Clean Cities Research Articles

Magic of music - marketing communications for swachhata at Indore

The emergence of Indore as the cleanest city of India consecutively for the fourth time is an outcome of multidimensional strategy adopted by Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC). Behavioural change among citizens of Indore has been the catalyst for making the city clean. It is through people’s engagement and participation, the corporation could successfully execute its solid and wet waste segregation, collection and management strategy. Amongst all the marketing communications tools used for this purpose, Music in the form of Swachhata Song has remained the key element in creating the awareness and bringing the behavioural change among the citizens. The present study was aimed at analysing effectiveness of marketing communications strategy used by Indore Municipal Corporation for Swachhata Campaign. The study found that though many tools of integrated marketing communications have played their role in this mission, but the Swachhata Song occupied the most popular rating by the respondents. This study establishes the effectiveness of music as a marketing communications tool through its magical power of emotional engagement.

Policy development Urban Street Vendors in Sidoarjo Post-Reformation

The Government of Sidoarjo Regency in establishing policies regarding the arrangement of Street Vendors (PKL) aims to create a clean, orderly and beautiful Sidoarjo Regency and continue to empower existing street vendors. The spatial planning policy implemented by the Sidoarjo Regency Government is aimed at maintaining and structuring a more orderly and orderly spatial location without ignoring the existence of street vendors who aim to improve the economy of their families. This study aims to find out how the Sidoarjo Regency Government's policy in structuring street vendors (PKL) based on traders, order and beauty, this study uses descriptive research methods using a qualitative approach. The results of the study indicate that the PKL structuring policy is closely related to the plan to create a clean, orderly, safe, and comfortable city spatial plan. So that in its formulation, an alternative policy that is aware of the environment is needed. The government of Sidoarjo Regency so far has made significant efforts in structuring street vendors in the Sidoarjo Regency area and to overcome and anticipate the impacts. The implementation of the street vendor management policy (PKL) based on the Sidoarjo Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2016 concerning the arrangement and empowerment of street vendors has been running but has not been effective, such as the resistance that occurs when the implementation of the PKL arrangement takes place, it should be able to be overcome if the Sidoarjo Regency Government is responsive enough to various demands from street vendors.

Роль современных технологий в развитии «зеленой» экономики и экологически чистых городов

The article is devoted to an overview of the possibilities of modern scientific, technical and technological solutions in achieving the goals of sustainable development, implemented by the UN. The article was prepared on the basis of an analysis of the issues raised during the online discussion “Green Cities and Economies: Solutions from Academia”, held on July 21, 2020 in the framework of the 75th anniversary of the United Nations. The article presents analytical materials that reveal the prospects for using modern scientific and technological achievements in the creation of ecologically clean cities. Possibilities and feasibility of using advanced composite materials and multifunctional nanocoatings in the fight against urban noise have been determined. The advantages of special noise-insulating panels based on composite materials and nanocoatings to reduce the negative effects of city noise are noted. It is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the participation of the academic community in achieving the goals of sustainable development and the practical use of scientific discoveries in the practice of creating “green” cities.

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ЦИРКУЛЯРНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ И ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ

The article provides an overview of scientific research by scientists from around the world on the formation and implementation of the principles of a circular economy. Attention is also paid to the historical aspect of the formation of the stages of economic development. The characteristics of the agrarian, industrial and post-industrial economies are given. It is shown that the problem of limited resources and the use of consumption and production wastes has always existed. But these problems were solved in different ways in different historical periods. The solution to the accumulated problems is the transition to a circular economy model. Introduction of more advanced technologies allows not only to reduce the negative impact on the environment of current production activities, but also to reduce the volume of accumulated waste over the previous periods of production activities. When studying the Russian experience in the transition to a circular economy model, attention is paid to Russian legislation. The practical application of circular economy principles is shown on the example of a Russian industrial enterprise. The ecological program “Clean City”, which was developed at Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, is considered. It should be implemented in stages until 2025. The ongoing programs require significant financial resources and cannot be implemented in the short term. The graphs show the result of the ongoing program: reduction of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, into water bodies, comparative data on specific emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) kg/ton of steel at the leading metallurgical plants in the world (2017). The environmental safety of the production processes of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works is ensured not only by advanced technologies, but also by modern methods of environmental management. The enterprise has implemented an environmental management system in accordance with the requirements of the international standard ISO 14001, which is confirmed by a certificate issued to the enterprise. The independent appraisal of the enterprise in 2018 was carried out by the Living Planet TV channel and the Modern Media Institute (MOMRI); energy rating agency Interfax-Era; World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

