Client Knowledge Research Articles

Construction project performance: the role of client knowledge and procurement systems

PurposeThis study aims to investigate whether clients’ knowledge about construction procurement systems influence project performance objectives and the role of procurement systems on project performance objectives in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachUsing a two-round survey, 90 usable questionnaires from construction professionals in South Africa plus 3 expert clients were collected. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics – means, percentages and the analytical hierarchy process to determine the rank of client project performance criteria, while inferential statistics – Pearson product-moment correlation was used in establishing the relationship between the level of clients’ knowledge and project performance.FindingsIt was found that the common procurement systems used are traditional, followed by management-oriented and integrated procurement systems. In addition, it emerged that client’s knowledge of procurement systems shows a positive relationship with the achievement of project performance objectives. Based on these findings, it is concluded that some procurement systems being selected by clients in South Africa are inappropriately selected. This is despite the emergence of more efficient procurement systems. If procurement systems are selected based on the knowledge of the client, it will give better chances of a successful project outcome.Practical implicationsThe research suggests the need for clients to seek ways to improve their understanding or increase their knowledge of procurement systems in construction. Policymakers’ responsibilities in driving policies that will place responsibilities on clients to seek a reasonable way to improve their knowledge where possible is implied in the study.Originality/valueIt contributes to improving project performance by examining whether the level of knowledge possessed by a client influences project performance.

BUSINESS CONSULTING AS A FACTOR OF KNOWLEDGE IMPROVEMENT IN HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

This paper investigates the role of business consulting in the creation and transfer of business knowledge to human resources in companies. Consulting interventions are focused on the effective management of the client's knowledge organization. The goal of launching a knowledge management initiative is to improve the performance of the organization and individuals through the identification, adoption, evaluation and transfer of knowledge. The model of creative management is based on the philosophical assumption that the real world, which surrounds modern organizations, is dynamic, turbulent and changeable and that, as such, it requires organizations and their management to perform complex activities. These activities require Serbian managers not only to solve problems caused by uncertainty, but also to recognize and take advantage of new business opportunities. During business consulting projects, employees can be engaged in a number of learning activities, but it is crucial to transfer new business knowledge to real business activities. In the realization of the research task, desk research of data that is predominantly related to: business consulting, human resources management, measuring changes in skills and knowledge during consulting interventions, creative management, etc. was used. When analyzing this area, it is necessary to focus on motivating employees to generate their knowledge. Namely, employees must be acquainted with certain standards, technical conditions and production norms, etc. It is necessary to create the atmosphere of a learning company, ie. form trained and creative people from employees. It is wrong to view employees only as executors of work orders. An instructive example is Japanese companies, which are characterized by above-average productivity, where the so-called bottom-up initiative in collecting ideas and decision-making, which in further work leads to high motivation of workers. The introduction of changes requires employees in the organization to acquire new knowledge, gather more information, cope with new tasks, improve their skills, and often change their work habits, values ​​and attitudes. This includes changes in people: in management and employees, their abilities, motivation, behavior and efficiency at work. It also includes changes in organizational culture: changes in values, established customs, information relations, influence, management style. The results of the research show that the team work of managers, consultants and employees contributes to the constitution of knowledge-based management, ready for the challenges of modern business. Experience in team work is important for holders of creative management, since it is based on the formation of top management teams. To help with human resources, managers, relying on behavioral science, can use a number of methods that facilitate development and change in individuals, groups, or businesses to manage toward a goal.

Evaluation of a Safe Sleep Training for Home Visitors and Their Clients.

