Clipping Method Research Articles

Analysis of Gillies Temporal Approach vs Towel Clip Method for Reduction of Zygoma Fractures.

The purpose of this study was to analyse Gillies Temporal approach Vs Towel Clip method for reduction of zygoma fractures. A randomised comparative study was conducted on 30 patients having zygoma fractures confirmed with pre-operative NCCT face with 3 D reconstruction. Patients were divided into 2 groups, Group-1- Gillies temporal approach and Group-2- Towel clip method. Clinical observations were recorded in a predesigned proforma for all the patients and analysed statistically. Gillies Temporal Approach significantly p < 0.001 took longer time for reduction than Towel Clip Method. Post-operative pain was experienced more in Group 1 than Group 2. Intraocular pressure was compared at different time intervals and significant difference was noted. Also, Occulocardiac reflex was observed in Group 1. Mean trismus index was 16.87 ± 5.12mm in Group 1 and 13.33 ± 4.11mm in Group 2 preoperatively which significantly increased to 51.93mm in Group 1 and 51.73mm in Group 2 one month post-op. Reduction was maintained post-operatively with good quality of outcome in both the groups. Non-comminuted zygomatic complex fractures can be effectively treated using Towel Clip Method as this method is cost-effective, minimally invasive, safe, causing minimum or no damage to soft tissue and easy to perform based on surgeon's skill and requires less operating time, proving it equally efficient method with excellent aesthetic outcomes.

Closure methods for large defects after gastrointestinal endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Nowadays, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is commonly performed for the removal of large gastrointestinal lesions. Endoscopic mucosal defect closure after ESD is vital to avoid adverse events. In recent years, many innovative instruments have emerged and proved to be beneficial. In this paper, we conducted a thorough literature review and summarized the closure methods for large-size post-ESD mucosal defects over decades. We separated these methods into five categories based on the operational principle: "side closure" method, "ring closure" method, "layered closure" method, "hand suturing closure" method, and "specially designed device closure" method. Side closure with clips assisted by instruments such as threads or loops is applicable for each segment of the gastrointestinal tract to prevent postoperative bleeding. If the defect tension is too large to close with the traditional side closure methods, zigzag closure and ring closure could be applied to gather the bilateral defect edges together and achieve continuous closure. In the stomach and rectum with a high risk of submucosal dead space between the submucosa and muscular layers, side closure methods with muscle layer grasping clip or layered closure methods could enable the involvement of the deep submucosa and muscle layers. The ring closure method and specially designed devices including over-the-scope clip, Overstitch, and X-tack could resolve perforation effectively. Individual closure method requires endoscope reinsertion or sophisticated operation, which may be limited by the deep location and the narrow lumen, respectively. Although specially designed devices are expected to offer promising prospectives, the cost-effectiveness remains to be a problem.

Endoscopic management of giant colonic polyps: a retrospective Italian study.

Polyps greater than 30 mm are classified as "giants". Their endoscopic removal represents a technical challenge. The choice of the endoscopic removal technique is important because it provides a resection sample for precise histopathological staging. This is pivotal for diagnostic, prognostic, and management purposes. From a retrospective analysis, we obtained a sample of 38 giant polyps. Eighteen polypectomies were performed using the epinephrine volume reduction (EVR) method, nine polypectomies utilized endo-looping or clipping methods, and 11 patients underwent surgery. We obtained en bloc resection with the EVR method in all cases; histology confirmed the correct indication for endoscopic resection in all cases. Moreover, no early or delayed complications were observed, and no patient required hospitalization. Using endo-looping or clipping methods, we observed advanced histology in 1/9 (11.1%) cases, while another patient (1/9, 11.1%) had delayed bleeding. Among patients who underwent surgery, 5/11 (45.5%) were deemed overtreated and three had post-surgical complications. We propose EVR as an alternative technique for giant polyp resection due to its safety, effectiveness, cost-efficiency, and the advantage of avoiding the need to postpone polypectomy to a later time. Further prospective studies might help improve this experience and enhance the technique.

Conductive Hydrogel Restores Electrical Conduction to Promote Neurological Recovery in a Rat Model.