EXPRESSION DES MOTIVATIONS ECONOMIQUES, POLITIQUES ET CULTURELLES DANS LA PARTICIPATION AUX OPERATIONS DE VILLE PROPRE A LOME

This article examines the logic of adherence to urban public policies through the case study of participation in clean city operations in Lome. How to know the motives that

Assessing Sustainability of the Capital and Emerging Secondary Cities of Cambodia Based on the 2018 Commune Database

The world is rapidly urbanizing which 68% of its population is expected to live in urban areas by 2050. Likewise, secondary cities of Cambodia are rapidly emerging while the capital is the largest city with a population of more than two million. Improving urban sustainability is, therefore, necessary for the world, as well as Cambodia. Thus, Cambodia has launched clean city standard indicators, proposed sectoral green city indicators, and adapted one target of global sustainable development goal 11 (UN SDG 11), to improve its urban quality and sustainability. However, using these indicators is not sufficient towards achieving urban sustainability because these indicators are limited in social and economic dimensions. Hence, this study aims to develop all dimensional indicators of sustainability based on all targets of UN SDG 11 with the above indicators. This study focused on the priorities of indicators in Cambodia verified and prioritized by Delphi and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) techniques. Then, a priority-based urban sustainability index for Cambodia was formed based on the concept of sustainability in developing countries. Finally, the standard scores were applied to comparatively assess the sustainability of capital and emerging secondary cities of Cambodia based on the 2018 Commune Database. Through this application, the study also sought to find out whether the priority weights of indicators are necessary for the comparative assessment. The results showed that the sustainability levels of Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville were found to be strong in all environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Battambang is also strong although economic sustainability is slightly lower than the average. Siem Reap is low in economic sustainability level while Poi Pet is remarkably low in environmental and social sustainability. Furthermore, the ranks of sustainability levels of the five cities based on weighted scores are different from their ranks based on unweighted scores. Therefore, this study confirms that priority weights of indicators are necessary for the comparative assessment towards improving the accuracy of the comparison.

Novel index to comprehensively evaluate air cleanliness: the Clean aIr Index (CII)

Abstract. Air quality on our planet has been changing in particular since the industrial revolution (1750s) because of anthropogenic emissions. It is becoming increasingly important to realize air cleanliness, since clean air is as valuable a resource as clean water. A global standard for quantifying the level of air cleanliness is swiftly required, and we defined a novel concept, namely the Clean aIr Index (CII). The CII is a simple index defined by the normalization of the amount of a set of individual air pollutants. A CII value of 1 indicates completely clean air (no air pollutants), and 0 indicates the presence of air pollutants that meet the numerical environmental criteria for the normalization. In this time, the air pollutants used in the CII were taken from the Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) set by the World Health Organization (WHO), namely O3, particulate matters, NO2, and SO2. We chose Japan as a study area to evaluate CII because of the following reasons: (i) accurate validation data, as the in situ observation sites of the Atmospheric Environmental Regional Observation System (AEROS) provide highly accurate values of air pollutant amounts, and (ii) fixed numerical criteria from the Japanese Environmental Quality Standards (JEQS) as directed by the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) of Japan. We quantified air cleanliness in terms of the CII for the all 1896 municipalities in Japan and used data from Seoul and Beijing to evaluate Japanese air cleanliness. The amount of each air pollutant was calculated using a model that combined the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models for 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2017. The CII values calculated by the WRF–CMAQ model and the AEROS measurements showed good agreement. The mean of the correlation coefficient for the CII values of 498 municipalities where the AEROS measurements operated was 0.66±0.05, which was higher than that of the Air Quality Index (AQI) of 0.57±0.06. The CII values averaged for the study period were 0.67, 0.52, and 0.24 in Tokyo, Seoul, and Beijing, respectively; thus, the air in Tokyo was 1.5 and 2.3 times cleaner, i.e., lower amounts of air pollutants, than the air in Seoul and Beijing, respectively. The average CII value for the all Japanese municipalities was 0.72 over the study period. The extremely clean air, CII ≈0.90, occurred in the southern remote islands of Tokyo and to the west of the Pacific coast, i.e., Kochi, Mie, and Wakayama prefectures during summer, with the transport of clean air from the ocean. We presented the top 100 clean air cities in Japan as one example of an application of CII in society. We confirmed that the CII enabled the quantitative evaluation of air cleanliness. The CII can be useful and valuable in various scenarios such as encouraging sightseeing and migration, investment and insurance business, and city planning. The CII is a simple and fair index that can be applied to all nations.

