Abstract Decadal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC-DV) serves as a key driver of low-frequency variability in meridional ocean heat transport, generating a characteristic dipole pattern in upper-ocean heat content (UOHC) between the subpolar gyre and Gulf Stream regions. This dynamical linkage underpins the predictability of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and its global climate impacts. However, by contrasting the historical (1920–2005) and Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5; 2006–2100) experiments in the Community Earth System Model version 1 Large Ensemble (CESM1-LE), we reveal a significant weakening of the correlation between AMOC-DV and North Atlantic UOHC under global warming, particularly in the subpolar gyre and Gulf Stream regions. The weaker correlation in a warmer future is primarily driven by a weakened AMOC-DV intensity and its related circulation anomalies, along with some climatological changes. For the subpolar gyre region, relative to the historical period, a positive AMOC-DV anomaly during the RCP8.5 period leads to less convergence of upper-ocean warm water, and a weaker mean AMOC further diminishes anomalous warm water transport into this region, both of which suppress AMOC-DV-associated warming. For the Gulf Stream region, a positive AMOC-DV anomaly during the RCP8.5 period, compared with the historical period, produces weaker deep western boundary current anomalies, a smaller southward shift of the Gulf Stream path, and consequently nearly no upper-ocean cooling. Our findings suggest a progressive disconnection between AMOC-DV and North Atlantic UOHC under global warming, challenging current frameworks that rely on AMOC initialization for North Atlantic decadal climate prediction.

Abstract Storm‐resolving global climate models, approaching km‐scale grid spacings, are slowly emerging. With increasing horizontal resolution, we expect improvements in the surface radiation budget because (a) synoptic variability may be better represented, (b) convective systems are better resolved, and (c) landscape heterogeneity is represented in more detail. Here, we study the performance of two km‐scale global climate models within the next generation Earth Modeling Systems (nextGEMS) project, the Integrating Forecasting System (IFS) and the ICOsahedral Non‐hydrostatic model, in producing accurate downwelling surface solar and thermal irradiances. Furthermore, we study how horizontal resolution affects mean surface irradiances as well as irradiance variability on hourly time scales. Most simulations have global annual mean biases within 4.5 W and 7.6 W for solar and thermal irradiance, respectively. Locally, irradiance biases with respect to station observations are up to an order of magnitude higher, with no consistent improvement as we move to higher resolution. Comparing three IFS simulations ranging from 4.4 to 28 km resolution, we indeed find that differences in mean surface irradiance are most pronounced in areas with high orographic variability, suggesting that the better resolved orography is the main pathway of resolution‐driven changes in the surface irradiance climatology. Furthermore, we find that the temporal irradiance variability improves with horizontal resolution among these three simulations, but only at sub‐daily time scales. Our findings suggest that for an accurate representation of surface irradiance climatologies, moving towards km‐scale resolution may not improve much beyond the current generation of climate models.

Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of pollen sensitization, as assessed by skin prick testing, among patients with allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and atopic dermatitis in three areas of Luzon: the National Capital Region (NCR), North Luzon, and South Luzon. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional chart review of skin prick test results conducted in NCR, North Luzon, and South Luzon from 2021 to 2023. Demographic and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic and clinical characteristics. Associations with pollen sensitization were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, with the level of significance set at 5%. Results and Conclusion: A total of 355 patients were included (97 from NCR, 102 from North Luzon, and 156 from South Luzon), of whom 63.1% demonstrated pollen sensitization. Grass pollens were the most prevalent allergens, particularly carabao grass, Bermuda grass, and pigweed. A significant association was observed between pollen sensitization and both age and season. Climatological changes, urbanization, and differences in vegetative growth may have influenced the pollen sensitization profiles across the three areas.