Spinal cord injury (SCI), caused by significant physical trauma, as well as other pathological conditions, results in electrical signaling disruption and loss of bodily functional control below the injury site. Conductive biomaterials have been considered a promising approach for treating SCI, owing to their ability to restore electrical connections between intact spinal cord portions across the injury site. In this study, we evaluated the ability of a conductive hydrogel, poly-3-amino-4-methoxybenzoic acid-gelatin (PAMB-G), to restore electrical signaling and improve neuronal regeneration in a rat SCI model generated using the compression clip method. Gelatin or PAMB-G was injected at the SCI site, yielding three groups: Control (saline), Gelatin, and PAMB-G. During the 8-week study, PAMB-G, compared to Control, had significantly lower proinflammatory factor expression, such as for tumor necrosis factor -α (0.388 ± 0.276 for PAMB-G vs. 1.027 ± 0.431 for Control) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (0.443 ± 0.201 for PAMB-G vs. 1.662 ± 0.912 for Control). In addition, PAMB-G had lower astrocyte and microglia numbers (35.75 ± 4.349 and 40.75 ± 7.890, respectively) compared to Control (50.75 ± 6.5 and 64.75 ± 10.72) and Gelatin (48.75 ± 4.787 and 71.75 ± 7.411). PAMB-G-treated rats also had significantly greater preservation and regeneration of remaining intact neuronal tissue (0.523 ± 0.059% mean white matter in PAMB-G vs 0.377 ± 0.044% in Control and 0.385 ± 0.051% in Gelatin) caused by reduced apoptosis and increased neuronal growth-associated gene expression. All these processes stemmed from PAMB-G facilitating increased electrical signaling conduction, leading to locomotive functional improvements, in the form of increased Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores and steeper angles in the slope test (76.667 ± 5.164 for PAMB-G, vs. 59.167 ± 4.916 for Control and 58.333 ± 4.082 for Gelatin), as well as reduced gastrocnemius muscle atrophy (0.345 ± 0.085 for PAMB-G, vs. 0.244 ± 0.021 for Control and 0.210 ± 0.058 for Gelatin). In conclusion, PAMB-G injection post-SCI resulted in improved electrical signaling conduction, which contributed to lowered inflammation and apoptosis, increased neuronal growth, and greater bodily functional control, suggesting its potential as a viable treatment for SCI.

Towards transferable adversarial attacks on vision transformers for image classification

The deployment of high-performance Vision Transformer (ViT) models has garnered attention from both industry and academia. However, their vulnerability to adversarial examples highlights security risks for scenarios such as intelligent surveillance, autonomous driving, and fintech regulation. As a black-box attack technique, transfer attacks leverage a surrogate model to generate transferable adversarial examples to attack a target victim model, which mainly focuses on a forward (input diversification) and a backward (gradient modification) approach. However, both approaches are currently implemented straightforwardly and limit the transferability of surrogate models. In this paper, we propose a Forward-Backward Transferable Adversarial Attack framework (FBTA) that can generate highly transferable adversarial examples against different models by fully leveraging ViT’s distinctive intermediate layer structures. In the forward inference process of FBTA, we propose a Dropout-based Transferable Attack (DTA) approach to diversify the intermediate states of ViT models, simulating an ensemble learning effect; in the backward process, a Backpropagation Gradient Clipping (BGC) method is designed to refine the gradients within intermediate layers of ViT models intricately. Extensive experiments on state-of-the-art ViTs and robust CNNs demonstrate that our FBTA framework achieves an average performance improvement of 2.79% compared to state-of-the-art transfer-based attacks, offering insights for the comprehension and defense against transfer attacks.

Easy and Feasible Closure for a Large Perforation After Gastric Full-Thickness Resection: Clipping Method with Symmetrical Anchors.

Easy and Feasible Closure for a Large Perforation After Gastric Full-Thickness Resection: Clipping Method with Symmetrical Anchors.

Novel clip method for endoscopic submucosal dissection defect closure reducing submucosal dead space in antithrombotic gastric patients.

Novel clip method for endoscopic submucosal dissection defect closure reducing submucosal dead space in antithrombotic gastric patients.

Venous Thrombosis Assay in a Mouse Model of Cancer.