Making India’s cleanest city: Sanitation, intersectionality, and infrastructural violence

Inaugurated in 2014, India’s Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) intends to eradicate open defecation in urban and rural areas by 2019. In cities, the scheme ranks municipalities for achieving open defecation-free status and other measures of cleanliness. In 2017, Indore was first nationally recognized with the national Cleanest City award. In the weeks before the city was evaluated, it sponsored a number of activities that demolished housing and sanitation infrastructures, singled out the female body for humiliation, and forced residents to revert back to the very sanitation practices the city was allegedly trying to eradicate. This paper traces the differing articulations of power at work between the extension and demolition of the city’s infrastructure. It focuses particularly on latrines, the metrics, and the urban vision to make Indore the Cleanest City, but also gives attention to the additional infrastructures connected to latrine-making and unmaking, including housing. We specifically explore two dimensions of what we call the “infrastructural intersectionality” of the Clean City Mission, which discloses differing forms of compounding infrastructural violence that include the dissolution of both material and social infrastructures. Firstly, the intersectionality of gender/caste/class/race social identities and power relations that are embedded and reified through infrastructures and, secondly, the intersectionality of multiple infrastructures that are inter-connected and co-constituted through each other. We argue that bringing the lens of intersectionality is critical for recognizing the socially differentiated and gendered dimensions of sanitation infrastructure, the SBM, and its situated infrastructural violence. By exploring two themes related to infrastructure and intersectionality, we show the criticality of embodied and gendered approaches to analyzing the power of infrastructure in the everyday.

Blue-Green Smart Mobility Technologies as Readiness for Facing Tomorrow’s Urban Shock toward the World as a Better Place for Living (Case Studies: Songdo and Copenhagen)

Nowadays, we are on the cusp of a future that will face many global challenges and crises, as well as unforeseeable shocks of tomorrow. The rapid growth and development of technology will bring forth exponential change that may challenge and threaten our human psychology. Solutions and policies are needed to deal with today’s challenges, tomorrow’s shocks, and global crises to preserve the world and mankind for the future. In this research, Blue-Green sustainable mobility technologies are introduced as a pathway to create modern sustainable and livable urban areas to tackle these challenges. Clean and inclusive mobility, based on Blue-Green and sustainable infrastructure, low emission greenhouse gases, ubiquitous computing, smartness and digitalization is realized as one of the keys that could make the world a better place for living. This research examines inclusive transportation technology, its indicators and its impacts on creating modern livable urban areas with high a quality of life as a pathway to navigate the cusp of tomorrow. Furthermore, the roles of technology such as Information Technology, Internet of Things, Internet of Business, Internet of Manufacturing, and Internet of Energy as technology tools to develop such mobility is investigated. Literature reviews, surveys, case studies—including Songdo as a ubiquitous city and Copenhagen as a digital and clean city—and revised versions of Kiwi and Kampenhood and BESQoL (built environment sustainability and quality of life) methodologies are the main methods in this study. New concepts of mobility technology and eventuating cultural synergies, as a readiness for facing tomorrow’s world crises with a higher quality of life and well-being by using the 5th wave theory, are discussed.

