Neuropathic pain is a highly complex and disabling condition arising from diverse etiologies and characterized by significant biological, clinical, and neurofunctional heterogeneity. Contemporary analytical approaches—including predictive modeling, biomarker discovery, neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and physiological sensing—have begun to transform the way this condition is understood, diagnosed, and managed. This review integrates findings from twenty peer-reviewed studies across oncology, postsurgical pain, chronic neuropathic syndromes, and mechanistic research, with particular attention to implications for healthcare systems in Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador. Using an integrative methodological framework grounded in the scientific method and refined through structured thematic analysis, the evidence reveals that analytical tools consistently outperform traditional assessment strategies when identifying high-risk patients, characterizing biological mechanisms, and distinguishing neuropathic pain phenotypes. Predictive models demonstrate strong potential for early identification of oncologic and postsurgical neuropathic pain trajectories. Molecular and metabolomic analyses highlight specific biochemical signatures linked to neuropathic progression. Neuroimaging and EEG studies reveal reproducible cortical and electrophysiological patterns that differentiate neuropathic pain states, while physiological sensing frameworks offer objective measurements of pain intensity in real time. Conceptual and therapeutic frameworks provide essential coherence, ensuring that analytical advances remain aligned with established diagnostic standards. Although scientific production is concentrated in Europe, North America, and Asia, the emerging participation of Latin America underscores the need for broader global integration of analytic methodologies. Overall, the findings indicate that analytic approaches are redefining neuropathic pain research, shifting the field from descriptive clinical observation toward mechanism-based, data-driven precision medicine capable of improving diagnosis, treatment, and health system responsiveness.

Age-related cognitive decline and individual differences in dementia susceptibility are increasingly explained through the concept of cognitive reserve (CR). CR reflected the brain’s adaptive capacity to sustain cognitive performance despite Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related pathology, extending beyond traditional biomarkers that captured the molecular or structural changes, but often failed to account for clinical heterogeneity. This review provided a comprehensive synthesis of how CR was operationalized through three major methodological approaches: sociobehavioral proxies, residual variance frameworks, and neurobiological indicators within the context of longitudinal study designs. The review included evidences from a structured PubMed and Scopus search restricted to English-language studies examining the incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD. Findings consistently demonstrated that higher CR, most commonly estimated through sociobehavioral proxies, such as educational level, occupational complexity, bilingualism, and engagement in cognitively stimulating activities, was associated with a delayed onset of impairment, lower dementia risk, and better clinical outcomes, despite a comparable neuropathological burden. Residual variance approaches provided complementary insights by quantifying cognitive performance that exceeded the predicted levels from underlying pathology, thereby capturing unexplained variance by structural or molecular disease markers. These residual-based methods extend CR concept beyond life-course experiences, offering statistical evidence of resilience within longitudinal trajectories of aging and disease. Additional evidence from electrophysiological and genetic investigations further suggested that CR enhanced the neural efficiency, flexibility, and the recruitment of compensatory networks. Finally, neuroimaging studies provided the mechanistic evidence that CR was supported by alterations in brain structure, functional connectivity, and activation patterns, though findings on long-term trajectories remained inconsistent. Overall, CR emerged as a multidimensional and modifiable construct that enhanced resilience to aging and dementia. Future research should prioritize the integrative longitudinal designs, combining sociobehavioral, residual variance, genetic, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging approaches to clarify mechanisms, establishing robust measurement frameworks and advance clinical translation.

Goldenhar Syndrome (GS), also known as the Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Spectrum (OAVS), is a rare congenital disorder characterised by variable craniofacial and ocular anomalies due to aberrant development of the first and second branchial arches. This case series describes three paediatric patients who exhibited diverse phenotypic features of the syndrome, highlighting its clinical heterogeneity and the importance of individualised management. All three patients presented with epibulbar dermoids since birth, an ocular hallmark of GS. The first patient, a 12-year-old female, had a limbal dermoid, medial canthal swelling suggestive of nasolacrimal duct obstruction, a symblepharon, and microtia with preauricular tags. She was advised dacryocystorhinostomy and excision of the dermoid but was lost to follow-up. The second patient, a 15-year-old had a reddish limbal mass extending to the lateral canthus and preauricular tags, and a cosmetic symblepharon release was advised. The third patient, a 15-year-old had a non-progressive limbal dermoid with no significant adnexal involvement and was managed conservatively. None of the patients had associated spinal, cardiac, or neurological anomalies on systemic evaluation. This case series reinforces the phenotypic variability of GS and underscores the importance of early ophthalmic diagnosis, systemic screening, and a multidisciplinary approach to optimise functional and cosmetic outcomes in affected children.

