Clean Pipe Research Articles

Peningkatan Fasilitas Air Bersih dan Sanitasi Lingkungan di Daerah Pedesaan melalui Kegiatan Kuliah Kerja Nyata

The problems that occur at the research location are regarding clean water and sanitation such as dirty living environments, village facilities and infrastructure such as leaking clean water pipes, non-existent water storage tanks, and non-existent trash bins and RT signs in each RT, and The damaged village office monument needs attention. The location of the KKN activity is in Ngoranale Village, Bajawa District, Ngada Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This KKN activity is the result of collaboration between the local village government, community, students, and Field Supervisors (DPL). The aim of this activity is for students to gain learning experience by being directly involved with the community through problems found and finding solutions to problems regarding improving clean water facilities and environmental sanitation. There are several problems encountered at the location, so there needs to be a joint effort to reduce or overcome these problems. 1) carrying out preliminary activities to build clean water storage tanks, 2) making trash cans and RT signs, 3) repairing the village office monument, and 4) community service cleaning the environment of Ngoranale Village. It is hoped that the results of this activity will provide benefits to the government and local community, and can work together for next year's KKN activities.

Manganese and iron oxides on pipe surface promote dissolved aluminum accumulation in drinking water distribution systems

Aluminum-containing deposits are pervasive in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). However, the mechanisms driving dissolved Al transformation to pipe deposits remain elusive. This study investigated dissolved Al accumulation in DWDSs by batch experiments and long-term pipe experiments using actual finished water. PVC pipe experiments showed that dissolved Al hardly deposited on clean PVC pipe walls at alkaline pH. However, it could be substantially anchored by the pipe surface covered with Mn and Fe deposits formed from Mn(II) oxidation and Fe(III) precipitation. Batch experiments verified that the synthesized Mn and Fe oxides exhibited a strong capacity for dissolved Al uptake at pH 7.7 and 9.0 (dissolved Al was the dominant form). Biofilms on pipe walls also enhanced dissolved Al accumulation. Iron pipe experiments showed that corroded iron pipes with abundant iron corrosion products readily accumulated Al. Compared to chlorination and chloramination, non-disinfected conditions were more favorable for particulate Al deposition on iron pipe surface, probably due to Al immobilization by biofilms. In addition, continuous Al accumulation in iron pipes enhanced Fe release to pipe water. This study highlighted the important role of metal oxides in dissolved Al accumulation in DWDSs with abundant Mn and Fe solids, which provided new insights into deposit formation and control strategies.

Impact of Pipe Length on Discharge and Headloss in PVC Water Pipe Installations

This study was conducted to investigate the implications of pipe length on water discharge and headloss in clean water pipe installations in Klampok hamlet, Indonesia. Three residential houses were selected as research sites, each equipped with a 2-inch diameter PVC type pipe and a water pump with a power of 3.6 housepower. The goal was to measure the water discharge, major and minor headloss, and the flow pattern within these pipe installations. Results revealed a water pump discharge to the reservoir of 0.004 m3/s, while the reservoir water discharge designated to supply residents’ houses was 0.0026 m3/s. Further, the study uncovered that headloss value was inversely proportional to pipe length, with a maximum major headloss value of 1.764 m at 17 m and a minimum of 1.038 m at 10 m, similarly mirrored in minor headloss values. Finally, the flow pattern within the pipe, irrespective of its length, was found to be turbulent, as deduced from the Reynolds number (Re=165,780 > 4,000). These findings underscore the role of pipe length in dictating energy loss and water discharge rates, offering key insights for the design and installation of efficient water supply systems.