Application of Multi Criteria Decision Making in Adopting Suitable Solid Waste Management Model for an Urban Local Body. Case Study of Bhubaneswar City of Odisha, India

A practical approach to deal with the municipal solid waste at hand needs the adoption of a suitable model and an understanding of the required processes to manage it effectively. A case study of Bhubaneswar City/ Municipal Corporation of Odisha in India, focused on the development of a suitable model based on approaches like Process of elimination, Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) analysis, Mathematical analysis, Analytical Hierarchy Process and the Test of sustainability. The study focused on the processes in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) value chain like waste generation, primary source storage, collection, secondary storage, transportation, processing and disposal. A two by two matrix model was adopted to arrive at a suitable disposal model mapped with the source segregation. The Urban Local Body (ULB) analysed Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as one of the criteria to select suitable Collection, Transportation and Disposal Model based on Technical, Economic, Social and Environmental considerations .The mathematical analysis involved Pair-wise Comparison Matrix for the quantitative variables while qualitative variables were examined by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The economic factor dominated the decision making; ‘street dumping and street sweeping’ got an upper ranking in the final matrix analysis of the collection and Transportation plan and ‘incineration’ dominated the decision making for the disposal plan. The limitation of the study showed that the application of mathematical model to find out optimum Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Model does not accommodate qualitative variables. Therefore, SWOT analysis and sustainability studies were examined to arrive at the best possible model. SWOT criteria drew upon the work environment with respect to financial position of the Urban Local Body, Not in my backyard (NIMBY) factor, Private Public Partnership (PPP) mode aspirants, availability of mature technology and threat in factors like adverse regulatory order, disruptive technologies and the lack of political will. The test of sustainability based on the proposed model passed through the test of capability and constraint study, social acceptance, regulatory compliance, and ground level feasibility. Based on multiple criteria in decision making, the study found that ideally Bhubaneswar should adopt a model where source segregation with door to door collection of waste facility is given top priority. Decentralization of waste disposal and cluster approach of cities and towns nearby to curb the waste menace and facilitate the waste to go the fuel way looked sustainable and achievable. At the same time, addressing the Not in my backyard (NIMBY) factor by earmarking land bank for waste disposal and collection of cesses from the city inhabitants could generate enough financial resources for its sustainability.
 This research unbolts discussions with respect to the challenges presented by the Not in my backyard (NIMBY) factor, finding suitable landfill sites for solid waste disposal, interference of disruptive technologies and the change in leadership not owning up to responsibilities or revoking the previously established management practices.
 Sustainability studies should help all stakeholders to participate harmoniously with a common goal of clean city and striving for a better planet.
 Similarly, the comparative matrix based on the scientific, financial, social and ecological considerations were applied to the disposal plan to develop a fitting model for the Urban Local Body (ULB).
 The study ascertained that Bhubaneswar should have source segregation with door to door collection facility and may need decentralized composting facility centres to handle the biodegradable wastes. The plastic wastes may be used for Waste to Fuel or for road making. The non-degradable may go to land fill or Waste to Energy plant with cluster approach combining nearby Cuttack and Khurdha districts to meet the waste requirement of 550 tonnes per day to sustain the plant. At the same time, it should collect cess from the city habitants to generate enough financial resources for sustainability. It should earmark the land-bank for waste processing facilities as it faces serious Law and Order problems due to Not in my backyard (NIMBY) factor.