Sleep-related deaths are a common preventable cause of death, and such deaths occur disproportionately in families of color. Home visitors provide families with education about infant safe sleep guidelines; however, families face many barriers to engaging in safe sleep practices. This study evaluated the efficacy of a program to train home visitors to talk to clients about infant safe sleep using Motivational Interviewing and cultural sensitivity. We examined the effects of the intervention on home visitors' (n = 23) knowledge, MI skill use, and cultural sensitivity using a single group pre-post design. We also examined home visiting clients' (n = 78) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors using a quasi-experimental design. Home visitors were primarily female (97%), had a college degree (86%), and were primarily white (50%) or African American (43%). The home visiting clients were all female and were primarily African American (43%) and Caucasian (36%). Most clients (59%) earned less than 30,000 dollars per year. Home visitors showed significant improvement in MI skill use and cultural sensitivity from pre- to post-test. Regarding client outcomes, our results indicate a significant group by time interaction when predicting changes in client knowledge such that the treatment group showed larger gains than the control group. There were no significant differences between groups when predicting changes in client attitudes or behavior. MI may be an effective technique for home visitors to help increase families' safe sleep knowledge. Additional research is needed to examine whether such training can translate to changes in families' safe sleep behavior.

OVERVIEW SELF EFFICACY OF SPIRITUAL AND PATIENTS HIV/AIDS IN THE PROVINCE BENGKULU

Our objective is to see the picture of self-efficacy, and the level of spirituality of HIV / AIDS patients in Bengkulu Province. The results of this study can be used to increase the client's knowledge about the importance of self-efficacy, and spiritual level of the HIV / AIDS patient itself. Its Benefits As an ingredient consideration for further research as well as motivating researchers to read the latest issues and trends regarding HIV / AIDS, especially in the Province Bengkulu. using this type of descriptive research in order to explain how to describe self-efficacy and spiritual level in HIV / AIDS patients at Bengkulu Province. (Nursalam 2008, in Henni, 2011) The population in this study are all HIV / AIDS positive clients, amounting to 177 people in the Province Bengkulu.used was Thepurposive sampling sample123 people were sampled with certain criteria (Hardani, 2020). The results show most PLHIV in Bengkulu Province in this study have self efficacy sufficientthat about 24 out of 50 respondents enter into it category of ODHA with Self Efficacy sufficient. and on spiritual variables some ODHA respondents in Bengkulu Province have a high spiritual level where this is supported by the results of the study that of the 50 respondents 41 people fall into the category of a high spiritual level. The benefits of research can be additional literature for nursing institutions regarding aspects of self-efficacy and spiritual in order to create a characteristic nurse. ODHA is expected to increase knowledge about Self Efficacy and Spiritual level in order to be able optimize existing support and guidance resources. Researchers hope there is further research related to other factors that affect health especially for people living with HIV / AIDS. .

Factors Influencing Clients’ Commitment to Sustainable Construction Practices

The success of every construction projects largely depends on the level of commitment of the clients. This study examined the factors influencing the level of clients’ commitment to sustainable construction practices in Nigeria. A questionnaire survey was use to collect data from the public and private construction clients on the level of influence of 16 factors extracted from the literature. A total of 182 valid questionnaires were used for analysis. The result revealed that nine factors with weighted average (W) 0.8≤W≤1 have a high level of influence, whereas seven factors with 0.6≤W≤0.8 have a high-medium level of influence on the clients’ commitment. However, the five most influential factors were: client knowledge and awareness, Cost implication and mechanism of financial involvement, economic value and return on investment, end-user/client perception and preference, and health and safety implications. The result further revealed that there is significant difference on how these factors influence the level of commitment of sustainable construction practices of the public and private clients. The study suggested that the disparity was due to the differences in the level of knowledge, awareness, involvement and commitment of the public and private clients to sustainable construction concept. Hence, it is important to optimize the level of knowledge and awareness of the clients, about the cost, benefits/profits, and health and safety implications of sustainable construction practices so as to promote the level of client’s commitment to sustainable construction practices. It recommended for adequate client involvement throughout the sustainable construction life cycle and a sustained awareness campaign, championed by relevant government agencies and professional organizations through different public programs so as to increase the clients’ commitment and desirability to demand for more sustainable construction projects.

