Feline malignant mammary tumors are frequently aggressive and associated with poor clinical outcomes. Over the years, the prognostic value of various clinical and pathological parameters has been investigated, though findings are not always consensual. Histologically, feline malignant mammary tumors are heterogenous tumors, and a recent revision of the 1999 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of canine and feline mammary tumors may provide a more accurate picture of their biological behavior. This study aimed to analyze and compare the 1999 WHO classification and the 2019 updated surgical pathology classification in the same case series. Additionally, we seek to evaluate the prognostic value of several clinicopathological features, including both histological classification systems. Our findings revealed that the 2019 revised surgical pathology classification allowed for a greater stratification of feline mammary tumors (FMT) compared to the 1999 WHO classification system. Notably, longer survival times were observed in queens with ductal-associated carcinomas. Other clinicopathological features were associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes, namely presence of multiple synchronous malignant mammary tumors, larger tumor size, higher clinical stage, infiltrative tumor growth and lymphovascular invasion (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, our findings suggest that the prognostic relevance of each parameter may vary according to the clinical endpoint, warranting careful consideration during clinical interpretation. DATA AVAILABILITY: The data presented in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Towards integrated pollution control in inland watersheds: addressing multiple challenges through watershed-scale technological systems and targeted control strategies.

Research and development of surrounding rock classification and bolt-mesh-anchor support design system for deep coal roadway

Audio-based deep learning classification of laryngeal pathologies with detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions using Gammatone Cepstral coefficients

Lung adenocarcinoma, the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), exhibits diverse histopathological and vascular patterns influencing prognosis and therapeutic response. Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation, has historically been regarded as the predominant mechanism of tumor vascularization in solid cancers. However, vessel co-option, a non-angiogenic process, has emerged as an alternative strategy, involving the hijacking of pre-existing blood vessels by cancer cells rather than the induction of new ones. Furthermore, vessel co-option has been observed in both primary and metastatic cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the vascular patterns of different human adenocarcinoma samples and establish potential correlations between histological subtypes and microvascular growth patterns. Seventy lung adenocarcinoma samples were classified according to the 2021 WHO classification system, and their vascularization patterns were analyzed using CD31 immunohistochemistry and Weigert-Van Gieson staining. A substantial correlation was observed between histological subtypes and vascularization strategies, with solid basal and diffuse tumors exhibiting angiogenesis, and solid alveolar and lepidic tumors associated with vessel co-option. Additionally, papillary and micropapillary patterns exhibited mixed vascularization, while acinar tumors displayed the highest heterogeneity. The combination of staining techniques improved classification accuracy, achieving successful identification in 92.5% of cases. In conclusion, we present a powerful tool that can be used in lung cancer diagnostics to analyze tumor vascularization based on CD31 and elastic fibers staining. The observed correlations highlight the significance of histopathological assessment in determining vascularization mechanisms, which may optimize therapeutic strategies for NSCLC.

The rapid global adoption of ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate biopsy has been accompanied by inconsistent nomenclature, particularly surrounding the term "freehand." This lexical imprecision creates confusion in the scientific literature, limits comparability across studies, and complicates clinical communication. To clarify the historical and current use of terminology in ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy and to propose a simplified, standardized classification system. We reviewed the historical evolution of ultrasound-guided biopsy techniques, focusing on the original definition of "freehand" and its subsequent misuse in contemporary practice. We examined the technical distinctions between guideless biopsy, probe-mounted needle guides, and template/grid-based systems, including the role of stepper devices. The term "freehand" was originally introduced to describe a guideless technique and should not be applied to procedures using a mechanical needle guide attached to the ultrasound transducer. The growing proliferation of expressions such as "full freehand," "pure freehand," "totally freehand," and "double freehand" does not resolve the underlying ambiguity. We further argue that a stepper used only to stabilize the ultrasound probe, without a needle-guiding grid, does not alter the freehand nature of needle manipulation. To reduce ambiguity, we propose a three-tier classification: (1) Template/Grid, (2) Probe-Mounted Guide, and (3) Freehand. Standardized terminology is essential for accurate scientific reporting, meaningful comparison of outcomes, and effective clinical communication. Adoption of a simplified classification system may improve clarity across future studies and practice.

The World Health Organization's (WHO) Reporting System for Liver Cytopathology aims to standardize communication with clinicians globally to improve patient management. Our study reclassifies liver cytology reports based on the WHO classification and assesses the risk of malignancy (ROM) in each category. Liver cytology reports from 2019 to 2023 were retrieved to obtain demographic details, clinical data, cytology, and surgical follow-up (SFU). Cytology diagnoses were reclassified using the WHO classification. ROM was analyzed based on SFU. Our study had 976 cases, age ranged from 1-96 years, with an average age of 67 years. Male: female ratio was 1:1. Majority of lesions (400/525, 76%) were less than 5 cm. Location of the lesion was available in 595 cases, with right lobe being the most common (64%; n = 383), followed by left lobe (36%, n = 212). 883 cases (90%) underwent rapid onsite evaluation. Reclassification using the WHO classification system into 5 categories included non-diagnostic (n = 79), benign (n = 117), atypical (n = 25), suspicious for malignancy (n = 6) and malignant (n = 749). Thirty-one cases (3%) had cytology follow up, 71(7.3%) had SFU. The ROM in the SFU cohort was 17% (1/6; 95% CI: 10%-76%) in non-diagnostic, 23% (3/13, 95% CI: 15.4%-30.6%) in benign and 100% in atypical (3/3, 95% CI: 88%-100%), suspicious for malignancy (2/2, 95% CI: 50%-100%) and malignant(47/47, 95% CI: 99.5%-100%) categories. Repeat FNA yielded malignant upgrade rates of 80% (4 out of 5) in non-diagnostic and 75% (3 out of 4) in atypical categories. We present the values of ROM in the various categories of the WHO Reporting System for Liver Cytopathology using a large cohort of cases. Repeat sampling is recommended in non-diagnostic and atypical categories based on an increase in malignant upgrades in these categories.

