Clinical Characteristics Of Community-acquired Pneumonia Research Articles

Clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae with or without myocardial damage: A single-center retrospective study.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a prevalent pathogen that causes respiratory infections in children and adolescents. To assess the differences in the clinical features of MP-associated community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children who presented with mild or severe mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP); to identify the incidence of myocardial damage between the two groups. This work is a retrospective study. We identified children between 2 mo and 16 years of age with clinical and radiological findings consistent with CAP. We admitted patients to the inpatient department of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China, from January 2019 to December 2019. A total of 409 hospitalized patients were diagnosed with MPP. Among them were 214 (52.3%) males and 195 (47.7%) females. The duration of fever and cough was the longest in severe MPP cases. Similarly, plasma levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein (t = -2.834, P < 0.05), alanine transaminase (t = -2.511, P < 0.05), aspartate aminotransferase (t = -2.939, P < 0.05), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (t = -2.939, P < 0.05) were all elevated in severe MPP cases compared with mild MPP cases, and these elevations were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conversely, the neutrophil percentage was significantly lower in severe MPP cases than in mild MPP cases. The incidence of myocardial damage was significantly higher in severe MPP cases than in mild MPP cases (χ2 = 157.078, P < 0.05). Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the main cause of CAP. The incidence of myocardial damage was higher and statistically significant in severe MPP cases than in mild MPP cases.

Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Korean Children During the Pre-COVID-19 Period, 2015-2020.

There have been many epidemiologic studies on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among children, most of which had substantial limitations. This study investigated the etiologic distribution and clinical characteristics of CAP in Korean children for 5 years before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A retrospective analysis of children hospitalized for CAP at 4 referral hospitals during 2015-2020 was performed. Cases in which bronchiolitis was suspected or pulmonary infiltration was not evident on chest radiography (CXR) were excluded. Viruses and atypical bacteria were defined as detected when positive in the polymerase chain reaction test performed for respiratory specimens. Serologic testing result for Mycoplasma pneumoniae was incorporated with strict interpretation. Pyogenic bacteria were included only when cultured in blood, pleural fluid, or bronchoalveolar lavage, but those cultured in endotracheal aspirate or sputum when the case was clinically evident bacterial pneumonia were also included. A total of 2,864 cases of suspected pneumonia were selected by diagnosis code and CXR findings. Medical chart and CXR review excluded nosocomial pneumonia and cases without evident infiltration, resulting in 517 (18.1%) CAP cases among 489 children. Regarding clinical symptoms, high fever was present in 59.4% and dyspnea in 19.9% of cases. Respiratory support was required for 29.2% of patients, including mechanical ventilation for 3.9%. Pathogens were detected in 49.9% of cases, with viruses in 32.3%, atypical bacteria in 17.8%, and pyogenic bacteria in 2.3% of cases. As single pathogens, M. pneumoniae (16.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 13.7%) were the most common. Parenteral β-lactam and macrolide antibiotics were administered in 81.6% and 50.7% of cases, respectively. A total of 12 (2.3%) cases resulted in poor outcomes, including 3 deaths. M. pneumoniae and RSV were the most commonly detected pathogens of pediatric CAP, which was selected by strict clinical and radiologic criteria. It is necessary to carefully decide whether to use parenteral antibiotics based on the epidemiology and clinical features of CAP in children.

Особенности течения и терапии респираторного микоплазмоза у детей в эпидемический сезон 2020–2021 гг.

According to some authors, infection caused by M. pneumoniae is one of the most common in the current epidemic season of 2020–2021 worldwide. This fact is particularly important now because of the need for differential diagnosis between mild COVID-19 and respiratory infection caused by M. pneumoniae, as well as for timely administration of causal therapy. Materials and methods. In this study, we analyzed the frequency of pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae detected among children admitted to the Pediatric Department for Infectious Diseases of Khimki Hospital over the last 5 years. Results. We observed an increase in the proportion of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia, primarily between October 2017 and April 2018, as well as in the spring of 2020. In 31% to 67% of children treated in 2020–2021 (depending on the month and season), community-acquired pneumonia was caused by M. pneumoniae. We also analyzed clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae and other pathogens. In addition to that, we report a case of mixed infection (M. pneumoniae plus Epstein-Barr virus) and provide a rationale for administration of meglumine acridone acetate (Cycloferon) as a part of comprehensive treatment for this pathology. Key words: community-acquired pneumonia, children, infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, meglumine acridone acetate

Clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia due to Moraxella catarrhalis in adults: a retrospective single-centre study