Abstract Coastal flooding from tropical cyclone (TC)‐induced storm surges is among the most devastating natural hazards in the US. Accurately quantifying storm surge hazards is crucial for risk mitigation and climate adaptation. In this study, we conduct climatology‐hydrodynamic modeling to estimate TC surge hazards along the US northeast coastline under future climate scenarios. In this methodology, we generate synthetic TCs for the northeastern US to drive a hydrodynamic model (ADCIRC) to simulate storm surges. Observing their significant effect on storm surge, for the first time, we bias‐correct landfall angles of synthetic TCs, in addition to bias‐correcting their frequency and intensity. Our findings show that under the combined effects of sea level rise (SLR) and TC climatology change, historical 100‐year extreme water levels (EWLs) along the US northeast coastline would occur annually at the end of the century in both SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 emissions scenarios. 500‐year EWLs are also projected to occur every 1–60 (1–20) years under SSP2‐4.5 (SSP5‐8.5). SLR is the dominant factor in the dramatic changes in the EWLs. However, while in higher latitudes () TC climatology change modestly affect EWLs ( contribution for 100‐year and for 500‐year EWL changes), in lower latitudes the impact is more significant (up to 40% contribution to 100‐year and 55% for 500‐year EWL changes). Extending previous methods, the physics‐based probabilistic framework presented here can be applied to project future coastal flood hazards under the effects of SLR and storm climatology change for any TC‐prone region.

Abstract. In cooperation with multiple institutes, the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht (IMAU) at Utrecht University has operated automated weather stations (AWSs) at 19 locations on the Antarctic ice sheet from 1995 through 2022. Besides standard meteorological measurements (pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and direction), these stations include measured short-wave and long-wave radiation components and surface height, thereby allowing for the reliable in situ quantification of the surface energy balance (SEB) and surface mass balance (SMB) at hourly and 2 h temporal resolution. This unique dataset can be used for climate model evaluation and development, for the validation of remote sensing products, for the quantification of long-term climatological changes, for the interpretation of ice cores, and for process understanding in general. This paper describes the dataset and the applied measurement corrections. The total dataset contains 157 station years of data, of which 54 % include both SEB and SMB observations, and is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.974080 (Van Tiggelen et al., 2024).

Abstract Rock glaciers are increasingly recognized for their hydrological significance, specifically relevant in regions with reduced water availability, like the Dry Andes. Despite their relevance, driving factors for rock glacier surface changes in vertical and horizontal direction, termed kinematics, are still poorly understood. Rock glacier kinematics allow to elucidate the local state of permafrost. Knowledge on the Andean state of permafrost, however, is scarce. This study investigates vertical and horizontal surface changes on Dos Lenguas rock glacier in the Dry Andes of Argentina (30°S) using quasi‐biennial austral summer UAV datasets for 2016–2024. Given the very high resolution of the UAV datasets (11 cm), we are able to focus on resolving the magnitude and spatial pattern of surface changes within the landform in great detail. We generate DEMs for vertical change quantification. Further, we derive hillshades from these DEMs for feature tracking‐based horizontal change quantification. We co‐analyse these with slope and curvature as well as ERA5 air temperature and precipitation data provided by meteoblue for 1940–2024 to investigate the effect of topography and climate. Findings reveal spatial and temporal variability in surface kinematics, with maximum surface velocities up to 1.7 m/yr and mean velocities of 0.9 m/yr. The majority of vertical changes, reaching upto ±1.5 m, are predominantly influenced by compressional flow and ridge‐furrow systems and correlate with topographic drivers like slope and curvature. In contrast to other regions in the world, high‐resolution monitoring of Dos Lenguas rock glacier for the time period of 8 years (2016–2024) reveals vertical and horizontal surface change to be stable for almost one decade, despite increasing (winter) temperatures. We attribute the lack of snow sheltering due to extremely dry conditions and the comparatively high‐altitude location of Dos Lenguas (4,400 m asl), the main controls of absent/delayed kinematic reaction to climatological change. We highlight the importance of high‐resolution monitoring for resolving the magnitude and spatial pattern of rock glacier kinematics with low levels of detection.

Abstract Tropical cyclone (TC) hazards coupled with dense urban development along the coastline have resulted in trillions in US damages over the past several decades, with an increasing trend in losses in recent years. So far, this trend has been driven by increasing coastal development. However, as the climate continues to warm, changing TC climatology may also cause large changes in coastal damages in the future. Approaches to quantifying regional TC risk typically focus on total storm damage. However, it is crucial to understand the spatial footprint of TC damage and ultimately the spatial distribution of TC risk. Here, we quantify the magnitude and spatial pattern of TC risk (in expected annual damage (EAD)) across the US from wind, storm surge, and rainfall using synthetic TCs, physics-based hazard models, and a county-level statistical damage model trained on historical TC data. We then combine end-of-century TC hazard simulations with US population growth and wealth increase scenarios (under the SSP2 4.5 emission scenario) to investigate the sensitivity of changes in TC risk across the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts. We find that not directly accounting for the effects of rainfall and storm surge results in much lower risk estimates and smaller future increases in risk. TC climatology change and socioeconomic change drive similar magnitude increases in total EAD across the US (roughly 160%), and that their combined effect (633% increase) is much higher.