EFFICACY OF PACLITAXEL-ELUTING STENTS IN FEMOROPOPLITEAL DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

Nebivolol in the therapeutic landscape of heart failure: Mechanisms and clinical outcomes.

Therapeutic exercise in multiple sclerosis: Mechanisms of neuroprotection, modality-specific benefits, and technology-enhanced delivery frameworks.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is assuming an increasingly prominent role in the diagnosis and management of acute myocardial infarction. Its main objective is to enable earlier and more accurate diagnosis, enhance the interpretation of the ECG, accelerate reperfusion times, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. The ECG represents an ideal substrate for the application of deep learning, owing to the vast availability of digital tracings, the association with confirmed diagnoses, and the inclusion of numerous clinical variables. Several systems even allow the automated analysis of photographs of paper-based ECGs, processed through deep learning algorithms. Current evidence indicates that: (i) in ST-elevation myocardial infarction, AI achieves sensitivity and specificity superior to those of experienced cardiologists, with an accuracy approaching clinical applicability; (ii) in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, clinical heterogeneity reduces diagnostic precision, yet AI still demonstrates significant discriminative power, serving as a valuable support tool for clinicians; (iii) emerging applications include the prediction of complete vessel occlusion and identification of the culprit coronary artery; and (iv) advanced algorithms may also estimate functional parameters such as ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain, thereby enriching prognostic stratification. In conclusion, AI applied to the ECG represents an innovative tool for the timely diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes. Its integration into clinical practice has the potential to support cardiologists both in confirming uncertain diagnoses and in rapidly selecting patients who should undergo revascularization.

Primary mitochondrial diseases are a group of rare, heterogeneous, multisystem disorders. While renal involvement is increasingly recognised, especially in paediatric patients, data on kidney transplantation outcomes in this population remain limited. To evaluate kidney transplantation outcomes in genetically confirmed primary mitochondrial diseases with multi-organ involvement and provide clinical insights from systematic literature review. We systematically searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Google Scholar from inception to 10 June 2025 using keywords and MeSH terms related to "mitochondrial disease", "transplantation" and "outcome". We included studies that reported post-transplant clinical outcomes in patients with genetically confirmed primary mitochondrial diseases. Studies without genetic confirmation or transplant follow-up were excluded. Patients with Co-enzyme Q 10 deficiency were excluded as they mainly manifest as isolated steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome with subtypes that respond well to co-enzyme replacement. Participants included paediatric or adult patients diagnosed with genetically confirmed primary mitochondrial diseases who received isolated kidney transplant from living or deceased donor. Data were extracted on demographics, genotypes, renal and extra-renal features, transplant characteristics, complications and outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed qualitatively by two independent reviewers. Discrepancies were resolved through consensus or discussion with third reviewer. Due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed. Forty-six patients (15 paediatric, 31 adult) were included from 18 eligible studies. Ten patients had RMND1-related disease. All harboured either homozygous or compound heterozygous c.713A > G variants in RMND1. Thirty patients carried the m.3243A > G mtDNA point mutation variant in MT-TL1. The remaining six patients harboured an m.3271T > C variant in MT-TL1, single mtDNA deletions, m.8618dup in MT-ATP6, m.12418delA in MT-ATP6 and m.13513G > A in MT-ND5 respectively. At nephrology referral, chronic kidney disease and kidney failure each was present in 26.1% of patients. Median time from renal presentation to kidney failure was 6years. Graft and patient survival exceeded 90% across different genetic mutations and age groups. Post-transplant deterioration of neurological or metabolic features was reported predominantly in patients with an m.3243A > G variant. The review is limited by small sample size, selection and reporting bias, heterogeneous follow-up durations and outcome measures. Data were derived mainly from case reports and small case series. Kidney transplantation is a viable option of kidney replacement therapy for patients with mitochondrial diseases. Patients with primary mitochondrial diseases should be considered for kidney transplantation. Further prospective studies are needed to define optimal transplant timing, immunosuppression strategies and long-term systemic outcomes. CRD420251086889.