BackgroundAlthough Moraxella catarrhalis (M. catarrhalis) is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), studies investigating clinical manifestations of CAP due to M. catarrhalis (MC-CAP) in adults are limited. Since S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of CAP globally, it is important to distinguish between MC-CAP and CAP due to S. pneumoniae (SP-CAP) in clinical practice. However, no past study compared clinical characteristics of MC-CAP and SP-CAP by statistical analysis. We aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics of MC-CAP by comparing those of SP-CAP, as well as the utility of sputum Gram staining.MethodsThis retrospective study screened CAP patients aged over 20 years visiting or admitted to Okinawa Miyako Hospital between May 2013 and April 2018. Among these, we included patients whom either M. catarrhalis alone or S. pneumoniae alone was isolated from their sputum by bacterial cultures.ResultsWe identified 134 MC-CAP and 130 SP-CAP patients. Although seasonality was not observed in SP-CAP, almost half of MC-CAP patients were admitted in the winter. Compared to those with SP-CAP, MC-CAP patients were older (p < 0.01) and more likely to have underlying pulmonary diseases such as asthma and bronchiectasis (p < 0.01). Approximately half of asthmatic MC-CAP and SP-CAP patients had asthma attacks. Although winter is an influenza season in Japan, co-infection with influenza virus was less common in MC-CAP compared to SP-CAP patients (3% vs. 15%, p < 0.01). Bronchopneumonia patterns on X-ray, as well as bronchial wall thickening, bilateral distribution, and segmental pattern on CT were more common in MC-CAP patients than in SP-CAP patients (p < 0.01). Sputum Gram stain was highly useful method for the diagnosis in both MC-CAP and SP-CAP (78.4% vs. 89.2%), and penicillins were most frequently chosen as an initial treatment for both pneumonias.ConclusionsThis is the first study to show that MC-CAP occurred in older people compared to SP-CAP, influenza virus co-infection was less common in MC-CAP than SP-CAP, and that MC-CAP frequently caused asthma attacks. Gram stain contributed for the appropriate treatment, resulting in conserving broad-spectrum antibiotics such as cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones in both MC-CAP and SP-CAP patients.

Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Community-Acquired Pneumonia with Airway Malacia in Children.

The objective of this article is to study the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children with airway malacia. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 428 pneumonia patients. All patients underwent bronchoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were processed for microbiological assessment. In a total of 428 cases reviewed, 60 were found to have airway malacia. Pathogens were identified in 44 of the 60 specimens (73.3%), with 32 being single-pathogen infections. The most common pathogen was respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 20%). Mixed-pathogen infections were observed in 12 patients. Airway malacia patients were younger than those without malacia (10.5 vs. 50 months, respectively; p < 0.001). Compared with those without airway malacia, wheezing, cyanosis and admission to the pediatric intensive care unit were more common in children with airway malacia and their hospital stay was longer. RSV was the most common pathogen in those with airway malacia. Airway malacia was found to aggravate infectious pneumonia.

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure ventilation in children with community-acquired pneumonia under five years of age: a prospective, multi-center clinical study

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children under five years of age and analyze the safety and efficiency of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) ventilation for CAP in this population. Method: This was a prospective multicenter study. Children who were admitted to these six centers with CAP and met the NCPAP ventilation indications, aged from 29 d to 5 years, were continuously included during November 2013 to October 2015. The baseline data were collected and NCPAP ventilation were then followed up by operation standards, and the vital signs and arterial blood gas change at special time points were observed and recorded. Any side effect associated with NCPAP were recorded. For categorical variables, comparisons were performed using Fisher test. Rank-sum test and t test were performed respectively for abnormal and normal distribution continuous variables. The variables pre-NCPAP and post-NCPAP were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA analysis. Result: Totally 145 children were included, and 13 children were excluded due to incomplete data. One hundred and two children(77.3%)were ≤12 months; 91 children (68.9%) were from rural area. NCPAP ventilation was effective in 123 children, with a response rate of 93.2%, were all discharged with a better condition; it was ineffective in 9 children(6.8%), and they were all intubated and went on mechanical ventilation, 5 were discharged with a better condition, and 4 died after gaving up treatment. The gender, age, body weight, residence, main symptoms, main signs, imaging diagnosis, medications, partial pressure of oxygen(PaO(2)), breath and heart rate before NCPAP treatment of two groups had no significant differences(allP>0.05). The rates of combining underlying diseases, trouble with feeding and cyanosis, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO(2) ) before NCPAP ventilation were higher in NCPAP ineffective group ((59±11 )vs.( 49±11) mmHg, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa, t=-2.597, P=0.028); while the PaO(2)/fraction of inspiration O(2) (FiO(2) ) before NCPAP was lower((150±37) vs. (207±63) mmHg, t=2.697, P=0.008). The breathing, heart rate and PaCO(2) of NCPAP effective group decreased significantly, while the PaO(2) and PaO(2)/FiO(2) increased significantly after 2, 8, 24 h of NCPAP ventilation(all P=0.000). PaCO(2) in children with hypercapnia before NCPAP ventilation in NCPAP effective group decreased significantly ((48±9), (47±12), (45±11)vs.(58±7)mmHg, all P=0.000). All children tolerated well to NCPAP ventilation, and there were no severe side effects or complications associated with NCPAP ventilation. Conclusion: NCPAP ventilation is safe and effectively improved the oxygenation and hypercapnia in infants with CAP. But it may not work well in children with underlying diseases, manifest as difficulty in feeding/cyanosis and extremely high PaCO(2) or low PaO(2)/FiO(2), and they may need early intubation.

