Herbal medicine with antimicrobial properties has the potential to serve as an alternative therapeutic option to modern pharmaceuticals. Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans), a medicinal plant widely distributed across South East Asia, is known to possess a diverse range of bioactive compounds that give significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and antibacterial properties. Previous research has primarily investigated the antibacterial properties of C. nutans using water and methanol extractions. However, studies on ethanol extracts have been limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties and minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic leaves extract of C. nutans against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The methodology involved ethanol extraction of C. nutans leaves, followed by antibacterial evaluations via disk diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The yield obtained from the ethanol extraction was 7.1%. Results from the antibacterial evaluations showed that the extract was able to inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria, with the highest zone of inhibition against S. aureus (11.0 ± 0.6 mm) and the lowest against E. coli (6.5 ± 0.5 mm) at concentration of 500 mg/ml. The MIC and MBC values further confirmed this activity, with the extract showing a notable lower MIC/MBC for S. aureus (15.63/15.63 mg/ml) compared to E. coli (62.5/250 mg/ml). As a conclusion, the ethanolic extract of C. nutans has demonstrated antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. These findings support the potential of leaves of this plant to be used as a broad-spectrum natural antimicrobial agent for future therapeutic applications.

Anthracnose is one of the major diseases affecting Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen. However, the soil microbial mechanisms underlying D. odorifera responses to anthracnose remain largely unexplored. This study investigated three planting systems: a Dalbergia odorifera monoculture (J); a mixed plantation of D. odorifera and Pterocarpus macrocarpus (JD); and a composite mixed plantation of D. odorifera, P. macrocarpus, and Clinacanthus nutans (JDY). Using amplicon sequencing technology for soil microbial analysis and combining soil physical and chemical properties with disease severity, we comprehensively analyzed changes in soil microbial community structure and function across different planting modes. The results showed that the diverse mixed mode (JD, JDY) significantly improved soil physicochemical properties and promoted soil nutrient cycling. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that soil organic matter (SOM) and disease severity, quantified by the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), were the primary environmental drivers of microbial community variation. Genera positively correlated with SOM and negatively correlated with AUDPC were significantly enriched in JDY and JD, whereas genera showing opposite relationships were predominantly enriched in J. Functional predictions revealed enhanced nutrient-cycling capacities in JD and JDY, with JDY uniquely harboring functional groups such as Arbuscular Mycorrhizal, Epiphyte, and Lichenized taxa. In contrast, microbial functions in the J plantation were mainly limited to environmental amelioration. Co-occurrence network analysis further showed that as planting patterns shifted from J to JDY, microbial communities evolved from competition-dominated networks to cooperative defensive networks, integrating efficient decomposition with strong pathogen suppression potential. The study demonstrates that complex mixed planting systems regulate soil properties, enhance the enrichment of key functional microbial taxa, reshape community structure and function, and ultimately enable ecological control of anthracnose disease. This study provides new perspectives and theoretical foundations for ecological disease management in plantations of rare tree species and for microbiome-based ecological immunization strategies.

BackgroundPachystachys lutea Nees is a typical species of the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical South America. As an evergreen shrub, it has found extensive application in landscape greening due to its unique ornamental value. However, there are currently no phylogenetic and genetic studies on the chloroplast (cp.) genome of P. lutea.ResultsThis study characterized the cp. genome of P. lutea using high-throughput sequencing technology and analyzed its structural features and phylogenetic position using bioinformatics methods. The results indicated that the cp. genome had a high degree of conservation in gene structure and gene content, with a typical quadripartite structure. Its total length is 151,574 bp and the total GC content is 38.18%. A total of 132 genes were annotated, including 87 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNAs and eight rRNA genes. Through the comparative analysis, the diversity and variation of large single-copy (LSC) and small single-copy (SSC) regions were significantly higher than those of inverted repeat (IR) regions. Genes with high nucleotide polymorphism, such as rps19, ycf1, and ndhF provided potential reference loci for molecular identification within the P. lutea. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the P. lutea and Clinacanthus nutans forms a sister group with 100% bootstrap value, which proves that P. lutea develops conservatively in the course of evolution.ConclusionThis paper for the first time reports the phylogenetic study of the complete cp. genome within the genus Pachystachys. The study provides a theoretical basis for the research on genetic diversity, molecular markers, and species identification of plants in the Acanthaceae family. It enriches the genetic information and supports the evolutionary relationships among plants in this family.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12863-025-01380-9.