Noonan syndrome is a relatively common genetic syndrome with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Besides the characteristic features such as short stature, typical facial features, congenital heart defects, skeletal and ocular anomalies, various orodental manifestations occur with variable frequency. High-arched palate, malocclusions, micrognathism, giant cell lesions, and anomalous lateral incisors are frequently observed features, whereas supernumerary teeth, hypodontia, macrodontia, enamel hypoplasia, severe dental caries, impacted teeth, delayed eruption, taurodontism and odontoma have occasionally been reported. Here, we present a family with three affected members displaying variable dental manifestations carrying the same PTPN11 c.178G>A pathogenic variant. A 14-year-old and a 12-year-old, both female patients, presented high-arched palates, delayed dental eruption and caries. Moreover, the younger sibling exhibited frequently observed manifestations such as malocclusion and gingivitis, and further rare features like open-bite, micrognathia, and crowded teeth were present. The mother of the patients had periodontitis and enamel problems. Monitoring the oral health of the patients with NS is important, as they are prone to severe dental caries, gingival and other orodental problems. Therefore, initiating early orodental examination is highly recommended for patients with suspicion or diagnosis of NS.

Introduction Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease, also called histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a rare, usually self-limiting inflammatory condition of unknown aetiology. It classically presents with acute-to-subacute, painful, localized, or limited regional lymphadenopathy, often associated with fever. We present three cases demonstrating the clinical heterogeneity of Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease. Case 1 A 24-year-old male of Fijian-Indian background presented with three weeks of daily fevers, drenching night sweats, 5 kg weight loss, peripheral joint oligoarthritis, and oral mucosal erosions. Examination revealed mildly tender generalised lymphadenopathy without hepatosplenomegaly. FDG-PET demonstrated generalized, intensely FDG-avid lymphadenopathy, and widespread peripheral small and large joint synovitis. Core biopsy of a left axillary lymph node showed histiocytic necrotising lymphadenitis. Case 2 A 23-year-old male of Fijian-Indian background presented with six weeks of daily fevers, drenching night sweats, 11 kg weight loss, peripheral joint polyarthritis, rhinitis, abdominal pain, and non-bloody diarrhoea. Examination revealed mildly tender generalised lymphadenopathy without hepatosplenomegaly. Fecal calprotectin was non-elevated, and he had significant hyperferritinaemia. Bone marrow evaluation demonstrated normocellular marrow with increased haemophagocytic activity. FDG-PET demonstrated generalised, intensely FDG-avid lymphadenopathy (Figure 1). Core biopsy of a right axillary lymph node showed histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis. Figure 1. Whole-body FDG-PET scan of case 2; representative coronal slices demonstrating intensely FDG-avid cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, intra-abdominal, inguinal, and femoral lymphadenopathy. Case 3 A 22-year-old female of Chinese background presented with three weeks of daily fevers, painful cervical lymphadenopathy, generalized myalgias, and oral mucositis. Right axillary lymphadenopathy had been present for over three months. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of a right axillary lymph node showed histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis. Symptoms improved with moderate-dose prednisolone tapered over four months; however, fluctuating axillary lymphadenopathy persisted for approximately four years. Repeat axillary lymph node biopsy at two years did not demonstrate evidence of malignancy. Conclusion The clinical presentation of Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease may be dominated by constitutional, musculoskeletal, mucosal, or gastrointestinal features rather than lymphadenopathy. Appreciating the diverse clinical features may reduce diagnostic delay and misdiagnosis.

Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Accurate diagnosis remains challenging due to clinical heterogeneity and reliance on invasive biopsy. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a novel multiparametric membrane-based enzyme immunoassay (AESKUBLOTS®) for the simultaneous detection of IgA antibodies targeting eight CD-related antigens. A retrospective, single-centre study was conducted on 180 participants: 80 with CD (30 untreated, 50 on gluten-free diet, GFD), 50 with non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS), and 50 healthy controls (HC). Serum samples were analysed using the AESKU assay. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed via ROC curve analysis and 5-fold cross-validation, examining individual markers and a composite antibodyscore. The assay demonstrated high diagnostic performance, particularly in untreated CD patients. Anti-tTG neo IgA showed the highest accuracy (AUC=0.93), followed by anti-tTG IgA (AUC=0.92). A composite score of≥4 positive markers yielded an AUC of 0.99, while≥6 positive markers achieved 100 % specificity and PPV, with 76.7 % sensitivity. Notably, anti-mTG IgA levels were elevated in all CD patients regardless of diet, suggesting potential utility in monitoring or identifying ongoing mucosal immune activity. This multiparametric IgA assay offers a sensitive, specific, and non-invasive diagnostic tool for CD. Larger, prospective studies are warranted to confirm the clinical utility and expand the applicability to broader populations.

Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is an autosomal dominant genetic syndrome characterized by distinct clinical and genetic features. It exhibits low clinical incidence, familial clustering, early onset, insidious progression, and challenges in early diagnosis. In addition, HDGC is marked by poor tumor differentiation, high malignancy, specific gene mutations, frequent occurrence of extra-gastric tumors, and a high risk of inheritance, which poses significant challenges to clinical medicine, medical genetics, and reproductive medicine. In this study, we have reported a case of HDGC in a three-generation Chinese family of four individuals. By integrating clinical, pathological, imaging, genetic mutation, family history, diagnostic and treatment process, and the survival outcome data, it fully demonstrates the clinical heterogeneity of HDGC and the considerable dilemmas encountered in its management. These findings together provide valuable insights into the clinical diagnosis and treatment of related cases, literature research, as well as the management of cancer-related genetic diseases and reproductive health.

Background: the transition from a categorical diagnostics to a dimensional model based on the characteristics of personality trait domains and assessment of clinical symptoms severity has created difficulties in differentiating borderline personality disorder. The aim of the study is to analyze published works on the categorial approach and features of the dimensional characteristics of trait domains associated with borderline personality disorder. Materials and Methods: the keywords «borderline personality disorder», «categorial and dimensional models», «diagnosis of personality disorders» used to search for articles in Russian and English in the PubMed and e-Library databases for the period from 2000 to 2024. Conclusion: the analysis of published works shows that the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder requires taking into account clinical heterogeneity, dynamic variability of symptoms, and comorbidity with other mental disorders. Using only a categorical approach in diagnostics does not fully cover the complexity and variability of clinical features of borderline personality disorder. The used five-factor model of assessing the domains of personality traits has limitations in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder due to use of self-report questionnaires, non-specificity of dimensional factors, as well as the presence of additional dimensional characteristics that go beyond the five-factor model, but have high sensitivity to the manifestations of the borderline pattern. The need for research on the correspondence of categorial, prototypical characteristics of borderline personality disorder, dimensional not limited by the framework of the five-factor model is substantiated.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease remains one of the most pressing issues in modern gastroenterology due to its high prevalence, chronic course, and risk of severe complications, including Barrett esophagus. This review summarizes research published between 2014 and 2024 in international (PubMed, Web of Science) and Russian (Russian Science Citation Index) scientific databases addressing epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Epidemiological data demonstrate a global increase in disease burden—from 442 million cases in 1990 to 784 million in 2019—with marked regional variability (from 2.5% in China to 45.4% in the Middle East). In the Russian Federation, gastroesophageal reflux disease prevalence reaches 25.6%, with the highest rates observed in individuals older than 50 years. Key risk factors include abdominal obesity, tobacco smoking, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease includes both non-pharmacologic approaches (lifestyle modification, diet therapy, breathing exercises) and pharmacotherapy. Proton pump inhibitors remain the standard of care; however, their long-term use is associated with risk of adverse effects. Promising areas include combination regimens incorporating antacids, alginates, esophagoprotective agents, and novel potassium-competitive acid blockers, which demonstrate advantages in treatment of resistant gastroesophageal reflux disease. Special attention is given to non-pharmacologic treatment strategies. Optimization of pharmaceutical counseling remains an important challenge aimed at minimizing self-medication and improving treatment adherence. The findings underscore the need to develop personalized therapeutic strategies considering clinical heterogeneity of gastroesophageal reflux disease, as well as the incorporation of innovative methods into clinical practice. Review results confirm the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to reduce healthcare system burden and improve patient quality of life.