Exploratory Research of CO2, Noise and Metabolic Energy Expenditure in Lisbon Commuting

The lower cost of sensors is making possible the acquisition of big data sets in several applications and research areas. Indoor air quality and commuter exposure to pollutants are some of these areas, which can have impacts on our livelihood. The main objective of this exploratory research was to assemble portable equipment along with a prototype, one low-cost and easy to replicate in any location worldwide. We answer how CO2, noise and energy expenditure compare in different transportation modes with indoor environments (metro, bus and car). It was intended to be carried by a subject on all commutes. The low-cost equipment assembled has the ability to measure ambient CO2, noise levels, heart rate and geographic coordinates. The field campaign was conducted on an urban commuting route, in Lisbon city, between Rossio (downtown of Lisbon city) and Campo Grande (near FCUL campus). It took place during 3 weeks in school break and 3 weeks in the school period to grasp some differences between these periods of the year. The heart rate data was used to calculate the subject energy expenditure and the geographic coordinate data allowed for time and spatial analysis using a geospatial software package. Our measurements totaled 70 one-way trips and 358,140 data points. Temporal and spatial analysis yielded the following results: The metro presents the lowest median CO2 concentrations of 693 ppm and the bus the highest with 1085 ppm. The bus had an equivalent continuous sound average (Leq) of 75 dBA, while the metro had 85.2 dBA. Based on the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) calculations, the metro displays the least sedentary behavior, while the bus presents the most sedentary behavior with up to 96.5% of its commute spent in this classification. The metro was the fastest mode of transportation based on the consistency of its travel times compared to the bus, which despite also being consistent, was slower by 1.8 times. The car measurement values reside in the middle of the metro and bus results. Despite this, it is considered the worst mode of transportation, as it goes against the idea of a less congested and clean city. It also has a highly variable commuting time, which sometimes makes it slower than the metro, especially during the school period. According to our results, we concluded that the metro had efficient indoor ventilation while the bus did not. There were several instances of inefficient ventilation with concentrations exceeding 1000 ppm, particularly between Restauradores and Saldanha due to overcrowding. Referring to the health impacts of noise, the metro dBA levels are not sustained for enough time to have any measurable negative impact. Sensor performance was considered acceptable for the CO2 sensor. The dBA and heart rate (HR) sensors were considered acceptable to sometimes irregular in nature, which was expected and taken into consideration.

Air pollution, a possible risk factor for multiple sclerosis.

Studies focusing attention on the effects of environmental pollution on the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) are on the increase. The aim of this study was to determine MS prevalence in a city home to an iron and steel factory which causes air pollution. The study was designed as a cross-sectional, population-based, descriptive epidemiologic study. Ereğli city, which has an iron and steel factory and proven air pollution, was screened. Additionally, Devrek city, which is a rural and clean city, located 40km away from Ereğli was assigned and results were compared. A validated questionnaire was used for screening. McDonald 2010 criteria were used to diagnose cases. 32261 people were screened in Ereğli, and 21963 people were screened in Devrek. In total, 41 patients were diagnosed with clinical definite MS. Crude prevalence was found to be 96.1/100000 in Ereğli and 45.5/100000 in Devrek. The mean age of patients was 39.8, and the female/male ratio was 1.9. The results of this study indicate a more than double MS prevalence rate in the area home to an iron and steel factory when compared to the rural city. This supports the hypothesis that air pollution may be a possible etiological factor in MS.

A Solution for the Full-Load Collection Vehicle Routing Problem With Multiple Trips and Demands: An Application in Beijing

Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection has become a major challenge for clean city management and social sustainable development in developing economies. A new variant of the collection vehicle routing problem (CVRP) is addressed with the characteristics of full loads and multiple trips of the collection vehicles, and multiple demands of the garbage facilities, which is called the collection vehicle routing problem of the garbage facilities (CVRPGF) in this study. Dummy customers are introduced to equivalently transform the CVRPGF problem to the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickup-delivery and time windows (VRPSPDTW). A parallel simulated annealing algorithm (Par-SAA) is developed to solve the VRPSPDTW problem. When applied to an international benchmark dataset, the computational results prove the superiority of the proposed algorithm, in which the number of collection vehicles (NV) in four instances is reduced by one. Finally, when the model and algorithm are applied to a real CVRPGF problem in the Xuanwu District of Beijing, the NV needed is reduced by 30%, and the total travel time is decreased by 12%. Thus, the effectiveness of the Par-SAA is demonstrated, and the proposed solution has practical value in China.