Building Information Modeling and Building Knowledge Modeling in Project Management

Background: The key element for the success of construction projects in the era of technology and information is knowledge. Knowledge management in the construction sector has become a necessary and vital matter, starting with the planning stage, designing, implementing and ending with operation and maintenance stage. One of the most prominent features of knowledge in the construction sector is the building knowledge modeling (BKM). Problem: Although the design stage is considered one of the most important stages of the construction project in terms of eliciting the knowledge element, designers suffer from poor knowledge management, as well as their inability to exploit the capabilities and benefits of building information modeling (BIM), especially knowledge management. Objective: The main aim of this study is to present a conceptual model that integrates the basic principles of knowledge management with contemporary principles of BIM in the design stage and has the ability to store, classify and share the knowledge generated from past designs into future projects. Methodology: The research methodology is constructed on reviewing the pillars of the proposed conceptual model, namely: BKM parameters, BKM library, and BKM clash detection system, then a hypothetical case to prove the validity of the proposed conceptual model using Basmaya residential complex project in the Republic of Iraq is presented as a case study. Results: New four definitions are introduced: client knowledge, context knowledge, standards knowledge and technical knowledge. The conceptual model proposed in this study has shown great ability and high efficiency in improving and developing knowledge management in the design stage of buildings and projects. In addition, the knowledge stored in the BKM library can be reused in designing new projects in the future. Novelty: The conceptual model has the ability to update constantly itself over time by sharing the knowledge of designers, suppliers and other stakeholders.

The Impact of Seller-Buyer Relationship Quality in the Financial Service Industry

The investigation examined some issues regarding relationship quality between buyer and seller from the perspective of an (a) financial service industry. The aim of the research investigate factors affecting relationship quality between buyer and seller in the financial service industry, and maintain a stronger and long-term relationship include client knowledge, customer orientation, expertise and similarity. The study will apply quantitative analysis which use sample instrument with the multiple regression analysis and employed the SPSS 23.0 version software. The paper has been argued customer relationship quality that will be determined by a few independent variables. Thus, it is timely to test the significance of relationship quality among buyers and sellers in the financial service industry. The research will utilize a questionnaire survey to examine customer relationship quality between buyer and seller perceptions of the influence of the various factors on relationship quality.

Shared decision-making and maternity care in the deep learning age: Acknowledging and overcoming inherited defeaters.

In recent years there has been an explosion of interest in Artificial Intelligence (AI) both in health care and academic philosophy. This has been due mainly to the rise of effective machine learning and deep learning algorithms, together with increases in data collection and processing power, which have made rapid progress in many areas. However, use of this technology has brought with it philosophical issues and practical problems, in particular, epistemic and ethical. In this paper the authors, with backgrounds in philosophy, maternity care practice and clinical research, draw upon and extend a recent framework for shared decision‐making (SDM) that identified a duty of care to the client's knowledge as a necessary condition for SDM. This duty entails the responsibility to acknowledge and overcome epistemic defeaters. This framework is applied to the use of AI in maternity care, in particular, the use of machine learning and deep learning technology to attempt to enhance electronic fetal monitoring (EFM). In doing so, various sub‐kinds of epistemic defeater, namely, transparent, opaque, underdetermined, and inherited defeaters are taxonomized and discussed. The authors argue that, although effective current or future AI‐enhanced EFM may impose an epistemic obligation on the part of clinicians to rely on such systems' predictions or diagnoses as input to SDM, such obligations may be overridden by inherited defeaters, caused by a form of algorithmic bias. The existence of inherited defeaters implies that the duty of care to the client's knowledge extends to any situation in which a clinician (or anyone else) is involved in producing training data for a system that will be used in SDM. Any future AI must be capable of assessing women individually, taking into account a wide range of factors including women's preferences, to provide a holistic range of evidence for clinical decision‐making.