Streamlining allows fan worms to make a speedy retreat

Home building is an honourable tradition. Termites construct mounds, birds weave nests and fan worms secrete tubes in which they reside, protruding their feathery tentacles from the top to breathe and dine. Yet, when startled, the diaphanous worms retract almost instantaneously into the security of their homes. Impressed by the worm's high-speed manoeuvre, Zhao Pan (University of Waterloo, Canada), Zhigang Wu and Jianing Wu (Sun Yat-Sen University, China) were curious how the frilly creatures retreat so fast without damaging their delicate tentacles, but first they had to figure out how to see the enclosed worms in action.‘The fast speed and the fact that the tube is not see-through make it hard to understand what happens’, says Jianing Wu. However, Michael Bok (University of Lund, Sweden) knew that the worms can relocate if their home is no longer adequate; could the team rehome the worms in transparent glass tubes to get a better view? Collecting six species of fan worm from an aquarium shop in Zhangzhou, Fujian, China, Wei Jiang and Yu Sun (Sun Yat-Sen University) snipped the worms’ tubes off at the base and gently squeezed the animals out before offering them a glass tube to crawl into. Once the worms had settled in, Jiang and Sun filmed the animals as they extended their bodies 2–3 times their usual length, contentedly unfurling their tentacles. Then, they startled the worms with a sudden squirt of water.Impressively, the worms pulled their tentacles in at speeds of up to ∼400 mm s−1 – faster for their size than the speediest fish in the sea – retracting entirely within 76 ms. But how did the worms power their extraordinary withdrawals? Jiang and Sun measured the quantity of the muscles running along the length of the animals’ bodies, which contract when pulling the tentacles to safety, and realised that on average the muscles comprise 43% of the worm's trunk, compared with just 29% for a regular worm, producing contraction forces 36 times stronger than their own body weight. So, fan worms have the muscle mass and power to pull their tentacles to safety in the blink of an eye, but how do the animals protect their fluffy tentacles from destruction when yanked so forcibly?Filming the tentacles with a high-speed camera (3200 frames s−1), Jiang and Sun saw the barbule-like structures (pinnules), which give the tentacles their feathery appearance when fluffed out, collapse in toward the tentacle until it looked like a stripped feather. Only then did the worms begin to pull their limbs to safety. The pair then calculated how the pinnules’ collapse affected how strongly the water dragged on a tentacle, realising that the drag forces were reduced by almost 50% when the pinnules lay flat. In addition, the team discovered that the smooth tentacles would carry 75% less water than when fluffed out, allowing the worm to retract them more efficiently.The team also noticed pronounced circular ridges running around the circumference of the worm's body when fully extended, which squashed flat as the worm retreated inside its glass tube. Calculating the impact of losing the ridges on the worm's friction while withdrawing into the tube, the team found that the friction was decreased by 89% within the first 7 ms of the manoeuvre, allowing the body to slide almost effortlessly past the tube walls.Pan and JianingWu say, ‘These strategies allow fan worms to execute rapid escape responses’, protecting their frond-like tentacles from hungry fish – and they are optimistic that streamlined fan worms could inspire the next generation of robots designed to clean pipes.

KAJIAN EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN BERBAGAI JENIS PIPA PADA BANGUNAN RUMAH TINGGAL BERDASARKAN PEMODELAN INSTALASI PIPA AIR BERSIH DAN ANALISIS ANGGARAN PELAKSANAAN

<p>The installation of clean water is a very important building component to support<br />the activities of residents in the building, because this component is a provider of<br />water needs for building occupants to carry out bathing, washing, cooking activities,<br />and so on. In planning a clean water installation system, four criteria must be met,<br />namely: Sufficient quantity, Hygienic, Optimal technical, and Economical. Research<br />has been carried out by modeling clean water installation to determine the type of<br />pipe that most effectively meets the clean water installation criteria to be applied to<br />residential buildings. The method used in this study is the modeling of a clean water<br />pipe installation with 3 types of pipes (Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Poly Propylene<br />Random (PPR), and Galvanis), measuring the flow rate and water pressure by<br />simulating all the open sanitation points and simulating one of the open sanitation<br />points in turn, then performing calculation of Implementation of Budget Plan for<br />pipe installation. The results showed that the flow rate and pressure readings on the<br />PVC pipe installation experienced an increase in the flow rate of 0.00624 m3 and<br />the pressure decreased by 3.015 psi, the PPR pipe installation experienced an<br />increase in the flow rate of 0.0104 m3 and the pressure decreased by 3.86 psi, while<br />the galvanized pipe installation experienced an increase in the flow rate of 0.029 m3<br />and the pressure decreased by 3,285 psi. The cost needed to make a PVC pipe<br />installation is Rp. 336,635, to make a PPR pipe installation of Rp. 514,583, and to<br />install a Galvanized pipe of Rp. 538,370. Based on the results of testing and analysis<br />of the implementation budget, it can be concluded that the most effective type of pipe<br />to be used in the installation of clean water pipes in residential homes is PVC pipe.</p>