Multiplatform metabolomics and chemometrics reveals anticancer metabolites in Clinacanthus nutans against nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Mechanistic Study of Clinacanthus Nutans in Treating Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Validation

The phytochemical profile and hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and lipid-modulating effects of the ethanolic extract of Clinacanthus nutans leaves were examined in male C57BL/6 mice fed a cholesterol-supplemented western diet. After 15 weeks of feeding, the untreated mice developed steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning hepatocytes, with NAFLD activity scores ≥5, indicative of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Treatment with Clinacanthus nutans extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg from week 8 to 15 significantly reduced the liver-to-body weight ratio and NAFLD activity score, with dose-dependent histological improvement, particularly reduced lobular inflammation. AST, ALT, and hepatic malondialdehyde levels were significantly lowered in the treated groups, with effects exceeding those of atorvastatin. However, Clinacanthus nutans extract did not attenuate the elevated LDL-to-HDL ratio. In conclusion, Clinacanthus nutans extract effectively prevented the progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, likely through antioxidative mechanisms attributable to its high tannin content.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of Clinacanthus nutans extract (CnE) on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and mechanism of action.MethodsIn vitro, the human TNBC cell lines were treated with the extract at various concentrations. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK8 assay. In vivo, establishing a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model of TNBC, Hematoxylin-eosin staining and TUNEL assay were used to evaluate the effect of CnE on tumor proliferation. Tumor proteins were extracted, Quantitative proteomics and subsequently analyzed using bioinformatics approaches. Finally, immunohistochemistry evaluates the protein expression differences of ATP2A3, PLA2G4A, and ITPK1.ResultsIn vitro, CnE inhibited TNBC cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 420 ± 35 μg/mL (MDA-MB-231) and 380 ± 28 μg/mL (MDA-MB-468), showing maximal 68.5% inhibition at 800 μg/mL (p < 0.001). The TNBC xenograft model was successfully established, and tumours in the extract-treated group were markedly smaller than those in the saline group. On day 28, the tumour inhibition rate was 28.66%, significantly higher than that in the saline group (P < 0.05). Haematoxylin–eosin staining staining and TUNEL assay showed increased tumor necrosis and apoptosis induction.(P < 0.001). Proteomic analysis showed that among the 4,908 identified proteins, 80 were upregulated, and 7 were downregulated. Bioinformatics analysis indicated involvement in the extracellular matrix, fatty acid metabolism, cell apoptosis, ferroptosis, immune response, choline metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased expression of ATP2A3 (1.3-fold, p < 0.05), PLA2G4A (1.6-fold, p < 0.05) and ITPK1 (3.2-fold, p < 0.01) proteins in the extract group compared to the control group.ConclusionCnE inhibits TNBC cell proliferation, suppresses tumor growth, The mechanism likely involves multiple biological processes and pathways, Key pathways included apoptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis signaling.

Evaluation of ethanolic extract of Clinacanthus nutans leaves in C2C12 myotubes: anti-exercise fatigue activity.

BackgroundColon cancer, a prevalent malignancy occurs in the gastrointestinal tract with annually increasing incidence and mortality, and Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau (CN) possesses anticancer activity in a wide spectrum of tumors. This investigation aims at illuminating potential anti-cancer properties and related mechanisms of CN against colon cancer.MethodsA BALB/c mice model of colon cancer administered CN to the experimental group was constructed, followed by transcriptome sequencing on tumor tissues and screening out cuproptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) through bioinformatics. The anti-tumor efficacy of CN was validated in HT29 and HCT116 cells co-treatment of CN and drug serum by functional assays and therapeutic effects on tumorigenicity were also evaluated in vivo. In addition, the impact of PDE3B silencing on cuproptosis was elucidated and the Apelin pathway activator, CMF-019, was applied to further verify the role of PDE3B on the Apelin pathway in CN-treated cells.ResultsCN restricted tumorigenesis of colon cancer in vivo. A total of 6 cuproptosis-related DEGs were discovered containing decreased 4 genes and elevated 2 genes in tissues from tumor mice with or without high dose CN treatment. PDE3B deficiency exerted intensified inhibitory effects of CN treatment on proliferative, migratory, and invasive capability, as well as further facilitated cuproptosis. Moreover, PDE3B deletion enhanced the suppression of CN in delaying tumorigenesis. Additionally, CN retarded the malignant phenotypes and contributed to the initiation of cuproptosis in cells via the PDE3B-mediated Apelin pathway.ConclusionOur study revealed CN delayed colon cancer by regulating PDE3B via suppression of the Apelin pathway, indicating the potential clinical relevance of CN in treating colon cancer.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12672-025-02037-w.

Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans), a member of the Acanthaceae family, is a medicinalplant native to Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, and Singapore.Commonly known as Sabah snake grass, it has been traditionally used to treat insect bites, skin rashes,herpes infections, inflammation, and certain types of cancer. Rich in bioactive compounds such asphenolic acids, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids, C. nutans exhibits diverse pharmacologicalproperties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer effects.Notably, it modulates cancer-related pathways, such as Bcl-2 and p53, and has been shown toinhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, highlighting its potential in cancer therapy. Itsanti-inflammatory properties stem from the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, offeringpromise in managing chronic inflammatory diseases. These findings underscore the therapeutic potentialof C. nutans, warranting further research for the development of novel plant-based treatments.

Clinacanthus nutans (Sabah snake grass) is widely recognized for its pharmacological properties, particularly its high phenolic content and antioxidant activity. However, the optimization of its ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) remains underexplored. This study aims to enhance the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds from Clinacanthus nutans leaves using ionic liquid (IL) binary solvents, with optimization based on Peleg's model and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Peleg's model was used to determine the optimal extraction time, while RSM with a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was applied to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic frequency (40-60 kHz) and the ratio of ILs to water (2:8, 5:5 and 8:2) on total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The experimental results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, model fitting, and desirability functions. Peleg's model indicated that the predicted maximum total phenolic content (TPC) of 42.556 ± 0.0003 mg GAE/g was achieved at an ultrasonic frequency of 50 kHz within 3 hours, making this duration as the predictive model benchmark for further optimization. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as an ultrasonic frequency of 60 kHz and an IL-to-water ratio of 2:8, yielding a maximum TPC of 0.01 ± 7.97 x 10-5 mg GAE/g, DPPH antioxidant activity of 95.08 ± 0.57%, and FRAP antioxidant capacity of 6.31 ± 0.10 mg AEAC/g. Peleg's model inadequately predicted the best exhaustive extraction time prior to RSM leading to a low TPC value throughout the optimization process while maintaining high in antioxidant efficacy. However, the use of IL binary solvents significantly enhanced the release of phenolic compounds compared to conventional solvents, demonstrating their potential as a green extraction alternative. This study highlights the effectiveness of ultrasonic-assisted extraction combined with IL binary solvents for maximizing the recovery of bioactive compounds from Clinacanthus nutans leaves. The optimized extraction method can be beneficial for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and functional food industries. Future research should focus on identifying specific phenolic compounds using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), combined kinetic and diffusion equilibrium model and further refining process optimization parameters (e.g., longer concoction duration) to enhance yield efficiency.

Clinacanthus nutans (Sabah snake grass) is widely recognized for its pharmacological properties, particularly its high phenolic content and antioxidant activity. However, the optimization of its ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) remains underexplored. This study aims to enhance the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds from Clinacanthus nutans leaves using ionic liquid (IL) binary solvents, with optimization based on Peleg’s model and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Peleg’s model was used to determine the optimal extraction time, while RSM with a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was applied to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic frequency (40–60 kHz) and the ratio of ILs to water (2:8, 5:5 and 8:2) on total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The experimental results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, model fitting, and desirability functions. Peleg’s model indicated that the predicted maximum total phenolic content (TPC) of 42.556 ± 0.0003 mg GAE/g was achieved at an ultrasonic frequency of 50 kHz within 3 hours, making this duration as the predictive model benchmark for further optimization. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as an ultrasonic frequency of 60 kHz and an IL-to-water ratio of 2:8, yielding a maximum TPC of 0.01 ± 7.97 x 10−5 mg GAE/g, DPPH antioxidant activity of 95.08 ± 0.57%, and FRAP antioxidant capacity of 6.31 ± 0.10 mg AEAC/g. Peleg’s model inadequately predicted the best exhaustive extraction time prior to RSM leading to a low TPC value throughout the optimization process while maintaining high in antioxidant efficacy. However, the use of IL binary solvents significantly enhanced the release of phenolic compounds compared to conventional solvents, demonstrating their potential as a green extraction alternative. This study highlights the effectiveness of ultrasonic-assisted extraction combined with IL binary solvents for maximizing the recovery of bioactive compounds from Clinacanthus nutans leaves. The optimized extraction method can be beneficial for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and functional food industries. Future research should focus on identifying specific phenolic compounds using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), combined kinetic and diffusion equilibrium model and further refining process optimization parameters (e.g., longer concoction duration) to enhance yield efficiency.

Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) Lindau, is classified as a top herb which are investigated for different biological activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory effects. Hitherto, no dedicated study has been investigated on the role of C. nutans in L-NAME [N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester] in-vivo rat model to explore its antihypertensive and renoprotective mechanism by modulating the ROS/NF-κB/MMP-9 pathways both globally in the plasma as well as locally in the kidney by using in-vitro expression study. Present study hypothesized that bioactive polysaccharides leaves of the alcoholic extract of C. nutans (CNBP) could improve the functions of the kidney by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive actions by suppression of ROS/NF-κB/MMP-9 and upregulation of eNOS/NO pathways in the plasma and kidney. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 6) were randomised into five groups namely: Control (C), L-NAME (L) administered in drinking water, L-NAME + 500mg/kg of C. nutans bioactive polysaccharides (CNBP) (LCN500), L-NAME + 1000mg/kg of CNBP (LCN1000) and L-NAME + 2000mg/kg of CNBP (LCN2000) respectively. All treatments were continued for the period of 14days and physiological data like water intake, urine output, body weight was collected on days 0, 7 and 14. Acute in-vivo study was performed after cannulation of the femoral and carotid arteries where renal cortical blood perfusion (RCBP) was measured along with pulse wave velocity (PWV). Plasma and renal malondialdehyde (MDA), tumour necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), nitric oxide synthase-1 (NOS1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Histopathological studies were done on the kidney tissue at the termination of experiment. Administrations of L-NAME to L group for 14days resulted in significantly reduced levels of SOD and NOS while significantly elevated levels of MDA, TNF-α, IL-6 and MMP-9 in both plasma and kidney tissue when compared to control group (C). Conversely, treatment of 500, 1000 and 2000mg/kg of CNBP has significantly reversed the values when same was compared to normal control ( C) group. Administration of L-NAME to L group for 14days caused significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) and arterial stiffness by increasing the pulse wave velocity (PWV) along with reduced creatinine clearance and renal cortical blood perfusion (RCBP) when compared to C group. Nevertheless, treatment of 500, 1000 and 2000mg/kg CNBP has significantly reduced the SBP and PWV and raised the creatine clearance and RCBP functions when compared to (L) group. This study devised with the novel findings of 14days CNBP treatment has suppressed ROS/TNF-α/MMP-9 pathway in the plasma and kidney which is pathological pathway for the kidney injury and hypertension while upregulated eNOS/NO pathways in plasma and kidney which is renoprotective and antihypertensive pathway in L-NAME rat model of hypertension and kidney injury.

Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau is a Southeast Asian medicinal plant traditionally used for treating skin inflammation and infections. This study evaluated its wound-healing potential through anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antiviral mechanisms. HPLC-DAD analysis identified schaftoside as the major flavonoid in the 95% ethanolic leaf extract. In the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7), both C. nutans extract (5 and 50 μg/mL) and its flavonoid schaftoside (5 and 20 μg/mL) significantly downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), under both pre-treatment and post-treatment conditions. ELISA confirmed dose-dependent inhibition of human COX-2 enzymatic activity, reaching up to 99.3% with the extract and 86.9% with schaftoside. In the endothelial cell models (CCL-209), the extract exhibited low cytotoxicity and effectively protected cells from LPS-induced apoptosis, preserving vascular integrity critical to tissue regeneration. Antiviral assays demonstrated suppression of HSV-2 replication, particularly during early infection, which may help prevent infection-related delays in wound healing. Collectively, these findings suggest that C. nutans and schaftoside promote wound repair by attenuating inflammatory responses, supporting endothelial survival, and controlling viral reactivation. These multifunctional properties highlight their potential as natural therapeutic agents for enhancing wound-healing outcomes.

Clinacanthus nutans: a plant listed in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia, is well recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. Among its known bioactive constituents, schaftoside has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in various disease models. However, comparative studies between pure schaftoside and C. nutans crude extracts, as well as comprehensive investigations into the underlying mechanisms of action, remain limited. Moreover, the relationship between the quantity and diversity of bioactive compounds and their corresponding anti-inflammatory activity which could serve as potential quality biomarkers has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of schaftoside and evaluated its content in C. nutans ethanolic extracts collected from ten geographically distinct regions of Thailand. First, the anti-inflammatory activity of schaftoside was assessed in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Subsequently, ten C. nutans ethanolic extracts were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity in the same cell model. To further explore the potential contribution of schaftoside and other bioactive compounds to anti-inflammatory activity, molecular docking analysis was performed. At a concentration of 40μM, schaftoside significantly downregulated the expression of key inflammation-related genes, including iNOS, COX2, PGE2, PGE4, TNF-α, and IL6. All extracts demonstrated a consistent trend of reducing iNOS protein expression, which was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production, indicating their potential anti-inflammatory properties. However, no significant correlation was observed between schaftoside content and the magnitude of anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that schaftoside may not be the sole active compound responsible for the observed effects. The results of molecular docking analysis revealed that, in addition to schaftoside, other flavonoids such as isoorientin and isovitexin also exhibited binding affinity toward the iNOS protein, indicating that these compounds may contribute to the overall anti-inflammatory activity of C. nutans extracts.