The role of client knowledge absorptive capacity for innovation in KIBS

PurposeThis paper aims to study the relationship between the knowledge exchanged during client interactions and innovation in knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) enterprises. It adapts the concept of absorptive capacity, i.e. the ability of the firm to successfully deal with external knowledge, to the case of client knowledge being absorbed with the support of information and communication technologies and explores whether its three main dimensions (acquisition, assimilation and application of client knowledge) are significant enablers of KIBS’ innovation propensity.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical analysis is based on a dataset of 417 Russian KIBS companies collected in 2019 following the recommendations suggested in the new edition of Oslo Manual. To examine the relationship between the three-client knowledge absorptive capacity dimensions and implementation of different types of innovation by KIBS, the study applies linear ordinary least squares and logistic regression methods.FindingsThe results show that acquisition of client knowledge through the wide number of digital channels, assimilation of such knowledge boosted by its codification through a digital customer relationship management (CRM) system and application of client knowledge across different functional areas are positively associated with both product and business process innovations in KIBS.Originality/valueThe paper proposes that KIBS should develop and sustain the strong internal capacity to absorb knowledge through routine day-to-day client interactions as a part of their knowledge management systems. The results also indicate that application of digital communication tools and CRM systems are beneficial for KIBS and increases their propensity to innovate.

Primary care quality in Vietnam: Perceptions and opinions of primary care physicians in commune health centers - a mixed-methods study.

IntroductionMeasuring the performance of a primary care system is one of the very first steps to find out whether there is room for improvement. To obtain an objective and comprehensive view, this measurement should come from both the supply and demand sides of the system. Patients’ experiences of primary care have been studied around the world, but much less energy has been invested in researching providers’ perspectives. This research aims to explore how primary care physicians working at commune health centers in Vietnam evaluate their performance and their opinions on how to improve the quality of primary care services.Materials and methodsFirst, a quantitative study was conducted using the validated Vietnamese PCAT questionnaire—provider expanded version (VN PCAT PE) targeting all primary care physicians (PCPs) working at commune health centers in a province of Central Vietnam. Next, a qualitative study was carried out, consisting of in-depth interviews with PCPs, to better understand the results of the quantitative survey and gain insight on barriers of primary care services and how to overcome them.ResultsIn the quantitative portion of our study, 150 PCPs rated the quality of ongoing care and first contact in CHCs as the best (3.09 and 3.11 out of 4, respectively), and coordination as the worst performing core domain (2.53). Twenty-two PCPs also participated in our qualitative research. In regards to challenges that primary care physicians face during their daily practice, three central themes emerged: 1) patient factors such as client attitude and knowledge, 2) provider factors such as the burden of administrative work and lack of training opportunities, and 3) contextual factors such as low income and lack of resources including medicines and diagnostics. Participants recommended more health promotion campaigns in the media, increasing the number of services available at CHCs (such as being able to take blood samples), reducing the workload related to administration for CHC leaders, greater government subsidies, and providing more training courses for PCPs.ConclusionsFindings from this study offer a valuable view from the supply-side of the primary care system, specifically those who directly deliver primary care services. Along with the earlier study on consumers’ evaluation of the Vietnamese primary care system, and literature from other low and middle-income countries, these findings offer emerging evidence for policymakers to improve the quality of primary care in Vietnam.

Inclusion of Nutrition Expertise in Catering Operations at a Major Global Sporting Event: A Qualitative Case Study Using a Foodservice Systems Approach

BackgroundMajor sporting event catering is a significant undertaking for foodservice providers, particularly with an increasing focus on sustainability, global health, and nutrition demands of athletes. Yet, the inclusion of nutrition expertise in catering varies significantly between events. Foodservice systems models are commonly used to evaluate foodservice operations but to date have not been applied to catering and nutrition at major sporting events. ObjectiveThe aim of this exploratory case study was to gain in-depth insights of key stakeholders (catering management, chefs, organizers, and dietitians) regarding the integration of nutrition into the catering operation of a major global sporting event, with a focus on future continuity, and map this to the foodservice systems model using a program logic model. SettingSemistructured interviews were conducted with 12 stakeholders during and after the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Gold Coast, Australia. ResultsThe 8 themes that emerged were related to planning and preparation, refining processes, improvement of the menu, better technology, increase in food allergies/intolerances, organization controls, experience of the workforce, and increased client knowledge of nutrition. The logic model demonstrated that the system is driven by policy and budget at the level of control prior to and during the planning phase but modified by the environment during operation. ConclusionsDespite recognition by stakeholders on the importance of change, there are barriers to the provision of suitable food. Integration of nutrition expertise into tender documents and budgets in major event catering will help ensure nutritionally adequate, culturally suitable, and safe menus for future events.