Recent Patents on Petroleum Pipe Inspection Gauge in China

Background: As the demand for petroleum products grows, pipes to carry these products are also required extensively. Consequently, petroleum pipe blockage has become a frequent and severe problem in China. In order to ensure trouble-free operation, it is necessary to clean and inspect the petroleum pipe regularly. However, currently available petroleum pipe inspection gauges can block the petroleum pipe easily, and their cleaning efficiency is not as high as desired. Therefore, mechanisms to prevent pipe blockage and ensure high-efficiency cleaning are being given much importance in studies on petroleum pipe inspection gauges. Objective: The aim of the study is to review recent patents related to petroleum pipe inspection gauges in China and forecast possible designs that can mitigate present-day problems associated with petroleum pipe inspection gauges. Methods: This paper has studied and compared various representative patents relevant to the petroleum pipe inspection gauge. Results: A large number of patents filed in China related to petroleum pipe inspection gauges have been studied and the anti-blocking mechanism as well as the cleaning efficiency of the petroleum pipe inspection gauges described in those patents have been analyzed and compared. Forecasts were made regarding the possible development trajectories in the design of petroleum pipe inspection gauges. Conclusion: The problems of easy blockage and poor cleaning efficiency are yet unsolved for petroleum pipe inspection gauges. It is expected that future work will focus on the development of pigging, new materials, power sources, and intelligent control to resolve these issues.

Analysis of the Basic Infrastructures Affecting Child Labour in North-Eastern Nigeria

This study examines the basic infrastructures affecting child labour in North-Eastern Nigeria. The study employed multistage sampling techniques to obtain data from selected local government areas in three states of North Eastern Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to 810 children and their household heads in three wards of each local government area selected. The data obtained were analysed using the Tobit Model. The results show that access to electricity has no significant effect on children engaging in work. This implies that access to electricity has no significant contribution or effect on determining the probability of children engaging in child labour. In addition, access to clean pipe borne water has no significant effect on children engaging in work. But the distance of school from households in kilometers has a significant positive effect on children engaged in work. However, the distance between hospitals and households in kilometers has no significant effect on children engaging in work, and the increase in the distance between hospitals from households in kilometers has the potential to reduce the probability of children engaging in work. Therefore, the study recommends necessary actions such as adequate provision for basic infrastructure.

Bayesian networks approach on intelligent system design for the diagnosis of heat exchanger

The heat exchanger highly influences the series of cooling processes. Therefore, it is required to have maximum performance. Some of the factors causing a decrease in its performance are increased pressure drop in the Plate Heat Exchanger (PHE), decreased output flow, leakage, flow obstruction, and mixing of fluids. Furthermore, it takes a long time to conclude the diagnosis of the performance and locate the fault. Therefore, this study aims to design an intelligent system for the performance diagnosis of the PHE using the Bayesian Networks (BNs) method approach. BNs are applied to new problems that require a new BNs network model. The system was designed using MSBNX and MATLAB software, comprising several implementation stages. It starts by determining the related variables and categories in the network, making a causality diagram, determining the prior probability of the variable, filling in the conditional probability of each variable, and entering evidence to analyze the prediction results. This is followed by carrying out a case test on the maintenance history to display the probability inference that occurs during pressure drop on the PHE. The result showed that the BNs method was successfully applied in diagnosing the PHE. When there is evidence of input in the form of a pressure drop, the probability value of non-conforming pressure-flow becomes 61.12%, PHE clogged at 73.59%, and actions to clean pipes of 70.18%. In conclusion, the diagnosis carried out by the system showed accurate results.

Planning for Clean Water Needs in ITP Main Building

Plumbing system planning is an important part of a building to meet clean water needs. This study aims to plan a plumbing system for clean water in the ITP main building. Meeting the needs of clean water is planned to use water sources from shallow wells that are pumped into the roof tank (roof tank) and flowed gravitationally to pump two. The results of the calculation of the average water requirements of office buildings are 53 liters / day. The capacity of the roof tank needed to accommodate clean water is 2,100 liters, using two roof tanks with a capacity of 1,050 liters each. Roof tanks are placed on top of towers as high as 7.15 m. The diameter of the clean water pipe needed is 20-50 mm. The pump power needed is 0.071 kw and for the second pump is 0.63 kw. The type of pipe planned for this clean water plambing system is Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe.