Cyclonic activity in the mid-latitudes during the winter months (i.e. extratropical cyclones; ETCs) are the main hazard drivers in the Baltic Sea region. Aside from wind damage, they are known for causing significant changes to coastlines through surge and high energy wave impacts (Mäll et al. 2020). Changes in the future ETC climatology in Europe has been the subject of many studies, though findings by the end of 21st century still retain a level of uncertainty. Most recent studies suggest that the North Atlantic storm track is projected to extend further into Europe (e.g. Priestly and Catto, 2022). While shifts in future ETCs have been widely researched, there are not many that utilize bias-corrected general circulation model outputs (although use of cyclone compositing and ensemble approach have increased). In addition, the future storminess characteristics have found little direct translation into regional and local coastal risk assessment, which is made difficult by the relatively coarse resolution of climate models. This study aims to further elaborate on the potential future pathways based on downscaled bias-corrected general circulation models and numerical wave model.

Abstract Although research has reduced uncertainty in the range and magnitude of aerosol climate effects, it remains unclear to what extent decadal changes in dynamical patterns influence aerosols and their accumulation potential. The present study explored how leading dynamic conditions in the tropics affect aerosol interannual variability over subtropical East Asia each March, when the annual pollutant level is highest. We examined tropical convective activity, regardless of seasonality, and evaluated its time-lagged influence poleward on East Asian seasonal air quality the following year. Nonseasonal atmospheric dynamics in the tropical upper troposphere can be characterized as divergent circulation over the Maritime Continent, which alters planetary circulation to a zonal wave-like pattern. In the 21st century, years of increased convective activity over the Maritime Continent have been observed to strengthen the boreal Hadley cell and shift the East Asian westerly jet stream farther poleward, which clears the air over subtropical East Asia the following March. This precursor mechanism may be evaluated with greater confidence when only seasonal decomposition is considered. Moreover, decadal tendencies were found to influence the tropical leading control of air quality in East Asia. This monsoon-Hadley circulation led to narrower variability in air quality in March across the years, with less interference from decadal dynamics. Although mean-state constraints may indicate that climatological change over time modulates decadal changes in regional and synoptic pollutant levels, the aforementioned findings call into question conventional understandings of the role of aerosols in climate variability. Graphical Abstract It is explored how leading dynamic conditions in the tropics limit aerosol interannual variability over subtropical East Asia each March, when the annual pollutant level is highest. Years with stronger convective activity over the Maritime Continent, as evidenced by nonseasonal enhancements in divergent circulation in the upper troposphere, resulted in the boreal Hadley cell strengthening and the midlatitude westerly jet stream shifting poleward over the East Asian sector. The resulting increase to the lower-tropospheric northerly flow may have cleared pollutants from the air the following year. Meanwhile, stronger trade winds generated by stronger Pacific anticyclones supported the decadal nonseasonal tendency of stronger divergent circulation in the upper troposphere across the Asia–Australia sector. During decades without excessive interference from tropical dynamics, the leading adjustment of nonseasonal tropical dynamics was followed by better seasonal air conditions over subtropical East Asia. Conversely, when faced with increasing tropical interference, nonseasonal dynamical adjustments to air conditions were only moderate.

Local climate influences of inland water bodies, complex topography, and surrounding seas cause temperate, arid, and continental climate properties to prevail with local variations in different parts of Turkey. The intra-regional variability of environmental factors creates uncertainties and challenges in climate modeling. Multi-model ensemble analysis is suggested to be used to characterize the uncertainties and minimize the generalization error in projections. This study is part of a research on climate change impacts in Turkey, focusing on the impacts on surface air temperature through a multi-model ensemble analysis of high-resolution climate models. The ensemble set comprises 12 EURO-CORDEX RCMs and two models from the Japan Meteorological Research Institute (MRI). Firstly, historical model data are validated with temperature records from 59 meteorological stations. Furthermore, changes in temperature climatology in the future in short- (2020-2030), medium- (2031-2050), and long-term (2051-2100) horizons are analyzed and compared with the precipitation changes. In the ensemble, two MRI models (MRI-AGCM, NHRCM) and two CORDEX RCMs nested in the HadGEM2-ES (RCA4 and CCLM4-8-17) perform best to replicate the spatial variability of climatology. The 14-member ensemble projects a gradual increase in the temperature up to 4.5 and 6.6 ºC under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. The projections agree on an inverse relationship between temperature and precipitation changes. More substantial impacts are projected in inland compared to coastal regions.