Prioritizing Sustainable City Indicators for Cambodia

This research is based on our previous research that developed consensus sustainable city indicators for Cambodia through three-round Delphi panel surveys. That research developed indicators in the first round based on UN sustainable development goal 11, ASEAN environmentally sustainable city, Korean case study, and domestic green and clean city indicators, and validated the developed indicators in the last two rounds. After consensus analysis, that research obtained 32 assessment indicators categorized by nine criteria. However, these indicators are not prioritized yet due to the limitation of the Delphi technique. Hence, this research aims to prioritize these indicators by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and to confirm whether the levels of importance verified by Delphi can be used for prioritizing or ranking the indicators. This research surveyed potential respondents experienced and working in relevant fields both offline and online. Online surveys were processed through E-mail, Facebook, and LinkedIn. A total of 118 questionnaires were gathered from the surveys, and 16 were inconsistent (consistency ratio > 0.1). The results showed that the highest and lowest weights are 0.0557 and 0.086. The top ten indicators are slum population (0.0557), unemployment (0.0516), crime prevention (0.0470), water supply (0.0469), city’s migration (0.0462), low-income housing (0.0445), solid waste collection (0.0437), labor-force (0.0421), construction safety (0.0400), and traffic congestion (0.0398). The rank of all indicators based on their levels of importance is completely different from the rank of their weights. Therefore, this research confirms that the levels of importance verified by Delphi cannot be used for ranking or prioritizing the consensus indicators. The priority weights in this research would be useful to policymaking, strategic direction, and budget allocation for the development and management of sustainable cities in Cambodia.

City Profile: Kigali, Rwanda

Rwanda is experiencing rapid development and urbanization in the Post-genocide perpetrated against Tutsi (1994) period. Kigali as the capital and the leading city is undergoing remarkable changes in the process of modernization. This is being done through the rejuvenation of commercial areas, building of new business offices and quality infrastructure, improvement of urban service delivery, tourism and industrial development (Kigali Special Economic Zone). Together with a clean city policy, the City of Kigali is now known to be one of the cleanest cities in Africa. This has been effectively achieved through consistent and integrated urban policies. However, the city has been facing challenges related to informal settlements and equitable provision of urban services to all residents. In this paper, data from secondary sources, mainly official reports, policy documents and academic papers, are presented and discussed through various perspectives related to the urban growth of Kigali. Likewise, the implications of existing policies on the implementation of strategic initiatives have also been highlighted.

Integrative Use of “Techno-R” Remedial Technology and Gaming Technology in Teaching Foreign Language Listening

The article discusses the integrative use of Tehno-R educational and gaming technology. The authors presented the Techno-R technology for teaching foreign languages, which was subjected to experimental verification and showed an effective result in the formation of linguistic and speech competencies. Experimental studies continue currently and a search is underway for the application of this technology in combination with other technologies, in particular, with gaming computer technologies. The authors developed a methodology for including the game in the process of Techno-R technology and conducted experimental training on with third-year students of the Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication of Kazan Federal University using the game - Luc et son examen d'ecologie, developed by a co-author of this article. Due to the fact that the experiential training was aimed at the formation of speech competence in the field of listening, the game was developed in accordance with the methodology of the formation of the ability to aurally perceive foreign language. In particular, the developed game included exercises to understand audio texts reflecting various situations of communication on the topic of Ecology on the issues of Natural Disasters, Municipal Policy Clean City, Measures to Combat Urban Pollution. The results of experimental training showed not only a higher quality of the formed competencies but also a significant increase in educational motivation. The results obtained during experimental training are the basis for continuing scientific research at the level of experiments using mathematical statistics methods to determine the validity of empirically obtained data.