FEM-based time-reversal technique for an ultrasonic cleaning application

Ultrasound provides a way to clean fouled pipes in industrial settings without interrupting the production. Ultrasonic clamp-on cleaners are used to clean pipes, but they typically cannot focus the cleaning power. This leads to insufficient cleaning results in cases where the fouling is localized to certain parts of the pipe.To solve this issue, we propose a finite-element method -based time-reversal (FEM-TR) technique for controlling the acoustic field produced by an ultrasonic clamp-on cleaner. We demonstrate by simulations and experimental validation that FEM-TR can be used to control the acoustic field in clamp-on cleaners featuring relatively few narrow-band and high-power transducers. The proposed method allows us to focus sound to arbitrary pre-selected locations inside the structure.

ANALISIS PENYIMPANGAN ANGGARAN PROYEK MENGGUNAKAN PERT DAN CPM (STUDI KASUS PADA PT ARION INTAN JAYA)

This study aims to analyze the causes of deviations in the project budget of Rp. 103,249,432.15 and the delay of time for 2 weeks in the clean water pipe installation project in Aek Najaji Village, Padang Sidempuan Batunadua District. This research was conducted at PT Arion Intan Jaya for the period March-July 2019. The data analysis technique used was descriptive analysis technique using Planning, Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM). The results showed that the high budget deviations and project time delays occurred due to rocky soil excavation activities, HDPE pipe installation and pipe stockpiling carried out per kilometer, from KM-1 to KM 6.5. The sequence of activities that are not suitable, causes a waste of time and variable labor costs as well as fixed costs. The total budget allocated for manpower is Rp. 456,435,000.00 for an implementation period of 150 days and the total realized labor cost is Rp. 522,745,000.00 with a project completion time of 164 days. If a review of critical activities is carried out using PERT and CPM, the project completion time changes to 96 days with a total cost of Rp. 413,760,000.00. So there is a decrease in the budget of Rp. 42,675,000.00.

Use of Fibre-Optic Sensors for Pipe Condition and Hydraulics Measurements: A Review

The combined length of the sewerage and clean water pipe infrastructure in the UK is estimated to be about 800,000 km. It is prone to failure due to its age and the inadequacies of the current pipe inspection methods. Fibre-optic cable sensing is an attractive way to continuously monitor this infrastructure to detect critical changes. This paper reviews the existing fibre-optic sensor (FOS) technologies to suggest that these technologies have better sensing potential than traditional inspection and performance monitoring methods. This review also discusses the requirements for retrofitting an existing pipeline with an FOS. It also demonstrates that there is a need for further research into methods applicable to non-pressurised pipelines, as there is very little existing literature that focuses on partially filled pipes and pipes with gravity fed flows.

Analysis of water distribution systems and head losses using the hardy-cross method

Distribution services have not been running optimally at PDAM Tirta Meulaboh, that This study aims to determine the level of pressure loss in the PDAM’s clean water pipe network. The method used in this research is a quantitative descriptive survey method supported by primary data and secondary data. Calculation of the amount of pressure loss using the hardy cross method. The results showed that the observed value of discharge with the highest water consumption was at 18:00 WIB at 0.172 m3 / person, while for the lowest use was at 14:00 WIB at 0.119 m3 / person. It can be concluded that this time is the peak time for water consumption. High-pressure water where the maximum average is 0.00000599 m, because high pressure is not adequate. The maximum loss of high pressure is found in the loop (VII) of 2.57025 m or 0.257025 atm, for the minimum pressure there is in the loop (VI) of - 0.00024 m or -0.000024 atm. It is necessary to re-evaluate the distribution network system by PDAM such as surveys to find out the causes of high water pressure losses to customers such as surveys for water leaks in distribution pipes, replacing old pipes.