How post-merger integration duration affects merger outcomes

PurposeThis study aims to confirm earlier findings that differences between merger and acquisition (M&A) participant firms are a hurdle for successful mergers and shows that merger outcomes can also be affected by the post-merger integration duration (PMID).Design/methodology/approachExperimental research on distinct cultures developed within experimental pre-merger subject groups is used to compare pre- and post-integration performances.FindingsThis study finds that firm distance (i.e. inherent differences between pre-merger firms) negatively influences merger success; no significant relationship between firm distance and PMID exists and PMID is positively related to merger success. Specifically, a slower integration minimizes conflicts between merger partners, enhances trust-building and reduces the disruption of existing resources and processes in both firms, which may benefit M&As. By contrast, a fast integration that shortens the overall integration process may discourage the combined entity from recognizing the intended synergy quickly.Research limitations/implicationsThe new finding that PMID can affect merger outcomes invites empirical validation. This study presents experimental evidence that prolonged, well-structured post-merger integration may compensate for the negative time-variant issues associated with PMID.Practical implicationsOrganizational support for collaborative learning between professional members should be a strategic consideration for firms so that acquiring business capabilities can be more natural and cost-efficient than building internal capabilities despite possibly slowing down the integration process. Encouraging a transfer of technical and client knowledge between the combined members can create value and understand differences in both the form and content of each firm’s knowledge base and the pre-existing mechanisms for sharing knowledge. It may lower the level of resistance in knowledge transfer.Originality/valueWhile M&As may better facilitate the cost-effective expansion of business offerings than building capabilities internally, they can require considerable time, preventing many firms from realizing their intended outcomes. Nevertheless, less attention has been focused on PMID and its influence on M&As. This study is the first to use experimental research to examine the effects of PMID on merger success.

Barrier Factors Affecting Adoption of Green Building Technologies in Nigeria

Greenhouse gas emission from activities in the built environment is increasing exponentially due to increase in building operations. This study aims at determining factors that affect adoption of Green Building Technologies that normally reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To elicit relevant information, online structured questionnaire forms were administered on practitioners who have been involved in green building development in Nigeria. Mean score ranking was adopted in ranking the barriers to green building technologies, while discriminant analysis was performed to examine how organizations groups (client, consulting, contracting, academia) were distinguished on the barrier factors identified. Findings revealed that, out of the 23 barrier factors considered in this research, lack of institutions to formulate policies and set guidelines (mean score - 4.5) ranked 1st as barrier to adoption of green building technologies in Nigeria. This is closely followed by lack of information about green products (4.0), low level of awareness about sustainability issues (4.0), human resource and client knowledge, lack of knowledge about green building technologies, high cost of green products, while unavailability of sustainable materials and products ranked the lowest (2.7). Only nine factors at 0.05 level of significance entered the discriminant analysis model and emerged as variables with the most significant power in differentiating the organization groupings on the basis of perceived barriers to adoption of green building technologies. The study recommends that there should be strong political will from government, to establish institutions that formulate policies on green building technologies.Keywords: Barriers, Green Building, Green Building Technologies.

