Clay Enrichment Research Articles

Origin of Red Clay over Dolomite in the Loess‐Covered Wisconsin Driftless Uplands

AbstractRed clays associated with Prairie du Chien and Sinnipee (Galena) dolomites and loess were studied stratigraphically and geomorphically at 10 locations. The clay content (< 2 µm, 82 ± 9.1%; < 0.2 µm, 70 ± 10.4%, n = 15) relative to the overlying loess (< 2 µm, 28 ± 4.4%; < 0.2 µm, 16 ± 4.9, n = 4) and the dolomite insolubles (< 2 µm, 47 ± 11%; < 0.2 µm, 34 ± 9.6%, n = 7) indicate fine clay enrichment. Smectite‐rich oriented clay coatings on dolomite sands suggest illuviation. Undisturbed chertlines from dolomite through red clay bodies necessitate a volume‐for‐volume replacement. Periglacial activity during the Wisconsinan frequently produced loess (i), over a mixed zone of loess and red clay (ii), over in‐situ red clay (iii), and dolomite (iv). For the 1‐to 10µm quartz; euhedral grains indicated by x‐ray diffraction I(100)/(101) = 0.23, 0.54, 1.02, 0.70, respectively; nine trace element contents = 2.15 ± 0.40, 1.61 ± 0.18, 0.78 ± 0.10 relative to dolomite (1.0); and oxygen isotopes expressed as δ18O = 18.6, 19.7, 26.9, 26.4%. The values for the mixed zone (ii) fall between those for the loess (i) and insitu red clay (iii). Optical data for the morphology of the fine sand fractions (50–250 µm) were corroborative. The silt and sand of in‐situ red clay (protected in karst depressions and by chert lag gravels) are from the dolomite.

Geoacoustic modeling of deep-sea carbonate sediments

A systematic study has been made of physical and acoustic properties of 269 DSDP core samples representing a complete ooze-chalk-limestone sequence on the Ontong–Java Plateau (sites 288 and 289) and a sequence of clay-rich carbonate sediments in the Coral Sea Basin (site 210). Gradational increases in density (ρ), compressional velocity (Vp), shear velocity (Vs), compressional and shear velocity anisotropies (Ap, As: horizontal velocities faster than vertical velocities), and shear velocity orientation anisotropy (Aso: horizontally propagated shear velocities are faster when the particle motion is horizontal rather than vertical) are directly related to increasing depth (subbottom) and diagenetic stage. Silica enrichment increases ρ, Vp, and Vs but does not significantly affect Ap and As. Clay enrichment, on the other hand, decreases ρ, Vp, and Vs and increases Ap and, to a greater degree, As. It is found that Ap≳As in carbonate sediments, whereas As≳Ap in clay-rich sediments. Viable models are discussed to explain observed velocity anisotropy. Laboratory measurements agree with two previously published velocity-depth functions determined by seismic wide-angle measurements. A derived geoacoustic model accounts for the observed property-depth-diagenesis relationship for the first 1000 m of the ooze-chalk-limestone sequence, and predicts values of ρ, Vp, Vs, porosity (φ), Poisson’s ratio (σ), shear modulus (μ), Ap, As, and As0.

Pleistocene glaciation in the southern part of the North Cascade Range, Washington