Justification of the need for the hydrodynamic cleaning of gravity water discharge networks

Introduction. It is widely known that the operation of sewage treatment facilities requires a significant amount of energy, consumed by the pumping equipment, the automated control system, lighting, heating, ventilation, etc. To ensure the reliable operation of pressure sewerage pipelines, it is necessary to analyze the flow parameters and adequately protect these structures from pressure surges (fluid shocks), that demonstrate unique features in the process of wastewater discharge. The proposed method of analyzing principal hydrodynamic parameters in case of a fluid shock takes into account the multi-phase nature of the pressure flow. The hydrodynamic cleaning of water supply and sewerage networks involves special equipment used to clean pipes, having the diameter of over 150 mm which are made of any material. The process of the hydrodynamic cleaning of networks is expensive and laborious. Therefore, the authors of the article propose to prepare a preliminary justification report for such an expensive operation. The purpose of the research is to identify the pipe characteristics, that can justify the application of the hydraulic method for the removal of a layer of internal deposits. Materials and methods. Dependencies, derived by the authors for the purpose of the hydraulic analysis of gravity drainage networks, are used in the article. Results. Dependence between the actual pipe filling and the thickness of the sediment layer in the pipe gully was confirmed. A specific example is provided by the authors to confirm the existence of such a dependence. The graph shows dependence between the actual pipe filling level and the thickness of the sediment layer in the gully and dependence between the value of the hydraulic slope and the thickness of the actual sediment layer. Conclusions. It is shown that the hydrodynamic cleaning of pipes, having a gully sediment layer exceeding 70 mm, is justified for the case analyzed in the article.

Predicting Non-deposition Sediment Transport in Clean Pipes: Assessing Heuristic Models

Predicting Non-deposition Sediment Transport in Clean Pipes: Assessing Heuristic Models

Prediction of lead concentration in random daytime (RDT) samples of high rise buildings by coupled 3D-1D modeling

The drinking water supply system in many high rise buildings in densely populated cities consists of a complex labyrinth of copper pipes and brass fixtures (valves, meters, couplings). Lead contamination in these non-lead pipe systems can occur due to the presence of lead-soldered connections, and lead containing brass fixtures. The prediction of lead concentration characteristics of random daytime (RDT) samples in these high rise buildings has hitherto not been studied. The stochastic variation of lead concentration of RDT samples is studied by a coupling of 3-D and 1-D models and the Monte-Carlo Method. A 3-dimensional CFD model based on an equilibrium concentration (E0) approach is used to simulate the leaching process from different lead sources. With the calibrated E0 for different materials obtained from leaching experiments, the lead source strengths of leaded components in a water supply chain can be predicted by the 3D model as a function of stagnation time. Using the predicted distributed lead sources, the transport and mixing of lead in the turbulent pipe flow can be accurately simulated by a 1D advection–diffusion model. Using the Monte-Carlo method, a large number of simulations of consumer tap water Pb concentrations is performed using randomly sampled stagnation time, inter-use time, and flushing time. The computations are performed for two representative prototypes: (i) a full scale lead contaminated water supply chain; and (ii) a chain with only clean pipes and brass fixtures. The effect of stagnation time and flushing time before water use on tap Pb levels are investigated. The predicted range and distribution of RDT sample concentrations are validated by a three-year field data set (2017–2020) of the Hong Kong Water Supplies Department.

PERENCANAAN SISTEM DISTRIBUSI AIR BERSIH DAN PENGOLAHAN AIR BUANGAN PADA PEMBANGUNAN TOWER A APARTEMEN TAMANSARI EMERALD SURABAYA

Plumbing installation planning is one of the most important things in building constructions. The planning of clean water distribution network in the Tamansari Emerald Surabaya Apartment building is designed to serve the clean water needs of residents and customers. Plans are made in accordance with standards and regulations regarding the provision of clean water in the apartment. The Tamansari Emerald Surabaya Apartment is a building with 48 floors consisting of 1 basement floor, 1 commercial floor, 13 parking floors, and 33 residential floors. Clean water needs are calculated based on the number of residents and room types with a total building water requirement of 312. m³ / day. The diameter of vertical clean water pipe used is 4 inches,meanwhile the diameter for distribution pipes range of ¾ inch to 1 ½ inch. The clean water distribution system uses a ground water tank and roof tank, which those volumes are 120 m3 using 2 units tanks of 60 m3 and 20.8 m³using FRP-tank.