Repurchase intention: the effect of similarity and client knowledge

PurposeThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of appearance, lifestyle and status similarity on interaction intensity, satisfaction with a banker and repurchase intention. Also examined was the moderating effect of client knowledge in the enhancement of customer satisfaction with a banker.Design/methodology/approachA total of 800 questionnaires using the snowball sampling technique were performed to distribute the questionnaires to bank customers at different ethnic community centers in New Zealand. A total of 377 useable questionnaires were collected for further analysis.FindingsThe findings indicated that the three types of similarity affect interaction intensity differently. Lifestyle similarity was found to positively influence interaction intensity. The similarity constructs of appearance and status were found to have an insignificant relationship with interaction intensity. The findings show that appearance similarity and interaction intensity are able to enhance customer satisfaction with a banker. Customer satisfaction with a banker has a significant relationship with repurchase intention. Client knowledge influences the degree of interaction intensity and satisfaction with a banker.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study help bankers to understand the importance of their similarities with a customer and to design recruitment strategies and training sections to improve customer satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the body of knowledge by incorporating interaction intensity, similarity and satisfaction with a bank into the repurchase intention model.

THE FACTORS MILITATING INTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS ON ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

There are numerous participants involved in construction projects including the client or sponsor of the project, regulatory bodies, contractors, consultants, ward councilors, community who affect or become affected by the project. Stakeholders can affect the road construction positive or negatively. Stakeholder’s engagement is done to avoid unnecessary conflicts and controversies and to attain the desired successful implementation of the project. The paper aims to identify the impact of internal stakeholders on road construction project. Quantitative approach was adopted for this study. 100 questionnaires were distributed and 76 were collected and analyzed. The data was collected through primary and secondary sources. Factor analysis was conducted, Correlation matric coefficients has been conducted to ensure visibility of coefficients greater than 0.3 and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkim (KMO) and Barlett’s test were conducted. From the findings it transpired that late payment to service providers; failure to verify contractor qualification; Client knowledge to review design documentation; inadequate involvement during construction project, lack of understanding project feasibility. The participation of stakeholders encourages the public to share their knowledge with the regulatory authorities, fosters better-informed decisions and decreases likelihood of project failure. Early stakeholder’s involvement can add benefits of diffusing opposition to a project.

Applying Health Belief Model among High Risk Hypertensive Clients

Background: Worldwide, recent reports indicate that more than one billion adults (more than a quarter of the world’s population) had hypertension, Aim: evaluation the effect of application (HBM) amongst high risk hypertensive clients. Research design: qausi experimental design was used. Sample: included ten percent of total number 910 of clients who attended on out-patient clinic in the previous year (214-2015). Setting: the study was conducted at out patients' clinic of medicine affiliated to the Ain Shams University Hospital. Tools: three tools were used to collect data; the first tool: was a self-administered questionnaire for assessing socio-demographic characteristics of clients, and their knowledge about hypertension. Second tool: (HBM) related to hypertension. Third tool: physically assessment health status of clients measured (BP, pulse, weight, height). Results: study indicated that more than half of hypertensive clients had unsatisfactory knowledge related to hypertension and near three fifth of them with higher percentage in female. Post health belief model application, there was highly significant improvement in clients knowledge, attitude, and blood pressure. Conclusion: the study proved that used of HBM as framework that guide and help improvement in client's knowledge, attitude, and health status. Recommendations: the study recommended that design and implement different educational programs based on HBM for hypertensive client's and regarding to needs assessment for hypertension (e.g.: definition, classification, causes, signs/symptoms, diagnostic methods, complication, methods of early detection of client's at high risk, management) to improve the rate of compliance by improving client's consequences. Counseling hypertensive client's every time whenever they visit to physician to improve the compliance to antihypertensive drugs, therapeutic lifestyle modification, and other needed self-cares to control hypertension. Design and disseminate related booklets and brochures to raise client's knowledge regarding hypertension (detect, treating, controlling) as well the community social support network. Utilize different media channels such as T.V., to raise population awareness regarding hypertension, prevention and intervention.