This methodology paper highlights the surgical nuances of a rodent model of venous thrombosis, specifically in the context of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT). Deep venous thrombosis is a common complication in cancer survivors and can be potentially fatal. The current murine venous thrombosis models typically involve a complete or partial mechanical occlusion of the inferior vena cava (IVC) using a suture. This procedure induces a total or partial stasis of blood and endothelial damage, triggering thrombogenesis. The current models have limitations such as higher variability in clot weights, significant mortality rate, and prolonged learning curve. This report introduces surgical refinements using vascular clips to address some of these limitations. Using a syngeneic colon cancer xenograft mouse model, we employed customized vascular clips to ligate the infrarenal vena cava. These clips allow residual lip space similar to a 5-0 polypropylene suture after IVC ligations. Mice with the suture method served as controls. The vascular clip method resulted in a consistent reproducible partial vascular occlusion and greater clot weights with less variability than the suture method. The larger clot weights, greater clot mass, and clot to the IVC luminal surface area were expected due to the higher pressure profile of the vascular clips compared to a 6-0 polypropylene suture. The approach was validated by gray scale ultrasonography, which revealed consistently greater clot mass in the infrarenal vena cava with vascular clips compared to the suture method. These observations were further substantiated with the immunofluorescence staining. This study offers an improved method to generate a venous thrombosis model in mice, which can be employed to deepen the mechanistic understanding of CAT and in translational research such as drug discovery.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE INTERESTS AND PERCEPTIONS OF EARLY-STAGE RESIDENT DOCTORS TOWARDS ETHICS AND MEDICO-LEGAL TEACHING METHODS IN A FACULTY OF MEDICINE

Background: Ethics and medico-legal (EM) teaching must be carried out in a fun way so that resident doctors can more easily understand the material being taught. Conventional lecture methods are considered monotonous, so efforts are needed to find the best method that is most in demand by early-stage resident doctors so that learning objectives are achieved optimally. This study aims to describe the interests and perceptions of early-stage resident doctors toward EM teaching methods at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala.Methods: This was an interventional study with a cross-sectional design conducted among early state resident doctors (n=54) with a self-administered online questionnaire. The participants of this study were early-stage resident doctors who had passed the EM courses. The participants were collected using the total sampling method. The participants were tested for seven teaching methods for seven EM materials. After all teaching methods were carried out, participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire.Results: A total of 54 participants were involved in this study. All resident doctors have a high interest and positive perception of all EM teaching methods. The respondent chose the film/video clipping method as the most interesting, followed by CBL, role play, MCD, jigsaw technique, conventional lecture, and narrative writing. The resident doctor's perception of the CBL teaching method was considered the most positive, followed by the film/video clip method, moral case deliberation, role play, jigsaw technique, conventional lecture, and finally narrative writing.Conclusion: The CBL method is most in demand by resident doctors because it directly discusses cases in educational settings, but the resident doctor considers the film/video clipping method to be the most enjoyable. The most favorite teaching method is expected to produce a better understanding of the material than others.

Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Caused by Orthohantaviruses in Xiangyun County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a zoonotic disease transmitted by several rodent species. We obtained clinical data of HFRS patients from the medical records of the People's Hospital of Xiangyun County in Dali Prefecture from July 2019 to August 2021. We collected epidemiological data of HFRS patients through interviews and investigated host animals using the night clip or night cage method. We systematically performed epidemiological analyses of patients and host animals. The differences in the presence of rodent activity at home (χ2 = 8.75, p = 0.031 < 0.05), of rodent-proof equipment in the food (χ2 = 9.19, p = 0.025 < 0.05), and of rodents or rodent excrement in the workplace (χ2 = 10.35, p = 0.014 < 0.05) were statistically different in the four clinical types, including mild, medium, severe, and critical HFRS-associated diseases. Furthermore, we conducted molecular detection of orthohantavirus in host animals. The total orthohantavirus infection rate of rodents was 2.72% (9/331); the specific infection rate of specific animal species was 6.10% (5/82) for the Apodemus chevrieri, 100% (1/1) for the Rattus nitidus, 3.77% (2/53) for the Rattus norvegicus, and 12.50% (1/8) for the Crocidura dracula. In this study, a total of 21 strains of orthohantavirus were detected in patients and rodents. The 12 orthohantavirus strains from patients showed a closer relationship with Seoul orthohantavirus (SEOOV) L0199, DLR2, and GZRn60 strains; the six orthohantavirus strains from Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus chevrieri were closely related to SEOOV GZRn60 strain. One strain (XYRn163) from Rattus norvegicus and one strain (XYR.nitidus97) from Rattus nitidus were closely related to SEOOV DLR2 strain; the orthohantavirus strain from Crocidura dracula was closely related to the Luxi orthohantavirus (LUXV) LX309 strain. In conclusion, patients with HFRS in Xuangyun County of Dali Prefecture are predominantly affected by SEOOV, with multiple genotypes of orthohantavirus in host animals, and, most importantly, these orthohantavirus strains constantly demonstrated zoonotic risk in humans.