Patterns of Phytoindication Pollution of the Urban Environment the Maximum Width of the Leaves of the Silver Birch

We offer indicators in the form of groups of at least 10 accounting leaves growing during the growing season, selected and marked with a white thread of birch hanging from the prevailing winds. Was previously obtained regularities in the behavior of leaves in the vegetation period from the date of Bud wood to the subsidence of each account sheet. The method of measuring the width of birch leaves in the growing season is proposed.  It was found that before reaching the maximum length, width, perimeter and area of leaves with at least 10 measurements per season, the patterns vary along the growing branch of the biotechnical law. Therefore, in the summer of 2018, measurements were carried out in the city of Yoshkar-Ola, starting from July 15 to the maximum width of the sheet, as the most convenient for measuring the parameter of the accounting sheet. It turned out that the maximum width of the sheet depends on the growing conditions of the tree. The aim is to identify the patterns of phytoindication by measuring the width of birch leaves hanging during the growing season near the maximum concentration of sulfur dioxide and carbon, the level of radioactive background at various points near the roads with the greatest pollution. The regularities of the influence of these types of pollution on the average maximum width and vegetation time from may 1, 2018 to the maximum width of the registration sheet are obtained. It turned out that even in an ecologically clean city (10th place in Russia), low concentrations are about 25 times less than MPC, have a strong influence on the growth and development of birch leaves. Initially, with an increase in the concentration of three chemicals at eight points of the urban environment have a beneficial effect on the vegetation of leaves. With further increase in concentration there is a strong inhibition of growth and development of leaves.  The proposed method is recommended for school environmental groups.

Economic Values and CO2 Simulation on the Application of LPG for Public Fleets in Magelang, Indonesia: Executive Data to Support the Clean City Program

The implementation of the ASEAN Clean Tourist City Standard caused restlessness among public fleet operators and the Department of Transportation of Magelang City. Therefore, this article presents the prediction of economic value and environmental benefits of public fleet in Magelang that will be converted from gasoline to LPG. Investment feasibility parameters, such as Break Event Point (BEP), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PBP) are presented through three financing scenarios compared with the current gasoline price at the fuel station, RON 88 and RON 90. Simulation results indicate that investment is feasible with the government providing fiscal incentives through the procurement of converter kits. The wages of the public fleet crew under Minimum Wage City will rise by 30 % and 70 % to switch from gasoline RON 88 and gasoline RON 90, respectively. Meanwhile, environmental benefits are also expected to improve, with CO2 emission reduction of 320.46 tons/year or about 11 % of gasoline usage. These two benefits (economics and environmental) are expected to support the clean city program in Magelang City, Indonesia.

Developing Sustainable City Indicators for Cambodia through Delphi Processes of Panel Surveys

Currently, Cambodia does not have sustainable city indicators, and green and clean city indicators are also limited compared to UN Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11) indicators. Therefore, this research aims to develop sustainable city indicators for Cambodia and to address the questions “Are the green and clean city indicators limited in terms of sustainability?” and “Are the UN SDG 11 indicators suitable for Cambodia?” Delphi processes of panel surveys were conducted to develop the indicators in Round 1, pre-validate the indicators in Round 2, and validate the indicators in Round 3. The results showed that 69 initial indicators were obtained from Round 1; 41 pre-validated indicators were obtained from Round 2; and finally, 32 validated indicators were obtained from Round 3. All of the 32 indicators reached consensus. Based on the consensus indicators, the green and clean city indicators were found to be limited in terms of sustainability, and the UN SDG 11 has nine indicators suitable for Cambodia. These findings could be useful for applying the UN SDG 11 indicators to Cambodia and transforming the green and clean city indicators to sustainable city indicators. The 32 consensus indicators could be used as alternative sustainable city indicators for Cambodia.

Cleanest City of India in Swachh Bharath Mission (2015-16): Mysore Model and the Lessons for other Cities

Cleanest City of India in Swachh Bharath Mission (2015-16): Mysore Model and the Lessons for other Cities