The incidence and etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in fever outpatients

The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence, etiology and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among outpatients with sore throat and/or cough, and thus to provide theoretical basis for timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment for CAP. We used chest X-rays for fever (a temperature greater than 37.5°C) patients, who were recruited since 2007, presenting with sore throat and/or cough. The patients' age, gender, days of fever, respiratory symptoms (e.g. cough and sputum), peripheral blood count and etiology (pathogens) of CAP were recorded. Of all the 6539 fever outpatients, those aged 10-39 and above 60 years old accounted for 61.0% and 15.6%, respectively. In total, 402 were diagnosed with CAP with an incidence rate of 6.1%. Among them, 38.1% were above 60 years old. The prevalence increased with age. Of the 402 CAP patients, 36.8% (148/402) presented no respiratory symptoms and 30.1% (121/402) had positive etiology. The top three pathogens were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (23.1%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (17.3%) and Haemophilus influenzae (9.1%). Among the 121 etiology-positive patients, 14 cases were mixed infections (at least one atypical pathogen). Nine cases were M. pneumoniae mixed with bacterial/virus infection, and five cases were Chlamydia pneumoniae mixed with other bacteria/mycoplasma infection. We found that fever outpatients have a higher prevalence of CAP, which increases with age, i.e. older people are more susceptible to CAP. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae are common pathogens in CAP; however, atypical pathogens, especially M. pneumoniae, remain the most common pathogens in CAP.

Incidencia y características clínicas de las neumonías tratadas ambulatoriamente en las personas mayores de 65 años del área de Tarragona-Valls, 2002-2005

Few information exists about community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) not hospitalized. This study assessed incidence and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) managed as outpatient among elderly population. Prospective cohort study that included 11,240 individuals 65 years or older who were assigned to 8 Primary Care Centers in the region of Tarragona-Valls, Spain. All cases of CAP managed as outpatient occurred among cohort members from January 1, 2002 to April 30, 2005 were included. All cases were x-ray proved and validated by checking clinical records. An amount of 118 cases of CAP managed as outpatient were observed (45 diagnosed in Primary Care and 73 diagnosed in Emergence Units) which means an incidence of 34.8 cases per 10,000 elderly persons-year (95% CI: 28.8-41.7). Incidence was greater among males (41.9 per 10,000) and among those aged 75 years or older (47.5 per 10,000). When diagnosis, 68.6% of patients had fever, (80% in 65-74 years and 60.3 in 75 years or older, p=0.037), 36.4% dyspnea, 44.9% pleural pain, 77.1% cough, 50.0% expectoraton and 5.7% had altered mental state. The combination of "fever, cough and pleural pain" occurred in 27.1% of cases (95% CI: 19.3-36.1). The incidence of outpatient CAP among elderly people is considerable. A great proportion of cases, specially older patients, had not typical clinical manifestations of pneumonia.

Estudio clínico y epidemiológico de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en niños menores de 5 años de edad

To describe the clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia and associated morbidity in children under 5 years old. We performed a prospective epidemiological study in 12 primary care clinics and two pediatric emergency departments in Vizcaya, Spain. Demographic, clinical, radiological, laboratory and treatment data were recorded at diagnosis. Different pneumonia groups were established on the basis of radiological images (lobar pattern), total leucocyte count (> 15,000/ml) and C-reactive protein value (> 80 mg/l). These groups ranged from definitive pneumococcal pneumonia (pneumococcus isolated in usually sterile specimens) to pneumonia of probable non-pneumococcal etiology. All patients were followed-up for 7 to 15 days after diagnosis to ascertain outcome. Between February and April 2003, 412 children with pneumonia were enrolled. The mean age was 33.4 6 15.34 months and 21 % of the patients had received the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Overall 20 % had general malaise and 14.6 % required admission, with a mean length of hospital stay of 4.10 +/- 2.21 days. The mean length of treatment was 9.51 +/- 2.44 days and the mean number of visits to the primary care pediatrician was 2.02 6 1.10. Fifty-three patients (12.9 %) had definitive or highly probable pneumococcal pneumonia and these children had higher temperature (38.74 +/- 0.84 vs 38.38 +/- 0.94 degrees C), a higher percentage of general malaise (50.9 % vs 15.3 %) and a higher hospitalization rate (41.5 % vs 10.5 %). Community-acquired pneumonia in children under 5 years old provokes high morbidity. According to clinical, radiological and laboratory data, suspected pneumococcal pneumonia seems more severe than forms probably caused by other agents.

