To retrospectively characterize cone-beam CT (CBCT) features, risk factors, and concurrent imaging findings of acquired oronasal communications (ONCs) in dogs. A medical record search of the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service (University of California-Davis) identified dogs diagnosed with ONCs via dental probing and CBCT from December 2014 to November 2023. Demographics, ONC location/size, number/presence/absence of involved teeth, dehiscence, clinical signs and incidental imaging findings were recorded. 40 patients were enrolled. Mean age, weight, and ONC size were 10.8 years, 5 kg, and 15.57 mm2, respectively; no sex predilection was identified. Chihuahuas showed a two-fold higher ONC prevalence than non-Chihuahua dogs (6.63% vs 2.72%). Non-Chihuahuas had a higher number of teeth involved and absent teeth within the ONC. The main cause of ONCs was periodontal disease. Age and body weight emerged as predictors of ONC area; however, in interaction models, neither age nor breed remained significant. Clinical signs were not reliable predictors. Dehiscence rate was 15%. One-third of patients showed a major or minor incidental finding. CBCT imaging allowed precise characterization of ONC, informing surgical planning and recognition of incidental findings. Chihuahuas and related crosses had increased risk for ONC, and extent of dental involvement was the primary contributor to ONC size. ONC assessment via CBCT provided advantages for precise surgical planning and enhanced recognition of incidental findings that may have been missed otherwise. Increased risk for Chihuahuas and related crosses should warrant prompt screening for ONC in this breed.

Lentivirus ovivismae and Lentivirus capartenc (formerly maedi-visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus) are highly contagious, chronic viral infections that cause significant economic losses in small ruminant farming. This study aimed to determine the current seroprevalence of these infections in the Yozgat region, where sheep and goat farming is widespread and clinical signs are frequently observed. Blood samples were collected from 160 sheep and 160 goats in districts with high small ruminant populations, including Sorgun, Sarıkaya, Saraykent, Boğazlıyan, Şefaatli and Akdağmadeni. The samples were analysed using Lentivirus ovivismae and Lentivirus capartenc enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests to detect the presence of antibodies. Out of the 320 animals sampled, 10 sheep (6.25%) tested positive for Lentivirus ovivismae and 28 goats (17.5%) tested positive for Lentivirus capartenc. These results demonstrate a notable level of viral circulation within the livestock population of the Yozgat Province. The findings indicate that both infections are prevalent in the region, posing a threat to productivity. This study serves as a baseline for informing local veterinarians and farmers about preventive measures. Based on these data, further comprehensive studies and control strategies are planned for the region.

Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV) causes inclusion body nephropathy, resulting in clinical signs and mortality in immunodeficient mice and subclinical infection in immunocompetent mice. While late-stage renal lesions and viral replication have been characterized, a comprehensive multisystemic investigation of MKPV infection from the initial to the late stages of infection has not been conducted. Our goal was to investigate lesions and viral replication in all major organs at multiple stages of MKPV infection in immunocompetent C57BL/6NCrl (B6) and Crl: CD1(ICR) (CD1) mice and immunodeficient NOD. Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice. Following experimental oronasal inoculation with MKPV, mice were evaluated at 15 time points from 1.5 to 112 days post-inoculation (DPI) by histology and in situ hybridization for MKPV RNA on all major organs, as well as immunohistochemistry for markers of immune cells and renal tubular injury. In all strains, the gastrointestinal mucosa was the initial site of viral replication beginning at 3 DPI and persisting through the study without associated lesions. In B6 and CD1 mice, viral replication was first detected in renal tubules on 28 and 14 DPI, respectively, and lymphoplasmacytic tubulointerstitial nephritis was first evident on 63 and 49 DPI, respectively. B6 mice displayed the lowest levels of renal viral replication and lesion severity. In contrast, renal viral replication was highest in NSG mice; the virus was first detected on 42 DPI and in association with tubular degeneration from 63 DPI. Electron microscopy on kidney tissues of infected mice revealed parvoviral virions, nuclear replication, and assembly compartments for the first time.