ABSTRACTHigh resolution remotely sensed rainfall data is indispensable to accurately monitor rainfall variability at a river basin scale under climate change. The aim of the study is to assess the change in rainfall climatology and determine the performance of three GPM rainfall products (IMERG Final_Run, GSMaP_Gauge and recently developed GSMaP_ISRO) against in situ observation over major Indian River basins for the monsoon season rainfall during 2000–2020. The analysis provides valuable insights into the issues in the rainfall products and their performance under varying rainfall intensity (low, moderate and heavy) and orography. Results indicate that mean monsoon rainfall is better represented in GSMaP_ISRO than IMERG Final_Run and GSMaP_Gauge estimates. GSMaP_ISRO outperformed IMERG Final_Run and GSMaP_Gauge with smaller root‐mean‐square error and higher correlation coefficient. It was observed that the performance of GPM rainfall is influenced by rainfall intensity and terrain height of basins. In particular, for high rainfall occurrence, the Brahmaputra and Barak basins in northeast India exhibited large uncertainties in IMERG Final_Run and GSMaP_Gauge products. The statistical evaluation of different rainfall scores (POD, FAR and CSI) suggested that the GSMaP_ISRO rainfall has significant skill over Indian river basins. A significant improvement is observed over Brahmaputra (RMSD = 34.46, CC = 0.92, FAR = 0.26), Barak and others (RMSD = 65.75, CC = 0.95, FAR = 0.29) and Cauvery basin (RMSD = 23.1, CC = 0.8, FAR = 0.15) for GSMaP_ISRO estimates. These findings provide valuable information on the accuracy of GPM rainfall necessary for hydro‐meteorological applications.

Abstract In this study, the potential changes in tropical cyclone (TC) lifetime in the western North Pacific basin are examined for different future climates. Using homogeneous 9-km-resolution dynamical downscaling with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, we show that TC-averaged lifetime displays insignificant change under both low and high greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. However, more noticeable changes in the tails of TC lifetime statistics are captured in our downscaling simulations, with more frequent long-lived TCs (lifetime of 8–11 days) and less short-lived TCs (lifetime of 3–5 days). Unlike present-day simulations, it is found that the correlation between TC lifetime and the Niño index is relatively weak and insignificant in all future downscaling simulations, thus offering little explanation for these changes in TC lifetime statistics based on El Niño–Southern Oscillation. More detailed analyses of TC track distribution in the western North Pacific basin reveal, nevertheless, a noticeable shift of TC track patterns toward the end of the twenty-first century. Such a change in TC track climatology results in an overall longer duration of TCs over the open ocean, which is consistent across future scenarios and periods examined in this study. This shift in the TC track pattern is ultimately linked to changes in the western North Pacific subtropical high, which retreats to the south during July and to the east during August–September. The results obtained in this study provide new insights into how large-scale circulations can affect TC lifetime in the western North Pacific basin in warmer climates. Significance Statement Using high-resolution dynamical downscaling with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model under low- and high-emission scenarios, this study shows that the basin-averaged tropical cyclone (TC) lifetime in the western North Pacific (WNP) basin has no noticeable change under both warmer climate scenarios, despite an overall increase in TC maximum intensity. However, the tails of the TC lifetime distribution display significant changes, with more long-lived (6–20 days) TCs but less short-lived (3–5 days) TCs in the future. These changes in TC lifetime statistics are caused by the shift of the North Pacific subtropical high, which alters large-scale steering flows and TC track patterns. These results help explain why previous studies on TC lifetime projections have been inconclusive in the WNP basin and provide new insights into how large-scale circulations can modulate TC lifetime in a warmer climate.