The Role of Viruses in the Aetiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults

The role of viruses in community-acquired pneumonia may have been previously underestimated. We aimed to study the incidence and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to respiratory viruses in adults adding PCR to routine conventional laboratory tests. Consecutive adult patients diagnosed of CAP from January 2003 to March 2004 were included. Conventional tests including cultures of blood, sputum, urine antigen detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila, and paired serologies were routinely performed. Nasopharyngeal swabs were processed for study of respiratory viruses through antigen detection by indirect immunofluorescence assay, isolation of viruses in cell culture and detection of nucleic acids by two independent multiplex RT-PCR assays. According to the aetiology, patients were categorized in 4 groups: group 1, only virus detected; group 2, only bacteria detected; group 3, viral and bacterial; and group 4, unkown aetiology. Of 340 patients diagnosed with CAP, 198 had nasopharyngeal swabs available and were included in this study. Aetiology was established in 112 (57%) patients: group 1, n=26 (13%); group 2, n=66 (33%); group 3, n=20 (10%). The most common aetiological agent was S. neumoniae (58 patients, 29%), followed by respiratory viruses (46 patients, 23%). Forty-eight respiratory viruses were identified: influenza virus A (n=16), respiratory syncytial virus A (n=5), adenovirus (n=8), parainfluenza viruses (n=5), enteroviruses (n=1), rhinoviruses (n=8) and coronavirus (n=5). There were two patients coinfected by two respiratory viruses. Serology detected 6 viruses, immunofluorescence 8, viral culture 12, and PCR 45. For the viruses that could be diagnosed with conventional methods, the sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR was 85% and 92%, respectively. The only clinical characteristic that significantly distinguished viral from bacterial aetiology was a lower number of leukocytes (P=0.004). PCR revealed that viruses represent a common aetiology of CAP. There is an urgent need to reconsider routine laboratory tests for an adequate diagnosis of respiratory viruses, as clinical characteristics are unable to reliably distinguish viral from bacterial aetiology.

Epidemiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children

To the Editor .— We read the recent article by Michelow et al,1 “Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children,” with great interest. One hundred fifty-four children were enrolled in this study, and blood or pleural fluid cultures, pneumolysin-based polymerase chain reaction assays, and serologic tests were used to clarify the epidemiology. The study indicated that Streptococcus pneumoniae , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Chlamydia pneumoniae , and respiratory viruses were the major pathogens involved …

Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children.

The precise epidemiology of childhood pneumonia remains poorly defined. Accurate and prompt etiologic diagnosis is limited by inadequate clinical, radiologic, and laboratory diagnostic methods. The objective of this study was to determine as precisely as possible the epidemiology and morbidity of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children. Consecutive immunocompetent children hospitalized with radiographically confirmed lower respiratory infections (LRIs) were evaluated prospectively from January 1999 through March 2000. Positive blood or pleural fluid cultures or pneumolysin-based polymerase chain reaction assays, viral direct fluorescent antibody tests, or viral, mycoplasmal, or chlamydial serologic tests were considered indicative of infection by those organisms. Methods for diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia among study subjects were published by us previously. Selected clinical characteristics, indices of inflammation (white blood cell and differential counts and procalcitonin values), and clinical outcome measures (time to defervescence and duration of oxygen supplementation and hospitalization) were compared among groups of children. One hundred fifty-four hospitalized children with LRIs were enrolled. Median age was 33 months (range: 2 months to 17 years). A pathogen was identified in 79% of children. Typical respiratory bacteria were identified in 60% (of which 73% were Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses in 45%, Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 14%, Chlamydia pneumoniae in 9%, and mixed bacterial/viral infections in 23%. Preschool-aged children had as many episodes of atypical bacterial LRIs as older children. Children with typical bacterial or mixed bacterial/viral infections had the greatest inflammation and disease severity. Multivariate logistic-regression analyses revealed that high temperature (> or = 38.4 degrees C) within 72 hours after admission (odds ratio: 2.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.4-3.5) and the presence of pleural effusion (odds ratio: 6.6; 95% confidence interval: 2.1-21.2) were significantly associated with bacterial pneumonia. This study used an expanded diagnostic armamentarium to define the broad spectrum of pathogens that cause pneumonia in hospitalized children. The data confirm the importance of S pneumoniae and the frequent occurrence of bacterial and viral coinfections in children with pneumonia. These findings will facilitate age-appropriate antibiotic selection and future evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine as well as other candidate vaccines.