Sarcoidosis is a complex, immune-mediated disease characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical and molecular phenotypes-often referred to as endophenotypes-some of which progress to chronic outcomes such as pulmonary fibrosis. Despite decades of research, the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis remains incompletely understood, primarily due to its clinical heterogeneity and the absence of robust preclinical models. Established risk factors include age, sex, ethnicity, geographic origin, and environmental exposures, all of which contribute to granuloma formation and the activation of profibrotic pathways. These inflammatory cascades promote fibroblast proliferation and aberrant tissue remodeling, ultimately leading to interstitial lung pathology and fibrosis. A central feature of sarcoidosis is the dysregulation of immune regulatory mechanisms, likely driven by genetic susceptibility and immune dysfunction. Understanding the genetic architecture of sarcoidosis is crucial for identifying the molecular drivers of the disease, discovering biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis, and developing targeted therapies. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the genetic and genomic landscape of sarcoidosis, highlighting key loci and biological pathways implicated in disease susceptibility and progression.

Current binary definition of early allograft dysfunction (EAD) was not sufficiently accurate for discriminating clinical outcomes after liver transplantation (LT). We investigated the clinical heterogeneity among EAD sub-criteria and explored the necessity of dividing EAD into different stages to grade the severity of graft dysfunction. 1242 LT patients from 5 centers were included. EAD patients were divided as i) EAD-type-A: only AST/ALT criteria; ii) EAD-type-B: bilirubin or INR criteria; iii) EAD-type-C: meeting two or three EAD sub-criteria. Peri-operative clinical complications and survival outcomes were compared. Three-month early graft failure (EAF) from non-EAD to EAD-type-C were 1.6%, 3.5%, 12.8% and 29.6%. EAD-type-B and EAD-type-C were significantly associated with higher rates of AKI, RRT, in-hospital death, longer hospital stay, ICU stay, ventilator support time, and inferior one-year survival outcomes(P<0.001); However, there were no statistical differences between EAD-type-A and non-EAD (P>0.05). New EAD classification with three stages was proposed to grade EAD severity: a)EAD-stage-I: only ALT/AST≥2000U/L within POD7; b)EAD-stage-II: only bilirubin 10-30mg/dL or INR≥1.6 on POD7; c)EAD-stage-III: bilirubin≥30mg/dL; both bilirubin≥10mg/dL and INR≥1.6 on POD7. Clinical outcomes and survival rates deteriorated following EAD stages. New EAD classification had an excellent discrimination (AUROC=0.84, CI 0.81-0.86) in determining EAF, superior to binary EAD definition (AUROC=0.73, CI 0.70-0.77) and MEAF (AUROC=0.76, CI 0.73-0.79) (P<0.001), while similar to L-GrAFT-7(AUROC=0.87, CI=0.84-0.90 P>0.05). Consistent with findings in derivation cohort, external validation confirmed its excellent discrimination of graft dysfunction and 3-month EAF. Different EAD sub-criteria had significantly different clinical outcomes. EAD definition should be further reclassified with different severities. New EAD classification with 3 stages could be serve as an effective tool to accurately grade the severity of EAD and identify patients in high risk of early graft failure.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive whole-joint degenerative disease and a major global cause of pain, disability, and reduced quality of life. Multiple medical, biologic, and surgical treatment options exist, yet optimal sequencing, patient selection, and timing of surgery remain areas of clinical uncertainty. A comprehensive synthesis of current evidence is required to guide individualized treatment pathways. Objective: To systematically review the literature on medical, intra-articular injection-based, and surgical management of knee osteoarthritis, with particular emphasis on comparative effectiveness, surgical indications, and optimal timing of operative intervention. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. Searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were conducted for studies published between January 2000 and December 2024. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and high-quality systematic reviews evaluating conservative management, intra-articular therapies, osteotomies, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Data were extracted on patient characteristics, interventions, clinical outcomes, functional scores, and complications. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB tool, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and AMSTAR-2. A narrative synthesis was performed due to clinical heterogeneity. Results: A total of 432 records were identified, with 17 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Non-pharmacological strategies and NSAIDs provided symptomatic relief in early disease, while corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid offered short-term benefit. Platelet-rich plasma demonstrated longer-lasting improvements in early to moderate OA compared with corticosteroids and HA. High tibial and distal femoral osteotomies were effective joint-preserving procedures for younger, active patients with unicompartmental OA and malalignment. UKA yielded faster recovery and more natural knee kinematics in appropriately selected patients with isolated disease. TKA provided the most predictable long-term pain relief and functional improvement in advanced or multicompartmental OA, with implant survivorship exceeding 90% at 10–15 years. Timing and patient selection emerged as the most important determinants of surgical outcomes. Conclusion: Effective management of knee OA requires a stage-specific, individualized approach integrating conservative, biologic, and surgical strategies. Non-operative therapies remain foundational in early OA, while biologic injections may bridge symptoms until surgical intervention is appropriate. Osteotomy and UKA offer valuable joint-preserving options in selected patients, whereas TKA remains the definitive treatment for advanced disease. Aligning treatment modality with disease stage, alignment, compartment involvement, and patient goals optimizes long-term outcomes and joint function.