A substantial number of cats develop diabetes mellitus (DM), a serious endocrine disorder that can lead to other physiologic complications. While DM management can be complex, successful control that alleviates the patient's clinical signs and avoids hypoglycemia is achievable in most cats. Diabetic remission is also possible. The 2026 AAHA Diabetes Management Guidelines for Cats retain clinically relevant information from the 2018 AAHA Diabetes Management Guidelines and present new findings and expert opinions. Subjects such as pathophysiology, diagnosis, how to treat and monitor cats receiving SGLT2 inhibitors, various insulin options for cats, how to monitor cats receiving insulin, diet and physical activity recommendations, advantages and disadvantages of at-home glucose monitoring devices, diagnosing and treating diabetic ketoacidosis, and client education are all discussed. The guidelines also cover how to identify patients who are at risk of developing DM and how to differentiate DM from transient or mild hyperglycemia.

This study aimed to evaluate clinical signs, visceral changes, and weight development in intermediate hosts infected with oocysts of a Cystoisospora ohioensis-like coccidian from naturally infected dogs. Using 135 albino mice divided into three groups-INFECTED (inoculated with oocysts), PAIR-FED (given the same food as infected mice), and CONTROL (fed ad libitum)-researchers monitored weight and pathological changes over 35 days. Mice were euthanized at various intervals post-inoculation (1-35 days), with organs from some INFECTED mice fed to dogs on day 60 for a biological assay. The INFECTED group showed higher body weight and weight gain than the CONTROL group, though organ weights were greater, leading to lower carcass yield. Tissue cysts with hypnozoites were found in the intestines (1st day), Peyer's patches (up to 5th day), and lymph nodes/spleen (up to 35th day). Dogs inoculated with hypnozoites (from infected mice) had a shorter prepatent period, longer patent period, and higher oocyst shedding compared to those given sporulated oocysts. The findings indicate that the C. ohioensis-like coccidian affect mouse weight, persist in visceral tissues for up to 60 days, and exhibit biological differences in infectivity between sporozoites and hypnozoites in dogs.

Pharmacological potential of chalepensin from Ruta chalepensis L.: Acute toxicity and in vivo antitumor activity in the L5178Y-R murine model.

Uveitis model in rabbit: Dexamethasone loaded PHBSA nanoparticles.

Neonatal invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is rare but associated with severe morbidity and mortality. We report an 11-day-old male neonate who presented with fever, apnea, and poor feeding and was diagnosed with meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis. Diagnosis was confirmed by blood culture and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) multiplex PCR, although CSF culture remained negative. The patient developed ventriculitis, requiring prolonged antimicrobial therapy. To contextualize this case, we reviewed 71 previously reported neonatal IMD cases published between 1916 and 2024. The present case is discussed alongside these reports for comparison. Among the 54 cases with reported clinical symptoms, fever (31/54, 57.4%) and irritability (23/54, 42.6%) were the most frequent clinical signs, while petechiae were documented in 12/54 cases (22.2%). Serogroup B predominated among cases with available serogroup data (23/39, 59.0%). Among the 71 previously reported cases, mortality occurred in 22/71 cases (31.0%), while hydrocephalus (8/71, 11.3%) and seizures (7/71, 9.9%) were the most frequently reported complications. This case highlights diagnostic challenges in neonatal IMD, particularly in culture-negative disease, and underscores the importance of molecular diagnostics. Preventive strategies such as improved serogroup surveillance may reduce IMD burden in neonates, maternal immunization remains investigational.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tick-borne pathogen that causes fatal hemorrhagic disease in humans and animals. In addition to transmission via tick bites, infection can occur through contact with body fluids from infected individuals or animals. This study evaluated the POCKIT™ Central Nucleic Acid Analyzer (POCKIT Central), a fully automated system integrating nucleic acid extraction and insulated isothermal PCR as a rapid diagnostic tool to aid in preventing the spread of SFTSV infection in veterinary medicine. Analytical sensitivity was assessed using four viral strains; all were detectable, although some exhibited reduced sensitivity. In feline whole blood or serum spiked with SFTSV, the system demonstrated sufficient sensitivity for primary diagnosis of cats showing clinical signs of SFTS. Results of analyses of clinical serum samples using POCKIT Central perfectly matched those obtained using conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The POCKIT Central system can detect SFTSV directly in whole blood or serum within 85 min, without requiring complex manual procedures, thus enabling rapid diagnosis and timely therapeutic intervention in veterinary settings, and it also has the potential for application to other animal species.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been well established as a versatile vector platform for heterologous antigen delivery in poultry vaccine development. However, the prospects for combined application of two recombinant NDV (rNDV) vaccines remain poorly understood. In previous studies, we generated two rNDVs based on the thermostable TS09-C strain, expressing glycoprotein B (gB) of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and hemagglutinin (HA) of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV). In the present study, we evaluated the potential interference between the two rNDVs and using both in vitro and in vivo models. When two rNDVs co-infected BHK-21 and CEK cells, their viral replication kinetics and expression levels of heterologous antigens (gB and HA) were comparable to those in the respective single-virus infection groups. This finding indicates that the two rNDVs do not exhibit significant interference in vitro. SPF chickens co-immunized with the two rNDVs via intranasal and intraocular routes elicited effective H9N2-, ILTV-, and NDV-specific antibody responses comparable to those in the single-virus immunization group. Compared with control chickens, co-immunized chickens displayed milder clinical signs and reduced viral shedding following challenge with H9N2 AIV, ILTV, and NDV. Based on these findings, spray co-immunization was further tested in commercial chickens and proven to confer effective protection against challenges with NDV, H9N2 AIV, and ILTV. In conclusion, this study confirms the feasibility of co-immunization using the two rNDVs, thereby providing a highly viable strategy for the simultaneous control of multiple avian pathogens.