Clinacanthus nutans restores the intestinal barrier in UC via regulatings oxidative stress to suppress the occurrence of ferroptosis

The growing incidence of cancer worldwide necessitates the development of novel, effective and affordable antineoplastic drugs. Clinacanthus nutans, an ethnomedicinal plant known for its diverse pharmacological properties, has shown promising anticancer potential. This study investigates the anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of crude methanolic extract of C. nutans leaves. The total phenolic content of the extract was quantified, revealing significant phenolic concentrations. The DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity. The BSA denaturation assay indicated substantial anti-inflammatory effects comparable to the diclofenac sodium standard. The MTT assay ascertained strong inhibition of MCF-7 and A549 cells. Flow cytometry analysis of the same cell lines treated with CNM extract at their respective IC[Formula: see text] concentrations (25.02 [Formula: see text]g/ml for MCF-7 and 22.7 [Formula: see text]g/ml for A549 cells) showed a higher population of cells at their early and late apoptotic stage in the case of MCF-7 and necrotic stage in the case of A549 cells. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between breast and lung cancer datasets revealed many common overexpressed genes. GC-MS analysis of CNM revealed the presence of a wide range of phytochemicals. Molecular docking of these ligands with proteins, found to be overexpressed during the DEG analysis and involved in cancer progression, was carried out using Maestro from Schrodinger Suite, and resulted in good interactions. Protox 3.0 and QIKPROP module analyses were also utilized to evaluate the ADMET and drug-likeness properties of CNM phytochemicals. These findings support the potential of CNM bioactives as suitable agents in cancer therapy.

Therapeutic Advances in Breast Cancer: Clinacanthus nutans as a Source of Bioactive Compounds and Drug Combinations

The coconut leaf beetle (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Brontispa longissima&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) is a destructive pest in Malaysia, significantly impacting coconut plantations and leading to economic losses. While chemical pesticides are commonly used for control, their prolonged application raises concerns regarding human health risks, environmental impact, and the development of pesticide resistance. This study evaluates the insecticidal efficacy of Cypersect EC (Cypermethrin 5.5%), Neem oil (1.2% Azadirachtin), and natural biopesticides derived from &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Pogostemon cablin&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Clinacanthus nutans&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; leaf extracts against different developmental stages of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;B. longissima&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; using a direct dipping method under laboratory conditions. Results indicate that Cypersect EC exhibited the highest mortality rates, significantly outperforming other treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.05), with increasing concentrations leading to higher mortality across all pesticide types. Among biopesticides, &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;P. cablin&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; extract demonstrated superior insecticidal activity compared to &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;C. nutans&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;, although neither achieved 100% mortality at the highest tested concentration. The study also found that &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;B. longissima&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; larvae were more susceptible to treatments than adult beetles, suggesting that early intervention could enhance control effectiveness. The mode of action analysis suggests that Cypersect EC disrupts neural function by inhibiting cholinesterase activity, whereas biopesticides likely exert toxicity through contact exposure and metabolic disruption. These findings underscore the potential of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;P. cablin&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; as a sustainable alternative for &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;B. longissima&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; management, reducing dependence on synthetic chemicals while supporting environmentally friendly pest control strategies. Further research is recommended to optimize &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;P. cablin&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; formulations, assess its long-term field efficacy, and explore its integration into integrated pest management (IPM) programs for sustainable coconut cultivation.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer in women worldwide, with approximately 2.3 million new cases or 11.7% of all cancer cases. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2) is one of the important therapeutic targets in breast cancer that is overexpressed in 15-25% of cases. Conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy often cause adverse side effects, so safer alternative therapies are needed. This study aims to assess the potential of active compounds from medicinal plants as HER-2 inhibitors through a molecular docking approach. The literature review method was used by analysing related research articles in the last five years obtained from PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The results showed that several active compounds have high potential as HER-2 inhibitors, including beta cystosterol from guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) with a binding energy value of -12.3 kcal/mol, vitexin from dandang gendis (Clinacanthus nutans L.) with a value of -9.3 kcal/mol, and isovitexin from basil mekah (Ocimum gratissimum) with a value of -9.11 kcal/mol. These findings provide a basis for further development of natural active compounds as potential breast anticancer drug candidates with minimal side effects.