Hemostasis of small-intestinal diverticular bleeding with the over-the-scope clip method.

Hemostasis of small-intestinal diverticular bleeding with the over-the-scope clip method.

Abstract P3054: Further Delineation And Exploration Of The Cardiac MicroRNA-Target Interactome

MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged as key players in cardiac biology and disease. These non-coding RNAs are loaded into Argonaute (Ago) proteins to direct suppression of target mRNAs via base-pairing. Despite a mass of research on cardiac miRs in model systems and humans, the translational impacts have been limited since miR-mRNA target interactions in heart tissues have not been adequately defined at the “-omics” level. Researchers heavily rely on predicted miR targets and are often misled by false predictions, since imperfect base-pairing is sufficient for miR binding. Our goal is to comprehensively define miR targeting events and their biological relevance in the heart and to understand the clinical significance of genetic variants (e.g. SNPs) that modulate cardiac miR functions. We previously used high-throughput biochemical means (Ago2 CLIP-seq) to generate the first transcriptome-wide map of miR binding sites in non-failing human hearts, yielding ~4000 sites across &gt;2000 genes. While exploring this dataset, we discovered translationally relevant miR-SNP interactions that associate with heart failure patient outcomes, most notably in SCN5A . We have since identified multiple common missense variants in TTN that disrupt miR binding. These associate with heart structure/function measures in the general population and could have significant implications for cardiomyopathy patients with TTN mutations. Beyond SNPs, we made the surprising discovery that TTN mRNA harbors &gt;20 miR-133 binding sites and has the potential to bind up to 20% of the miR-133 pool in cardiomyocytes, perhaps serving as an endogenous miR “sponge”. We experimentally validated the potential for this using a TTN mini-gene harboring 18 of the most strongly bound miR-133 target sites; we found that this construct was capable of inhibiting miR-133 activity in cells. Finally, to further expand these studies, we optimized our protocol by adapting state-of-the-art CLIP methods, which recently yielded our 2 nd generation map of human cardiac miR binding sites (now in failing hearts), leading to the identification of &gt;12,000 bindings sites across &gt;6000 genes. We are now interrogating these data and processing additional samples to investigate how miR binding profiles rewire in failing hearts.

Performance Analysis of Selective Mapping and Clipping based MC-CDMA System

Abstract: The use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in high-bit-rate communication systems is appealing. Due to its fast data rate, resilience to delay spread, frequency spectrum efficiency, and other features, it has been widely utilised in current wireless communication. In addition to these benefits, a significant disadvantage of OFDM is the high Peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitter's output signal, which limits the system's performance. The Iterative Clipping and Filtering (ICF) approach is used in this case because it yields better results than the Clipping method, which is the easiest way to lower the PAPR of the OFDM system. Another strategy that effectively reduces PAPR is selective mapping (SLM), in which the actual transmit signal is chosen from a list of candidates.