Holistically assessing collaborative culture in the AEC industry

The insufficient understanding and literature on people collaborating in the Architectural-Engineering-Construction (AEC) industry has prompted researchers to investigate this by conducting project-to-project comparisons. A mixed method-based comparison of two construction projects’ design teams was made in order to present factors to be considered in fostering a positive collaborative culture. Client knowledge and involvement, existing relationships between teams, stronger informal collaboration, a decentralised leadership style and the adequate monetary motivation to a firm were found to be most critical. The study also assessed whether the use of holistic analysis methods can quantitatively show the differences between the projects; in particular, which project had a more positive collaborative culture. The perception based method used correlated the variance of perception of the teamwork environment and systemic risk to the projects with a more positive collaborative culture; 80% of constructs (some postulated attribute of people assumed, to reflect in test performance) supported the qualitative data. Additionally, assessments of the personalities of respondents from the project with a more collaborative culture also showed higher collective agreeableness. Findings suggest that projects with more changes, more assumptions made and uncertainty in requirements affect the collaborative culture negatively.

GAMBARAN SELF EFFICACY DAN PENGETAHUAN PADA KLIEN TUBERKULOSIS

ABSTRACT
 Background : Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that is spread throughout the world and is a public health problem due to high morbidity and mortality. Along with the increasing prevalence of Tuberculosis events. Objective: To determine the self efficacy picture and knowledge of Tuberculosis clients in Bangil General Hospital. Method: Descriptive research with cross sectional approach. The research sample of 70 respondents with purposive sampling which inclusion and exclusion criteria. The instrument uses a questionnaire. Results: The results showed that tuberculosis clients had good self efficacy as many as 41 people (58.6%),%), quite as many as 20 people (28.6%) and the rest had less self efficacy as many as 9 people (12.9%) . and have good knowledge as many as 36 people (51.4%). Tuberculosis clients also have good knowledge as many as 36 people (51.4%), quite as many as 24 people (34.3%) and the rest have less knowledge as many as 10 people (14.3%). Conclusion: Clients' beliefs about self-care management can increase and be able to generate enthusiasm to seek knowledge, positive attitudes and self-management skills to improve and the client's health behavior in general. Client knowledge by providing information and understanding through a module media to the Tuberculosis client regarding Tuberculosis disease so as to increase the client's knowledge regarding management of her care.
 
 Keywords: Self efficacy, Knowledge, Tuberculosis
 

Sport Psychology Consultants’ Reflections on the Role of Humor: “It’s Like Having Another Skill in Your Arsenal”

Previous research demonstrates that sport psychology consultants use humor to facilitate working alliances, reinforce client knowledge, and create healthy learning environments. The current study sought to gain further insights into consultants’ reflections on the role of humor, humor styles, purposes for humor, and experiences of humor use. Forty-eight sport psychology consultants completed an online survey comprising open-ended questions. Thematic analysis revealed four themes: “It’s the way I tell ’em,” “It’s the way I don’t tell ’em,” “This is why I tell ’em,” and learning to use humor in consultancy. Participants used 2 styles of humor (deadpan and self-deprecating), each with the goal of facilitating the working alliance. Although not all participants used humor during consultancy, its incorporation might render the working alliance and real relationship as resources in ways (e.g., a “barometer” that predicts consultancy outcomes) previously not considered in applied sport psychology.

To share or not to share: The importance of peer firm similarity to auditor choice

A firm’s decision on whether to choose the same auditor as a close competitor reflects a trade-off between exercising caution to protect its proprietary information and pursuing the benefits of auditor knowledge derived from providing services to comparable clients. We conduct a survey of audit partners whose responses confirm that clients weigh these competing incentives when selecting an external auditor. Building on our survey evidence from very experienced practitioners, we empirically analyze this phenomenon using archival data. Employing a pairwise similarity measure based on descriptions from regulatory filings, we find that, on average, peer firms are more likely to engage the same auditor when their product offerings are more similar. In instances when the focal firm shares the same auditor with more similar peer firms, the focal firm benefits from enhanced audit quality while also paying lower audit fees. Despite these benefits, we find that peer firms are less likely to share auditors with rivals in settings with greater perceived costs of information leakage as well as embedded auditor-client relationships in which the auditor retains deep client knowledge. Collectively, we provide evidence that, although the upside stemming from auditor knowledge, on average, dominates the downside of greater vulnerability to information leakage, proprietary cost concerns motivate firms to deviate from seeking auditor expertise.