This study examines how inflation expectations and climate change concerns influence the U.S. green stock-bond nexus compared to the traditional nexus, with a focus on the risk-mitigation role of green bonds in portfolios that combine clean energy stocks and green debt. We first employ C-vine copulas to model the dependence structure between clean energy stocks and green bonds, explicitly conditioning on inflation expectations and climate change concerns to isolate their individual effects. We then quantify the de-risking capacity of green bonds under diverse macroeconomic and environmental conditions using a measure based on expected shortfall differences. To provide comparative insight, we assess the risk-reduction properties of U.S. conventional bonds in traditional stock-bond portfolios, highlighting differences between green and conventional market segments. Our empirical findings reveal that green bonds provided significant de-risking benefits for clean energy stocks until late 2021, especially during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. This benefit declined sharply with the onset of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, due to rising inflationary pressures and increased geopolitical tensions. These results underscore the conditional and context-dependent nature of green bonds’ defensive attributes, which are effective under normal market conditions but falter during severe macroeconomic and geopolitical turmoil. Climate change concerns do not materially influence the de-risking properties of conventional bonds, suggesting that climate-related risks have limited impact on the co-movement between U.S. conventional equity and bond markets. • Examine the de-risking potential of (green) bonds for (clean) energy equities • Use C-vine copulas to model the (green) stock-bond dependence • The dependence is conditioned on inflation and climate change concerns • De-risking role of green bonds for clean energy equities is noticed but unstable • Climate change concerns do not impact the de-risking role of conventional bonds

Governments and project developers in developing countries can obtain substantial income from carbon revenues as households make the transition to clean energy technologies and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. These revenues can be used in various ways to encourage further investments in clean energy. In this paper we examine the effectiveness of three alternative policy instruments for supporting this clean energy transition in relation to cooking with biogas plants in Nepal – carbon revenues as purchase subsidies on biogas plants, distribution of environmental income to households for continuing use of biogas plants, or interest rate subsidies related to purchases of biogas plants on credit. Thus far the sectoral focus has been on purchase subsidies, but these are increasingly declining in their effectiveness. Our results identify the effectiveness relative to government cost and carbon emissions reduction, from these three types of potential government policy. • Three alternative policy instruments are considered for encouraging the introduction of clean cooking technology in Nepal. • The technology is biogas for cooking stoves as a replacement for wood stoves. • Policies: subsidies on the purchase price, interest rate subsidies and the distribution of carbon revenues to stove users. • We show the government costs and the impact on greenhouse gas emissions. • The results may be useful for sustainable financing of household cooking in other countries.

The urgent need to combat climate change, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and transition to renewable energy sources motivates government entities to implement regulations for power stakeholders, ensuring a greener and more affordable energy market in supply chains. Motivated by the demand to align energy supply systems with strategic government interventions, this study hypothesizes that targeted regulatory tools can effectively coordinate stakeholder behavior to accelerate green energy integration. In this regard, we examine the game-theoretic factors shaping the decisions of the government, suppliers, and retailers towards power grid implementation, emphasizing the government’s regulatory influence through four key policies: tax, subsidy, green, and research and development. Methodologically, three novel game models are introduced: a Nash game that encourages overall cooperation, the first non-cooperative game that supports a coalition between the government and suppliers against retailers, and the second non-cooperative game that promotes a coalition between the government and retailers against suppliers. Using a Canadian case study and sample data, we apply grey wolf optimization, artificial bee colony, and particle swarm optimization to estimate stakeholder equilibrium strategies towards power grid implementation. Results indicate that (1) first-game coalition; (2) minimum energy price thresholds; (3) integrated green energy planning; and (4) the stable tax policy contribute positively to the construction of a green and sustainable power grid in the region. The findings provide practical policy insights, guiding governments in the development of targeted fiscal instruments, promoting stakeholder collaboration, and ensuring regulatory frameworks are consistent with long-term energy transition objectives. • A green and sustainable power grid application is promoted under government policies. • Government considers four policies: tax, subsidy, green and R&D in the application. • Government adds green and social welfare contributions to the power grid application. • Three novel game models are proposed for stakeholder cooperation and coalition. • The application is implemented in a case study of a power supply chain in Canada.

Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) are a very promising zero-dimensional nanomaterial that has attracted considerable interest due to its exceptional characteristics, including high carrier mobility and excellent optical properties with tunable bandgap. BPQDs are ideal for potential applications in optoelectronics and energy storage devices. They are used in solar cells, photodetectors, supercapacitors, and lithium and sodium ion batteries. This paper discusses various BPQD synthesis routes, from scalability to size control, focusing on their potential applications in energy storage devices and optoelectronics. The study primarily focuses on integration of BPQDs with diverse materials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, polymers, and metal oxides. Addressing issues of stability, scalability and conductivity will pave the way for their wider practical application. Furthermore, this review discusses the future outlook for BPQD composites in developing the next generation of technologies, emphasising their potential to enhance the efficiency, flexibility and sustainability of energy and optoelectronic systems. • BPQDs are an important class of zero dimensional nanomaterials for energy storage and optoelectronic devices. • Scalable synthesis enables precise control of BPQD size and properties. • BPQD based composites increase charge transport, cycling stability and storage capability in energy storage devices. • Engineered BPQDs materials boost efficiency in batteries, supercapacitor and solar cells. • Hybrid BPQD based systems enable high performance, flexible, wearable, and light-responsive devices.

Design and optimization of grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems with EV integration for supermarkets

This study uses comparative life cycle assessment to compare the life cycle impacts of three power systems for a 10.5-m Norwegian gillnet fishing vessel: a conventional diesel-mechanical (DMS), a diesel-battery parallel hybrid (PHS), and a hydrogen fuel cell-battery series hybrid (SHS) system. Results show that direct emissions are dominated by combustion-related impacts, while component manufacturing drives toxicity and resource categories. The PHS reduces global warming potential (GWP) by 28%, and the SHS by up to 91% compared to the DMS when powered by low-carbon electricity and green hydrogen from electrolysis in Norway. However, both alternatives shift burdens toward manufacturing-related impact categories. Sensitivity analysis highlights the critical role of electricity and hydrogen supply pathways: fossil-based inputs can erase benefits, while localised low-carbon electrolysis enables slight improvements. The findings stress that battery and fuel cell systems can reduce fishing vessel emissions meaningfully only when coupled with clean energy supply chains. • Comparative LCA of power system alternatives for a coastal fishing vessel. • Hybrid battery–diesel cuts life-cycle GWP by about 28%. • Fuel cell–battery hybrid lowers GWP by up to 91% with clean energy. • Results hinge on electricity mix and hydrogen supply pathways. • Manufacturing adds toxicity and resource use trade-offs.

Biosynthesis of advanced biofuels in microbial cell factories.

Redox imbalance and glutathione metabolism disruption drive neodymium - induced neurotoxicity in microglia.

Optimal design of hydrogen storage-based hybrid renewable systems: A case study using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in Meknes, Morocco

In tropical climates, where cooling loads dominate building energy use, minimizing cooling demand is particularly critical for achieving carbon neutrality in educational buildings while maintaining adequate daylight and visual comfort. This study investigated the combined effects of the Window-to-Floor Ratio (WFR), Visible Light Transmission (VLT), and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) on building performance through parametric simulations using ClimateStudio. A university classroom in Chiang Mai, Thailand, served as a case study with a baseline configuration of 30% WFR and SHGC 0.82, which is representative of conventional tropical classroom designs. Twenty retrofit scenarios were modelled by varying the WFR (30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, and 10%) and VLT (88%, 77%, 66%, and 56%) with SHGC (0.82, 0.62, 0.53, and 0.61), respectively. Each scenario was evaluated for estimated CO₂ emissions from cooling energy intensity, surface solar exposure, spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA), and annual sunlight exposure (ASE) using radiance-based daylight analysis simulations. Thermal simulations were not conducted; instead, solar radiation was used as a proxy for cooling demand. The results indicate that optimized configurations (e.g., WFR 20-25% with SHGC 0.53) lower surface solar exposure by over 40% and cooling-related CO₂ emissions by approximately 30% compared to the baseline, while maintaining high daylight availability (sDA ≥ 96%). This approach offers preliminary insights for facade optimization aimed at passive cooling and sustainable energy use, though it lacks the precision of dynamic thermal modeling and should be interpreted with caution. The findings support Sustainable Development Goals 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and 13 (Climate Action), offering practical guidance for architects and engineers in designing climate-responsive, carbon-neutral educational buildings in hot-humid regions.

Unraveling differential salt tolerance mechanisms in Chlorella pyrenoidosa: systemic comparison of acidic, neutral, and alkaline salinity stresses.

Education, green technology, and clean energy as indicators of sustainability and resilience in BRICS economies

Coupling urea wastewater treatment with hydrogen production using interface-engineered copper oxide-graphitic carbon catalysts.