Quercus floribunda Lindl. Ex A. Camus; a tremendous remedy against inflammation and associated symptoms

Crude extracts prepared from aerial parts and nut galls of Quercus floribunda Lindl. Ex. A. Camus were evaluated for phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant, and in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities. Various solvents including methanol (M), acetone (A), distilled water (DW), distilled water + methanol (DWM) were used for extraction. Highest total phenolic (66.9 ± 0.05 μg GAE/mgE) and flavonoid content (38.4 ± 0.72 μg QE/mgE) were measured in QFAA extract by colorimetric methods. Cumulative maximum concentrations of polyphenols were quantified in QFMG, QFAA, and QFMA extracts i.e. 19.036, 15. 574 and 11.647 μg/mg of extract by RP-HPLC analysis. From aerial parts extracts, apentacyclic tritepenoid, glutinol was isolated using column chromatography techniques and structure was elucidated using spectroscopic techniques. QFDWMA (205.5 ± 0.56 μg AAE/mg of extract) showed highest total reducing power while highest total antioxidant capacity (207.1 ± 0.49 AAE/mg of extract) and free radical scavenging potential (96.1 ± 0.42%) were observed in QFAA extract. QFAA extract showed significant (p ≤ 0.001) analgesic potential in different pain models i.e. hot plate method, cold plate method, Haffner's tail clip method and acetic acid induced writhing assay having 50.20%, 62.07%, 57.26% and 70.49% analgesia respectively at 300 mg/kg. QFAA extract showed maximum anti-inflammatory activity in croton oil induced edema (68.83%) and in carrageenan induced paw edema models (72.32%) at 300 mg/kg concentration. QFAA extract markedly reduced the rectal temperature at 300 mg/kg concentration, in brewer's yeast induced pyrexia model. Detailed investigations can be executed in future to determine the molecular mechanisms of these pharmacological attributes.

Efficacy of the endoscopic clip method in patients treated with the endoscopic clip method forgastrointestinal bleeding, perforations and fistulas.

Introduction:Gastrointestinal bleeding, perforations and fistulas are common conditions and can betreated with endoscopic procedures that are considered as minimally invasive procedures. With theintroduction of ovarian thescope clips (OTSC), the success of the procedure is increasing and its use isrecommended as the first step in treatment modalities. This study aims to contribute to the literatüre and share our experiences.&#x0D; Methods:Between 2020 and 2023, 21 patients who underwent endoscopic clipapplication after gastrointestinal tract perforations, anastomotic leaks, fistulas, bleeding andendomucosal resection in our clinic were evaluated.&#x0D; Results:A total of 21 patients, 13 males (61.9%), were included in our study. There were 16 patientsin the bleeding group, one in the anatomical leak group, one in the fistula group and three in theendomucosal resection group. No failure was seen in any patient in the bleeding group.Antithrombotic drug use did not change the success. No surgical procedure was required. At 30-dayfollow-up, only one patient (6.25%) had rebleeding and required reoperation. No complications weredetected in the procedures of endomucosal resection, fistula and clips applied in anastomotic leakage.There was a positive correlation between erythrocyte suspension replacement and length ofhospitalization (p

Complications of endoscopic resection in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Endoscopic resection (ER) is widely utilized as a minimally invasive treatment for upper gastrointestinal tumors; however, complications could occur during and after the procedure. Post-ER mucosal defect leads to delayed perforation and bleeding; therefore, endoscopic closure methods (endoscopic hand-suturing, the endoloop and endoclip closure method, and over-the-scope clip method) and tissue shielding methods (polyglycolic acid sheets and fibrin glue) are developed to prevent these complications. During duodenal ER, complete closure of the mucosal defect significantly reduces delayed bleeding and should be performed. An extensive mucosal defect that comprises three-quarters of the circumference in the esophagus, gastric antrum, or cardia is a significant risk factor for post-ER stricture. Steroid therapy is considered the first-line option for the prevention of esophageal stricture, but its efficacy for gastric stricture remains unclear. Methods for the prevention and management of ER-related complications in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum differ according to the organ; therefore, endoscopists should be familiar with ways of preventing and managing organ-specific complications.