Background/Objectives: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of non-cancer mortality in cancer survivors. Exercise interventions are widely used to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness, typically assessed by VO2peak, which predicts postoperative complications and poorer clinical outcomes. Prehabilitation provides an opportunity to optimize health. Given time constraints, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may represent a time-efficient strategy to improve fitness during prehabilitation. This meta-analysis examines the effects of HIIT-based prehabilitation versus usual care on VO2peak in cancer patients. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Cinahl, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from database inception to August 1, 2024 using terms related to cancer, prehabilitation, and HIIT. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed on studies assessing the effects of HIIT versus usual care on VO2peak in adults with cancer undergoing prehabilitation. Seven studies comprising 352 participants (aged 56–73 years) with mixed cancer types were analyzed. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (v2) and the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT). The primary outcome was VO2peak, analyzed using standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The meta-analysis demonstrated a small but statistically significant effect in favor of HIIT over UC (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.09–0.52, p &lt; 0.01), with low between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 10%). Conclusions: This meta-analysis shows that HIIT-based prehabilitation can improve cardiorespiratory fitness in cancer patients and may provide a clinically relevant, time-efficient strategy to optimize functional capacity before treatment. However, the included studies exhibited substantial clinical heterogeneity, and although all interventions were labeled as HIIT, exercise intensity was not assessed consistently across studies, underscoring the need for cancer-specific randomized controlled trials with standardized HIIT protocols and objective intensity verification.

To identify clinical and psychopathological features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with religious content in young men and develop a clinical typology of these conditions. Clinical, psychopathological, psychometric, and statistical methods were used to study 33 young men (16-25 years) diagnosed with OCD (F42) with religious content of obsessions. Three typological forms have been identified, depending on the clinical and psychopathological characteristics dominant in each type of OCD: obsessive thoughts about spiritual imperfection, fear of sinning (21.2%), dominant blasphemous thoughts (63.6%), and obsessive religious perfectionism (15.2%). Premorbidly, among all the studied cases, schizoid and psychasthenic personalities were the most common. The mean age of onset of OCD with religious content was 17±1.2 years. The ratio of depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms correlated within each of the typological forms. The data obtained demonstrated the clinical heterogeneity of OCD with religious content. The described typological forms differed in the premorbid period, OCD phenomenology, and comorbid (depressive) symptoms. Further study of the clinical and follow-up groups is planned to investigate the patterns of these conditions' courses.

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system.