific research in Asia. These experimental facilities aim to enhance advanced experimental conditions for research in heavy-ion physics and related interdisciplinary fields. In the context of large-scale scientific experimental facilities, higher demands have been proposed on the radiation resistance and transmission speed of the transmission links. The clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit is one of the core circuits of the high-speed transmission links. It can extract the clock information from high-speed serial data and recover the clock for sampling optimally at the center of a unit interval (UI), improving the quality of data transmission in physical experiments. This paper presents a 20 Gbps CDR ASIC in a 55 nm CMOS technology, aiming for data transmission in physics experiments. It is based on a quarter-rate architecture. The area of the core CDR is 0.226 mm2, and the power efficiency is 13.53 pJ/bit with a supply voltage of 1.2 V. The irradiation tolerance of the CDR is improved through radiation-hardened by design (RHBD) techniques and triple-mode redundancy (TMR) at critical nodes.

An experiment of improving accuracy of clock recovery on free space optical communications by initial wavefront multiplexing multibeam method

As a low-energy method to increase the data rate of optical links in data centers, we propose self-homodyne Nyquist optical time division multiplexing (OTDM). In Nyquist OTDM, spectrally efficient high-baud rate signals can be generated exceeding the limit of electronic signal processing. However, full integration of OTDM systems has not been reported, mainly because of the complicated signal detection scheme, which involves demultiplexing and clock recovery. In our proposal, the Nyquist pulse train is transmitted to the receiver as a local oscillator (LO) to leverage self-homodyne detection, which allows using large linewidth lasers and a simplified digital signal processing (DSP) algorithm. As the transmitted pulse train serves as an optical clock, demultiplexing and detection of the OTDM signal can be performed without using power-intensive high-bandwidth electronics and DSP. In this method, the LO pulse train needs to enter the coherent detector in exact synchronization with the OTDM signal for detecting the individual tributary correctly. For this purpose, we present a pulse delay control method suitable for photonic integration. A Nyquist pulse train with m carriers enables m-time multiplexing of optical signals. We explain and demonstrate the proposed concept in the case of m = 2, as it is the most feasible implementation. In the O-band where the chromatic dispersion (CD) is negligible, DSP-free operation can be achieved using the QPSK format. At the band edges where CD is non-negligible, it can be compensated by the DSP as in the conventional coherent detection. We verify this numerically and in an experiment involving the transmission of a 64-Gbaud QPSK signal at 1550 nm over a single-mode fiber. In terms of low energy, self-homodyne Nyquist OTDM is advantageous in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Taking it into consideration, we perform 4-channel WDM transmission of the 64-Gbaud QPSK signal over a 1-km dispersion shifted fiber without CD compensation. The results demonstrate a data rate of 512 Gb/s with a BER of <1 × 10-10.

A Cyclostationarity-Based Method for Time Interval Error Extraction without Clock Recovery in SerDes Links

A 5 Gb/s receiver with decision feedback equalizer and baud-rate clock and data recovery circuit for 8K displays in 90 nm CMOS process

High-Performance Clock Recovery Algorithm for Faster-than-Nyquist Systems

Real-Time Demonstration of a Digital Interpolator-Free Clock Recovery for an FPGA-Based PM-QPSK Coherent Optical Receiver

A Direct RF Baud Clock Recovery Methodology Based on Super-Regenerative Sample-and-Hold for Low-Cost Real-Time Demodulations

The millimeter-wave wireless transmission system is widely regarded as a promising solution for applications of future 6G communication. This paper presents an experimental comparison between all-optical and all-electric receivers for millimeter-wave communication systems over a 15 m wireless link and demonstrates 200 m and 2 km real-time uncompressed HD video transmission using an all-optical transceiver at 100 GHz. The systems leverage photonics-assisted heterodyne beating techniques at the transmitter, while the receivers employ either an avalanche photodiode (APD)-based all-optical approach or an envelope detection-based all-electric approach. Experimental results show that the all-optical transceiver supports significantly higher transmission rates, achieving error-free transmission at up to 11.318 Gbps over a 200 m wireless link without clock recovery, compared to the all-electric receiver, which is limited to only 3.125 Gbps error-free 15 m transmission. This work proves that the proposed system based on the all-optical receiver is more promising for supporting future 6G scenarios requiring ultra-wideband, high capacity, and wide coverage high-speed wireless communications.

This paper describes an all-digital clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for implementing edge processing with a wireless body area network (WBAN). The CDR circuit performs delay-locked loop (DLL)-based and phase-locked loop (PLL)-based operations depending on the use of an external reference clock and is implemented using a digital method that is robust against external noise. The clock generator circuit shared by the two operation methods is described in detail, and the CDR circuit recovers 42 Mb/s input data and a 42 MHz clock, which are the specifications of human body communication (HBC). In DLL-based CDR operation, the clock generator operates as a digitally controlled delay line (DCDL) that delays the reference clock by more than one period. In PLL-based CDR operations, it operates as a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) that oscillates the 42 MHz clock and adjusts the clock frequency. The proposed all-digital CDR is fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology with an area of 0.091 mm2 and operates with a supply voltage of 1.0 V. Post-layout simulation results show that the lock time for DLL-based CDR operation is 1.6 μs, the clock peak-to-peak jitter is 0.38 ns, and the power consumption is 341.8 μW. For PLL-based CDR operations, the lock time is 6 μs, the clock peak-to-peak jitter is 2.92 ns, and the power consumption is 280.2 μW, respectively.

A Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is a crucial feedback control system used to synchronize the phase of an output signal with a reference signal. This paper explores the design, analysis, and applications of PLLs in modern communication systems, digital circuits, and power electronics. The study covers the fundamental components of a PLL—phase detector, low-pass filter, and voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)—and their interactions in achieving phase synchronization. Key performance parameters such as lock time, jitter, stability, and noise sensitivity are examined in detail. Furthermore, the paper discusses advanced PLL architectures, including digital PLLs (DPLLs) and all-digital PLLs (ADPLLs), highlighting their advantages in high-speed and low-power applications. Simulation and experimental results validate the theoretical analysis, demonstrating the PLL's effectiveness in frequency synthesis, clock recovery, and modulation/demodulation tasks. The findings underscore the PLL's versatility and its continued relevance in evolving technologies such as 5G networks, IoT devices, and mixed- signal integrated circuits. Key Words: Phase detector, loop filter, VCO, frequency divider.

An all-digital phase locked loop (PLL) is presented in the paper. The goal of a PLL, a closed-loop control system, is to synchronize the phase and frequency of an incoming signal. Clock generation and recovery communication systems are the most flexible uses of PLL. Digital PLLs are chosen because of the greater integration of digital designs. The implementation of ADPLL utilizing a Xilinx Vivado tool and code is written in Verilog. Key Words: All Digital PLL, digitally controlled oscillator(DCO),Low Pass Filter(LPF),Increment-Decrement (ID)