Living beings as open systems depend on climate and weather to survive. However, changes in the Earth's climatology, which have become more frequent since the industrial period, have affected different territories of the planet, limiting access to ecosystem services and causing imbalances in health and well-being. The first purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review on academic production regarding climate change and its impact on health, in the context of education, using international academic production condensed in the Web of Science (WOS) database over the last 10 years as a reference. The second purpose focuses on identifying the environmental attitudes of science teachers in initial training regarding aspects related to climate change. The study results show three categories emerging from the literature review: Climate Change and Health, Nature and Risks, and Environment and Energy. For the analysis of environmental attitudes, a survey was conducted with 51 pre-service teachers, consisting of 59 items distributed in five categories: (a) environment, (b) climate change, (c) health, (d) education, and (e) lifestyle. Although the results reveal a positive attitude towards all analyzed categories, it is important to advance effective mitigation and adaptation strategies from the teacher training processes themselves.

North Atlantic hurricanes are a major driver of property losses in the United States and a critical peril for the reinsurance industry globally. We leverage insurance loss data and stochastic modeling to investigate the impacts of projected changes in hurricane climatology on the insurance industry, for +2 °C and +4 °C warming scenarios. We find that, relative to the historical baseline 1950-2022, expected changes in wind speed and rainfall may increase hurricane losses by 5% −15% (+2 °C) and 10% − 30% (+4 °C), with greater impacts at lower return periods than in the tail. The historical 100-year loss event may therefore be exceeded on average every 80 years (+2 °C) and 70 years (+4 °C). The expected changes in average annual loss are projected to be 10% (+2 °C) and 15% (+4 °C), with the largest relative increase attributable to precipitation-induced losses. Under the extreme SSP5-8.5 scenario, the expected loss inflation due to climate change is thus on the order of 0.5% per annum.

Abstract This study focuses on the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a hyperthermal event characterized by a rapid increase in global temperature (5–8°C) over 20 ka, in the Southern Pyrenean Foreland Basin. Although there is evidence of increased flood discharge and erosion in the Southern Pyrenees, how paleoclimatic conditions and weathering evolved remains to be assessed. This study focuses on the catchment scale climatological changes recorded in the clay minerals of floodplain paleosols, giving insights into how rainfall affected the weathering regime during and after the hyperthermal event. The oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) isotope compositions were analyzed in two clay fractions in paleosols of the Esplugafreda continental section. The clay minerals comprise a dominant smectite‐rich assemblage, which indicates a predominantly seasonal, semi‐arid climate throughout the section. Two positive excursions in the δ18O record during the Pre‐Onset Excursion (POE) and the Syn‐PETM support an increase in air near‐surface temperature. Using the δD and δ18O smectite fractionation factors, we estimate a Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) of 24.2 ± 1.0°C for the POE and 27.0 ± 0.8°C for the Syn‐PETM. The δD values show a relatively stable composition during the climatic disturbance, which suggests that this mid‐latitude catchment was overall characterized by low yearly rainfall, with a peak in extreme events during the body of the PETM and a trend toward aridification during the recovery phase of the PETM, supported by the paleosol morphotype. These climatic conditions suggest a kinetically controlled weathering regime, where physical transport of the sediments played a primary role as a denudation mechanism.

Abstract Large datasets, combined with modeling techniques, provide a quantitative way to estimate when known archaeological sites will be impacted by climatological changes. With over 4,000 archaeological sites recorded on the coast of Georgia, USA, the state provides an ideal opportunity to compare methods. Here, we compare the popular passive “bathtub” modeling with the dynamic Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) combined with the Marshes Equilibrium Model (MEM). The goal of this effort is to evaluate prior modeling and test the benefits of more detailed ecological modeling in assessing site loss. Our findings indicate that although rough counts of archaeological sites destroyed by sea-level rise (SLR) are similar in all approaches, using the latter two methods provides critical information needed in prioritizing site studies and documentation before irrevocable damages occur. Our results indicate that within the next 80 years, approximately 40% of Georgia's coastal sites will undergo a loss of archaeological context due to wetlands shifting from dry ecological zones to transitional marshlands or submerged estuaries and swamps.