PERENCANAAN JARINGAN PIPA AIR BERSIH DAN AIR KOTOR PEMBANGUNAN GEDUNG GUEST HOUSE EXINDO GRUP

In the construction of a building, a plan is needed in terms of structure, architecture and Mechanical Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) so that the functions and objectives of building construction run according to plans and needs. The purpose of this thesis is to meet the needs of clean water and plumbing installation needs in building construction. Guest House Exindo Group. In this plan, it takes data on planning drawings for plumbing installation projects as well as a list of unit prices for building materials and labor in the East Java region in 2020. The planning stages carried out for clean water and dirty water pipelines are determining the water installation scheme used, calculating the number of building occupants. , calculating the amount of water demand, calculating the capacity of ground water tanks and roof tanks, calculating IPAL and septic tanks and calculating the dimensions of the pipes used. From the results of this planning is obtained the number of room occupants as much as 401 people with clean water needs of 69.109 m3/ day, the volume of black water generated at 45.72 m3/ day, and the volume of grey water by 16.32 m3/ day. The dimensions of the clean water pipe are ½ inch – 2 inch, the dimensions of the hot water pipe are ½ inch – 1 ¼ inch, the dimensions of the dirty water pipe are 2 inch – 4 inch, and the dimensions of the hydrant pipe are 3 inch – 6 inch. The capacity of ground water tank is 25 m3, the capacity of roof tank is 12 m3, the capacity of hot water tank is 4 m3, the capacity of septic tank is 50 m3 and the IPAL’s capacity is 20 m3. Then the cost required for all installation work of clean water and black water systems for the construction of the Exindo Group Guest House Building is Rp 2.403.791.328.

Perencanaan Sistem Plambing Air Bersih dan Air Buangan di Rusunami X dengan Aspek Konservasi Air

Flat X will be built to meet the demand for simple and affordable homes in Sumedang Regency. The construction of an apartment must be equipped with adequate plumbing for clean water and wastewater so that the health of the residents is maintained. The purpose of this research is to plan the need for clean water, including the calculate dimensions of the groundwater reservoir , roof reservoir, and clean water pipe and calculate wastewater discharges ( grey and black water) and calculate the use of greywater recycling. Recycled water is used in the rinsing and watering of plants. Research results for a flat population that can reach 3,658 people, the total requirement for clean water which is 311 m3/day, the volume of underground reservoir 1 and 2 each 352 m3 and 165 m3. The volume of roof reservoir 1 and 2 is 42 m3 and 34 m3, respectively. The diameter of the r first class clean water pipe has a range of 20-25 mm, the diameter of the second class clean water pipe has a range of 25-25 mm, pipe diameter greywater has a range from 48-60 mm, pipe diameter black water range 48-114 mm. Greywater treatment is carried out using a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) which has a volume of 200 m3. The results of the treatment efficiency are 80%, so the recycling process is capable of saving 51% of clean water.

Comparison of Modern Drinking Water Network Maintenance Methods: Evaluation of Removed Deposits in the Form of Total Suspended Solids (TSS).

Water pipe sediment removal should be implemented as an integral part of water mains maintenance in order to steadily supply consumers with drinking water of high quality. Considering the number of different water pipe sediment removal methods, the article aims to evaluate the currently used methods to remove water pipe sediment from the pipes of the drinking water distribution system. The evaluation compares the implementation requirements of each method as well as the quality and the quantity of the removed products. The tested methods were unidirectional flushing, Comprex®, and Ice Pigging®. The results of the comparison are expressed in terms of total suspended solids (TSS) recovery, metals mass concentration and water consumption. Since contamination can settle along the entire surface of the pipeline, it is most appropriate to recalculate the results per unit area of the pipeline. The results point at the following efficiency the Comprex® method was the most efficient in removing TSS, Ice Pigging® was the next and unidirectional flushing removed a negligible amount of TSS compared to the other two methods. The absolute recovery of TSS was 0.12–3.01 g·m−2 in unidirectional flushing of plastic pipes, 1.58–8.54 g·m−2 in unidirectional flushing of metal pipes, 4.36–47.53 g·m−2 in Ice Pigging®, and 5.19–69.23 g·m−2 in Comprex®. The composition of the sediment was strongly influenced by particle origin: Pipe material affected the crystalline phase of the sediment and the water source and the age of the pipe affected the amorphous phase of the sediment. Therefore, it was found that evaluation of efficiency based on the amount of TSS removed is only suitable for sites that meet the same conditions as pipe material, water source and ideally the pipe age. It has further been found that the Comprex® method can be advantageously used in real conditions to clean pipes with insufficient hydraulic conditions (such as with a high level of incrustation), as the cleaning has low water flow velocity requirements.