Implementation of particle swarm optimization based ICF technique to reduce the PAPR of ACO-OFDM

Abstract Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is advantageous in terms of the spectral efficiency it offers. However, in OFDM, the bandwidth-efficient multicarrier modulation (MM) is limited by the peak-to-average power (PAPR) problem. Iterative clipping and filtering (ICF) method has been used in this work to address such issue. The ICF is regarded as a practical scheme that has become widely accepted and used due to the fact that it is characterized by low computational complexity. This method is also easily implemented, characterized by non-expansion of bandwidth, and it does not require the support to the receiver side during implementation. Nevertheless, the significant of this work is on further improvement where the method involves the iterative clipping of the same signals with a fixed clipping threshold (CT) in every clipping operation. Particle swarm optimization based ICF-OFDM, which is proposed in this research work, literally finds the most suitable clipping ratio, that eventually solves the problem of output power instability. Subsequently, the proposed method is implemented with asymmetrical clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) to validate the proposed method through the use of Matlab simulation. The PAPR reduction of the proposed method is then compared with the PAPR of the Hartley transform (DHT)-based ACO-OFDM and the traditional ACO-OFDM and DCO-OFDM. The best BER performance has been investigated via two modulation index. Results indicate that our method outperforms the counterparts in term of PAPR reduction and BER performance.

Management of brain aneurysm neck-avulsion during clipping surgery

Background. Intra-operative rupture (IOR) of intracranial aneurysms is a critical event affecting the operation course and the patient’s outcome. However, A rupture induced by an avulsion in the aneurysmal neck is exceedingly challenging, as sealing the neck tear by clip application might result in ischemic injury due to parent vessel occlusion. Here we reviewed the literature regarding the intraoperative avulsion of the aneurysmal neck with an illustrative case to provide explanations of its surgical management intricacies. Methods. A Midline PubMed literature review was performed using the following keywords; (Aneurysm) AND (neck) AND (surgery or clipping) AND (tear OR avulsion). Fifty-three results were found initially. After excluding non-human subject studies, and non-English studies, two independent researchers examined the title and the abstract for the cases of neck tear or avulsion with its management. Results. Fourteen articles were found to be included in this study. The average age of the cases is around 57 years. The percentages of females in the review were 62% (8/13), and among the males, 38% (5/13). Regarding the locations, PcomA and AcomA were both 23% (3/13) of the cases; other locations include ACA, 15%, and MCA, 15%. The surgical techniques that opted from the literature include the cotton clip method, clip wrapping, parallel clipping and micro-suturing Conclusion. IOR due to aneurysmal neck avulsion is a devastating surgical complication, and its management may differ according to the extent of the rupture. Choosing the most convenient technique depends on the surgeon’s knowledge and experience.

Wasserstein Adversarially Regularized Graph Autoencoder

This paper introduces Wasserstein Adversarially Regularized Graph Autoencoder (WARGA), an implicit generative algorithm that directly regularizes the latent distribution of node embedding to a target distribution via the Wasserstein metric. To ensure the Lipschitz continuity, we propose two approaches: WARGA-WC that uses weight clipping method and WARGA-GP that uses gradient penalty method. The proposed models have been validated by link prediction and node clustering on real-world graphs with visualizations of node embeddings, in which WARGA generally outperforms other state-of-the-art models based on Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence and typical adversarial framework.

A Novel µ-law Nonlinear Companding with Modified Recoverable Upper Clipping Method for PAPR Reduction in ACO-OFDM VLC Systems

The high Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR) is the major challenge that causes signal distortion at the output of a Light-Emitting-Diode (LED) due to the narrow dynamic region of a LED in an Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (O-OFDM) based Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems. Although a μ-law Nonlinear Companding Transform (μ-NCT) in an Asymmetrically-Clipped O-OFDM (ACO-OFDM) architecture decreases the PAPR degree, generates undesired large signals that can enter the nonlinearity range of a LED. This paper proposes a novel PAPR reduction method referred to as μ-NCT with Modified Recoverable Upper-Clipping (μ-NCT+MoRoC) model. The μ-NCT+MoRoC model benefits from the PAPR reduction of μ-NCT, and later uses all the advantages of the newly designed MoRoC method to reduce the large signals’ amplitudes that rose after the μ-NCT. The MoRoC method stores the large signals without losing information at the transmitter within the existing bandwidth using the asymmetrical structure of ACO-OFDM. To recover the source signal at the receiver, the MoRoC method uses newly generated symbol-based threshold detection and recovery algorithms. Both MoRoC and proposed μ-NCT+MoRoC models provide PAPR reduction and 45% peak amplitude reduction for ACO-OFDM systems without additional bandwidth, loss of information, and extra IFFT/FFT.