Research Article| January 01, 1976 Pleistocene glaciation in the southern part of the North Cascade Range, Washington STEPHEN C. PORTER STEPHEN C. PORTER 1Department of Geological Sciences and Quaternary Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information STEPHEN C. PORTER 1Department of Geological Sciences and Quaternary Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (1976) 87 (1): 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<61:PGITSP>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation STEPHEN C. PORTER; Pleistocene glaciation in the southern part of the North Cascade Range, Washington. GSA Bulletin 1976;; 87 (1): 61–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<61:PGITSP>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Three major Pleistocene drift sheets preserved along a transect across the southern North Cascade Range are distinguished on the basis of stratigraphic relationships and differences in morphology, weathering characteristics, and soil-profile development. The two youngest drifts have been further subdivided into members representing second-order fluctuations of glacier termini. Deposits of former southeast-flowing valley glaciers in the upper Yakima River drainage basin can be traced across a low divide at Snoqualmie Pass to the west-draining valley of the South Fork of the Snoqualmie River where alpine drift is interstratified with deposits of the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Preliminary paleomagnetic measurements indicate that the deeply weathered and extensively eroded oldest drift (Thorp) antedates the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal (700,000 yr). Relative-age criteria suggest that the time elapsed between deposition of Thorp drift and the intermediate drift (Kittitas) was substantially longer than that between the intermediate drift and the youngest drift (Lakedale). Soil developed on Kittitas Drift shows pronounced clay enrichment in the B horizon, in marked contrast to the weakly developed post-Lakedale soil, suggesting that the Kittitas ice advances antedate the last interglaciation of the global marine record and therefore are more than 120,000 yr old. On the basis of reconstructed ice gradients, the next-to-youngest member (Domerie) of the Lakedale Drift is believed to correlate broadly with Vashon Drift that was deposited during the last major expansion of the Puget Lobe between 15,000 and 13,500 yr ago. Two more-extensive, pre-Domerie advances of Lakedale glaciers (Bullfrog and Ronald) preceded the maximum stand of the Puget Lobe, as indicated by stratigraphic relationships and reconstructed glacier profiles. A late Lakedale readvance led to deposition of the Hyak Member prior to 11,050 yr ago in valley heads draining high-altitude source areas. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Zur mikromorphogenese und zum tonmineralbestand quartärer lössboden in südbaden

The exposed loess profile near Buggingen in southern Baden is considered as consisting of pre-Wr̈um loesses and fossilized soils. At the bottom of the series of the five paleosoils and loess-sediments a substratum of older Schwarzwald gravel (“alterer Schwarzwaldschotter”) is found. According to micromorphological investigations these paleosoils are all polygenetic formations; each of them has reached the stage of a more or less leached “Parabraunerde” during the climatic optimum of the respective warm period. Their B t-layers show in various degree signs of granulation, partly of brown earthening (“braune Vererdung”); this may have happened during a succeeding stage, probably under a more dry (more continental and colder in winter) climate. Later a pseudogleyization of different intensity had taken place. The secondary slight enrichment with carbonates corresponds to a new loess-sedimentation; this process was stopped in the second fossilized soil complex by the formation of a foreststeppe soil. The Holocene climax soil of the western (and relatively dry) zone of the loess hills between the Black Forest and the alluvial plain of the Rhine, shows also a leached “Parabraunerde” — with the exception of the extremely dry sites. Comparative laboratory investigations, especially on the clay minerals in the paleosoils and the recent climax soil, have given clear indications about the intensity and the duration of their weathering. From this it can be stated that in all five fossil soils, as well as in the recent forest soil, a strong new clay formation, mainly of illite and montmorillonite has taken place. The montmorillonites of the fraction of < 0.2 μ are primarily affected by lessivation. Taking also in consideration the three forest soils of the Heitersheim profile, the Holocene soil shows the same degree of clay enrichment as the fossil soils, although with less thickness (Table I and Fig.11). The Lower and Upper Pleistocene soils differ little in intensity of weathering in this area. Because of this no typical layers indicating warm periods can be recognized here, particularly none for the so-called “long interglacial period” of A. Penck of the Middle Pleistocene.