Poliosis as a clinical sign of melanoma arising on a congenital nevus.

Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 variant pathogenicity in a long-COVID Syrian hamster model.

Equine neorickettsiosis: A global perspective of the natural habitat of the bacteria and clinical disease.

Pathobiological characterization and estimation of the basic reproduction number of a recombinant african swine fever virus in contact-exposed pigs in Vietnam.

Identification, molecular typing, antimicrobial susceptibility, and experimental pathogenicity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from Tilapia.

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of a porcine Teschovirus 5 isolate in Shandong Province in China.

This review synthesizes recent advancements in understanding seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome (SN-APS), a condition characterized by clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) despite persistently negative conventional antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) tests. The absence of these traditional markers necessitates a deeper exploration into novel biomarkers and advanced diagnostic methodologies to bridge the existing serological gap. This includes scrutinizing “non-criteria” antiphospholipid antibodies and exploring their clinical utility in improving diagnostic precision for patients with high clinical suspicion yet negative conventional markers. The review also addresses the significant diagnostic overlap with other systemic autoimmune diseases, complicating accurate diagnosis and often leading to therapeutic ambiguities. Furthermore, an emphasis is placed on emerging omics technologies and immunophenotyping as promising avenues for unraveling the intricate pathological mechanisms underlying SN-APS, thereby potentially identifying novel diagnostic targets and therapeutic strategies. Such advancements are crucial given that SN-APS patients, despite fulfilling clinical criteria, often remain undiagnosed and untreated until severe clinical events occur, necessitating improved diagnostic frameworks beyond the 2006 Sydney classification criteria. The advent of the 2023 American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria for APS, while incorporating additive weight for clinical and laboratory domains, still necessitates at least one positive conventional aPL, thereby leaving a subset of patients with clinical signs but negative criteria aPL in a diagnostic void.