Unitary solar multifield-driven hybrid chemical engineering dually boosted by sustainable energy and intrinsic organics for efficient wastewater treatment and hydrogen production

Toward a sustainable energy future: Can green data center construction promote energy efficiency?

Energy efficiency and energy conservation: An analysis of global research trends, disparities, and future directions

Deep learning framework for fault detection and diagnosis in grid-connected PV systems using GAN-based data augmentation

Modeling the structural, magnetic, electronic, optical and mechanical performance in Ca3XH8 (X= Cr, Mn and Fe) hydrides for hydrogen storage application.

Wave energy is among the most promising renewable resources, but its widespread adoption has been constrained by its high levelized cost of electricity (LCoE). The dual use of wave energy converters (WECs) and wave farms for both coastal protection and renewable energy generation offers a promising pathway to lower costs while addressing coastal erosion. Despite this potential, no regional-scale assessment has yet examined the dual-use of WECs and wave farms in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where energy dependence and coastal erosion remain pressing challenges. This study develops a novel dual-use screening index to evaluate the combined potential of wave farms across four representative Caribbean SIDS: Barbados, Jamaica, St. Lucia, and The Bahamas. Long-term ERA5 wave data were used to estimate mean and maximum deep water wave power, while GEBCO bathymetry defined suitability zones (onshore, nearshore, offshore). Shelf area, wave power statistics, and zone-specific weights reflecting coastal protection benefits were combined into a standardized framework to enable cross-island comparison. Results highlight strong contrasts between islands: Barbados and St. Lucia exhibit wave power concentrated nearshore, suggesting strong dual-use potential, whereas Jamaica and the Bahamas trade lower wave energy resources for larger available shelf areas. The dual-use index highlights the most promising locations where energy generation and erosion mitigation can be jointly maximized. This study provides the first regional screening-level assessment of dual-purpose wave farms for Caribbean SIDS, combining wave resource indicators and coastal protection metrics to identify and rank candidate zones, introducing a transferable framework that links renewable energy potential with coastal protection benefits. The approach provides a foundation for future modelling, policy, and planning toward sustainable energy and coastal resilience, while offering actionable insights for Caribbean SIDS that advance both climate adaptation and progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). • First study to assess dual-use wave energy potential in Caribbean SIDS. • Integrated ERA5 wave data and GEBCO bathymetry for resource mapping. • Developed a novel dual-use screening index for energy and coastal protection. • Revealed new regional opportunities for coastal resilience and renewable energy. • Provides a foundation for future planning and SDG-aligned policies.

An original bio-inspired approach, modeled after the magnificent frigatebird, is proposed in this study to optimize Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic arrays operating in grid-tied configurations, in response to the growing demand for higher efficiency during the ongoing transition toward sustainable energy. By modeling the frigatebird’s strategic shifts between wide-range scouting and target-focused behavior, the algorithm maintains a dynamic equilibrium between exploration and exploitation, ensuring robust MPPT performance even under rapidly changing irradiance and temperature conditions. The photovoltaic setup under study consists of a 50 kW SunPower panel array, paired with a boost-type DC–DC converter and a three-phase inverter. System behavior was examined in MATLAB/Simulink across three operating scenarios: standard test benchmarks, fast-changing irradiance conditions, and real-world solar measurements collected in Tetouan, Morocco. Simulation outcomes reveal that the MFB-based control achieves a high energy conversion efficiency of 99.5% with a rapid response time of 0.27 s, providing improved performance compared with widely used MPPT methods such as P&O and ABC in terms of dynamic response, tracking precision, and total harmonic distortion (THD). The proposed algorithm relies on a simple computational structure with a limited number of control parameters, contributing to reduced computational burden and supporting its suitability for real-time embedded MPPT applications. A performance comparison against fourteen other MPPT approaches reported in recent studies further supports the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed method. The findings indicate that MFB represents a promising and scalable solution for advanced smart PV systems, with potential applications in real-time embedded platforms and hybrid renewable energy networks. While the present validation is based on detailed simulation results, experimental implementation and hardware-based assessment are considered as natural extensions of this work. • Novel bio-inspired MPPT based on magnificent frigatebird foraging behavior. • Fast and accurate MPPT under rapid irradiance and temperature variations. • High tracking efficiency of 99.49% with 0.27 s dynamic response. • Superior performance compared with P&O, ABC and recent MPPT methods. • Low computational complexity suitable for real-time embedded systems.