Evidence of Multiple Stades in the Lower Pleistocene of Northeastern Kansas

Nebraskan and Kansan glacial and glacio-fluvial deposits in Kansas occur only in the northeastern part of Kansas. generalized four-fold history of continental glaciation has long been accepted in the United States. Generally the highest till was correlated with the youngest glaciation and an underlying till correlated with the next youngest glaciation. In areas where only early Pleistocene glaciations occurred, this same method of correlation was practiced. Recognition of a more complex system of advances and retreats of ice in the Wisconsinan Stage lead to the adoption of substage or stade division of this stage. Each of the glacial stages is separated from the succeeding glacial stage by an interglacial stage. This period was one of relative stability under comparatively warm conditions during which extensive interglacial soils were developed in the periglacial regions as well as in the glaciated regions. Buried profiles of weathering, or fossil soils, are perhaps the most usable criteria for stratigraphic correlation and classification of the Pleistocene sediments in Kansas. The top of a buried soil is unmistakably an unconformity, and where deep well-developed soil profiles occur, a significant interval of nondeposition and only slight erosion is indicated. Interpretation of the soils within the Pleistocene sequence involves the evaluation of the soil horizons as interglacial or interstadial and may lead to errors in correlation. The strength of soil development is believed to be the most important factor in this interpretation. Pronounced zones of clay enrichment in the B horizon, considerable depth of leaching, great depth of oxidation, and significant thicknesses of secondary lime accumulation are believed to be more important and better indicators of interglacial nature of soils than the thickness of the humic A horizon which often has been removed by erosion or scour. Frye and Leonard (1949, 1952) described the exposure of two tills in a quarry in the Missouri River Bluff near Iowa Point in northeastern Doniphan County. well-developed soil on the lower till was indicative of a long period of weathering prior to deposition of the upper till.

CLAY ILLUVIATION IN SOME ORTHIC PODZOLS OF EASTERN CANADA

The Arago, Barney, and Holmesville soils, Podzols from Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, respectively, each had friable Bfh horizons with moderate granular structure, and with organic matter and free Fe2O3 contents greater than the Ae and C horizons. The Arago and Holmesville had thin Bhft horizons containing over 10% organic matter and 5% free iron oxides. The C horizons of these two soils had some features characteristic of fragipans.The B horizons of the three soils had a high "pH-dependent charge component" in the C.E.C. values. The "permanent charge component" was similar throughout the Arago profile except for the Bhft horizon where clay accumulation had occurred.Translocation of clay from the Ae to the upper B horizons was indicated by the twofold increase in clay content and the relative enrichment of fine clay in the B horizons. Removal of free iron affected the clay contents differently in the different: horizons but the maximum clay content in the upper B horizons remained. The definitions of Orthic Podzols, Textural Podzols, and t horizons should be re-examined.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Some Iowa Soil Profiles with Clay‐Iron Bands

AbstractField and laboratory studies were made on some sandy soils of Iowa to determine the extent and nature of the clay‐iron bands which occur in some of these soils.Observations made in the field studies indicate that the iron and silicate clay enriched bands have a depth relation to the soil surface under virgin conditions. Also the bands occur often enough in loamy fine sand soils to indicate that the banding phenomenon is the usual rather than the exception in their genesis. Data obtained by fractionation of the &lt; 2µ clay indicate differential movement of the clay fractions in 2 loamy fine sand profiles with iron and silicate clay enriched bands. In a sandy loam profile, no banding of iron and clay or movement of clay size particles was evident.Data from the chemical analyses indicate a very small quantity of bases held in the exchangeable form. Exchangeable base content of the iron band layers was of the order of twice as high as in the interband layers. Exchangeable Ca:Mg ratios were lower in the bands than in the interband layers. Exchangeable Ca:Mg ratios were higher in the profiles studied than those reported for other Gray‐Brown Podzolic and Brunizem soils which have developed from finer textured material. Total nitrogen was higher in the iron‐enriched bands than in the interband layers.In a laboratory experiment, iron bands were produced in a 1‐inch diameter, 4‐foot tube filled with iron containing fine sand by leaching with 0.01 N oxalic acid solution. Though visually evident, the bands were not sufficiently thick to sample for laboratory analysis. The development of bands in the laboratory is considered as additional proof that the bands of iron and clay enrichment observed in the field are the product of profile genesis. Upon drying, the sandy material in the upper part of the leaching tubes was quite strongly cemented.