To evaluate whether hydroxypropyl-guar (HP-Guar) nano-emulsion artificial tears improve symptoms, quality of life, severity of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and evaporative dry eye (EDE)-related parameters in mild-to-moderate EDE participants over 90 days. Fifty-one mild-to-moderate EDE participants were recruited for a single-masked, longitudinal clinical trial without a control group or placebo. Inclusion criteria comprised: Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) between 13-32 points; at least one positive diagnostic sign (Non-Invasive Tear Break-Up Time [NIBUT] <10 s and/or corneal staining >1) and two classification signs (Tear Meniscus Height [TMH] ≥0.20 and ≤0.50 mm and MGD score ≥5 points). Participants applied 1-2 drops of HP-Guar nano-emulsion artificial tears per eye, four times daily for 90 days, with follow-up assessments at baseline, 30, 60 and 90 days. Three groups of tests were conducted each session: DED symptomatology and quality of life (OSDI, EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level [EQ-5D-5L]), MGD severity (MGD score, meibomian gland loss area [MGLA]) and EDE-related parameters (meibomian gland expression [MGE], Meibometry, lipid layer pattern (LLP), NIBUT, ocular redness and corneal staining). Significant differences in OSDI score, EQ-5D-5L in the 'Healthy today' scale, MGD score, lower eyelid MGLA and LLP were observed across sessions (all p ≤ 0.03). However, no significant differences were found in EQ-5D-5L score, upper eyelid MGLA, MGE, Meibometry, NIBUT-first, NIBUT-average, limbal or bulbar redness in any area or corneal staining (all p ≥ 0.09). This 90‑day single‑masked study without a control group found that HP‑Guar nano‑emulsion eye drops were associated with improvements in symptoms, perceived health and MGD‑related signs. These findings are exploratory and require confirmation in controlled trials.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an autoimmune disease that can involve the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). To investigate the association between clinical signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and TMJ inflammation, as detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children and adolescents with JIA. Monocentric cross-sectional observational study. Consecutive JIA patients underwent clinical dental examination following the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and performed MRI examination when the presence of signs and/or symptoms was detected. TMJ involvement was assessed using MRI parameters. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, using parametric statistical tests for normally distributed data and non-parametric statistical tests for other variables. Associations between TMD signs/symptoms and MRI findings were investigated using appropriate statistical tests. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was performed using a false discovery rate approach. A p-value < 0.05 after correction was considered statistically significant. Seventy-six JIA patients were included. In unadjusted analyses, multiple associations emerged between clinical findings and MRI signs of TMJ involvement. After correction for multiple comparisons, TMJ sounds remained significantly associated with protrusion limitation, and mandibular deviation patterns were significantly associated with inflammatory MRI findings, particularly synovial thickening and bone marrow edema. Other associations did not retain statistical significance after adjustment and should be considered exploratory. Dental and TMD evaluations revealed correlations with MRI findings of TMJ involvement. Application of TMD screening at JIA onset might make it possible to detect TMJ-related early signs of arthritis in patients with JIA.

To assess clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes of dogs with two or three congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (M-EHPSS). Multi-institutional retrospective study. A total of 15 dogs with M-EHPSS. Medical records were reviewed, and data was collected on dogs with M-EHPSS diagnosed via computed tomography (CT) between 2008 and 2024. Signalment, clinical signs, bloodwork values, postoperative complications, long-term clinical outcome, survival, and owner reported quality of life were recorded. Approximately half of the dogs (7/15; 47%) were Miniature Schnauzers. Clinical signs and hematologic indicators at presentation were comparable to EHPSS. The mean dog age at diagnosis via CT imaging was 1451 days, and all dogs underwent surgical attenuation (SA) except for one that was ultimately lost to follow up examination. A total of 12 dogs had two shunts, and three dogs had three shunts. Seven dogs did not undergo attenuation of one shunt; these other shunts were either not initially suspected (5/7), the attenuation device was misplaced (1/7) or surgeon preference to not place attenuation device (1/7). Left gastro-phrenic EHPSS were the only EHPSS not suspected initially. At the time of last follow-up (median: 1253 days), 10/15 dogs were alive. Clinical outcomes were good or excellent in most dogs (12/14; 86%). These findings suggest that M-EHPSS dogs have a similar prognosis to dogs with standard EHPSS dogs when all EHPSS are identified and treated with appropriate attenuation placement. A potential breed predisposition towards Miniature Schnauzers was identified. This information provides guidance for treatment and prognosis of dogs with M-EHPSS.