Species assemblage composition of marine microfossils offers the possibility to investigate ecological and climatological change on time scales inaccessible using conventional observations. Planktonic foraminifera - calcareous zooplankton - have an excellent fossil record and are used extensively in palaeoecology and palaeoceanography. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 19,000 – 23,000 years ago), the climate was in a radically different state. This period is therefore a key target to investigate climate and biodiversity under different conditions than today. Studying LGM climate and ecosystems indeed has a long history, yet the most recent global synthesis of planktonic foraminifera assemblage composition is now nearly two decades old. Here we present the ForCenS-LGM dataset with 2,365 species assemblage samples collected using standardised methods and with harmonised taxonomy. The data originate from marine sediments from 664 sites and present a more than 50% increase in coverage compared to previous work. The taxonomy is compatible with the most recent global core top dataset, enabling direct investigation of temporal changes in foraminifera biogeography and facilitating seawater temperature reconstructions.

Initialization is essential for accurate seasonal-to-decadal (S2D) climate predictions. The initialization schemes used differ on the component initialized, the Data Assimilation method, or the technique. We compare five popular schemes within NorCPM following the same experimental protocol: reanalysis from 1980 to 2010 and seasonal and decadal predictions initialized from the reanalysis. We compare atmospheric initialization—Newtonian relaxation (nudging)—against ocean initialization—Ensemble Kalman Filter—(ODA). On the atmosphere, we explore the benefit of full-field (NudF-UVT) or anomaly (NudA-UVT) nudging of horizontal winds and temperature (U, V, and T) observations. The scheme NudA-UV nudges horizontal winds to disentangle the role of wind-driven variability. The ODA+NudA-UV scheme is a first attempt at joint initialization of ocean and atmospheric components in NorCPM. During the reanalysis, atmospheric nudging improves the synchronization of the atmosphere and land components with the observed data. Conversely, ODA is more effective at synchronizing the ocean component with observations. The atmospheric nudging schemes are better at reproducing specific events, such as the rapid North Atlantic subpolar gyre shift. An abrupt climatological change using the NudA-UV scheme demonstrates that energy conservation is crucial when only assimilating winds. ODA outperforms atmospheric-initialized versions for S2D global predictions, while atmospheric nudging is preferable for accurately initializing phenomena in specific regions, with the technique’s benefit depending on the prediction’s temporal scale. For instance, atmospheric full-field initialization benefits the tropical Atlantic Niño at 1-month lead time, and atmospheric anomaly initialization benefits longer lead times, reducing hindcast drift. Combining atmosphere and ocean initialization yields sub-optimal results, as sustaining the ensemble’s reliability—required for ODA’s performance—is challenging with atmospheric nudging.

Abstract The variability of Mars exosphere over monthly to solar‐cycle scales at 251 and 412 km altitude is quantified by analysis of 41‐Ls mean densities derived from precise orbit determination of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and Mars Odyssey (MO) satellites, respectively. The data encompass 2006–2020 (MRO) and 2002–2020 (MO). At both altitudes, most of the variance is captured by cos(Ls–ϕ), where ϕ ≈ 258°. This term represents the effects of solar heating changes due to the eccentricity of Mars orbit around the Sun, and climatological changes in heating due to lower‐atmosphere dust loading, which does not play a significant role. The remaining variability is connected with the “irregular” variability of solar flux over monthly time scales. For MO, the presence of Helium disrupts a clean correlation with these sources.

Abstract Florida’s summertime precipitation patterns are in part influenced by convergence between the synoptic-scale wind and local sea-breeze fronts that form along the east and west coasts of the peninsula. While the National Weather Service previously defined nine sea-breeze regimes resulting from variations in the synoptic-scale vector wind field near Tampa, Florida, these regimes were developed using a shorter 18-yr period and examined primarily for the purposes of short-term weather prediction. This study employs reanalysis data to develop a full 30-yr climatology of the Florida sea-breeze regime distribution and analyze the composite mean atmospheric conditions associated with each regime. Further, given that 1) the synoptic-scale wind primarily varies as a result of movement in the western ridge of the North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH), and 2) previous studies suggest long-term shifts in the mean position of the NASH western ridge, this study also examines variability and trends in the sea-breeze regime distribution and its relationship to rainy-day frequency over a longer 60-yr period. Results indicate that synoptic-scale flow from the west through southwest, which enhances precipitation probabilities along the eastern half of the peninsula, has increased in frequency, while flow from the east through northeast has decreased in frequency. These changes in the sea-breeze regime distribution may be partially responsible for increases in rainy-day frequency during June–August over northeastern Florida, though results suggest that other factors likely contribute to interannual variability in precipitation across the southern peninsula.