X-ray classification and treatment of hypotrophic distraction osteogenesis in tibial bone transport

Learning fair representation for fine-tuning pre-trained language models.

To identify factors influencing gross total resection (GTR) and postoperative complications in reoperation for recurrent and residual pituitary adenomas (RRPAs) and to propose a scoring system for preoperatively predicting GTR and guiding clinical decisions. Clinical data of 46 patients with RRPA undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (Jan 2022-May 2025) were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative high-resolution computed tomography, enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and pituitary hormone testing were performed. The extent of resection (GTR/near-total/partial) was evaluated via postoperative magnetic resonance imaging by 2 neurosurgeons independently. Pearson's χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests were used (P < 0.05). GTR was achieved in 32 (70%) patients, near-total in 13 (28%), and partial in one (2%). Knosp grade was the only factor differed significantly between the GTR and non-GTR groups (P = 0.0482). Tumor invasion (5 types) correlated with surgical difficulty. The proposed scoring system showed a lower GTR when the score ≥5 (P = 0.0208). Postoperative complications included cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage (15%) and hypopituitarism (37%), and intraoperative CSF leakage was a risk factor (P = 0.0096). Of the 11 patients with functional adenomas, 82% achieved hormonal remission. Knosp grade affected the GTR of RRPAs. The types of RRPAs and the proposed scoring system may provide a supplementary reference for preoperative evaluation in RRPA surgery. Intraoperative CSF leakage predicts postoperative CSF leakage.

Development of an automated fruit classification system by using computer vision and deep learning.

To understand how families and therapists perceived their participation in an individualized home telehealth programme implemented for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. This was a descriptive qualitative study that included 13 families of children and adolescents with CP (classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V) and 20 therapists, who participated in an individualized home telehealth programme. Semi-structured, online interviews were carried out with participants after completing the intervention to understand their expectations, challenges, and benefits, and to gather suggestions for future services. The interviews were transcribed for thematic analysis. The three themes were (1) fear of the unknown, (2) new pathways, and (3) benefits and future perspectives. Participants recognized that active family engagement during the intervention, the establishment of individualized goals, and communication between parents and therapists led to changes in children's involvement, family routines, and parental empowerment regarding their children's rehabilitation process. The establishment of a partnership between therapists and families, by combining technical knowledge and living experience, contributed to the successful implementation of the intervention. Future actions may involve the adoption of hybrid intervention models focused on the specific needs of families of children and adolescents with CP.

Ambulant children with cerebral palsy (CP) are at a high risk of falls. It is important to identify characteristics associated with increased falls and understand which clinical measures are associated with falls in this population. This study explored parent-reported falls of 66 children with CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] I - III) and the associations between lower limb functional measures (6-Minute Walk Test, Muscle Power Sprint Test, 10 Metre Walk Test, Sit-to-Stand, Lateral Step-up, Kneel-to-Stand) and the number of falls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified score thresholds for the likelihood of falling more than average. 81% of children fell at least once in the previous month, with an average of 11 falls and 44% children who fell were injured. Children in GMFCS level II had the greatest number of falls. Poorer performance on Sit-to-Stand, Lateral-Step-Up and Kneel-To-Stand were associated with fall frequency. ROC thresholds for likelihood of above average fall frequency were identified for lateral step-up best side (score ≤17), sit-to-stand (score ≤15) and kneel-to-stand best side (score ≤ 4). Ambulant children with CP are at high risk of falls. Poor performance in several lower limb assessments incorporating balance ware associated with higher fall frequency.

The classification and diagnosis of penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) remains inconsistent among pathologists, despite its recognized role and understanding as a precursor to penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) convened a consensus group of multidisciplinary thought leaders to assess current global practices regarding the usage of terminology, grading, and molecular testing in penile cancer precursor lesions. A preconference survey was distributed to ISUP members in 2024, collecting responses from 112 pathologists, predominantly genitourinary specialists, to evaluate the use of penile cancer precursor lesion classification systems, grading approaches, and diagnostic biomarkers. The results were presented at the ISUP Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference on Cancer Precursor Lesions in September 2024, where further consensus was achieved through electronic voting. The survey revealed that 89.4% of respondents classify PeIN based on HPV association, with 76% supporting further subtyping into basaloid, warty, and differentiated subtypes. Grading of PeIN remains controversial; 51.3% initially favored grading, but 82% finally voted that PeIN should not be graded. p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was widely utilized (91.5%) to distinguish HPV-associated from HPV-independent PeIN, whereas p53 IHC and HPV genotyping lacked consensus for routine use. Reporting practices for PeIN margins and their association with lichen sclerosis were widely endorsed, while the value and concordance of subtyping HPV-independent PeIN remains an area for further investigation. This ISUP consensus paper guides PeIN classification, confirming the importance of HPV-related stratification and p16 IHC staining and reporting as standard practice. However, significant variability persists in PeIN grading and molecular testing strategies. These findings highlight the need for further research and standardization to optimize diagnostic accuracy and clinical relevance in PeIN.

Synergistic patterns during steady-state wheelchair propulsion in male wheelchair rugby players with cervical spinal cord injury: influence of functional classification and competitive level.

Enhancing breast cancer diagnostics: Shape-aware angular feature learning for precision in breast cancer classification.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in children remains a dynamic condition with an incompletely defined natural history. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective cohort study across six Italian paediatric centers to characterize disease progression, evaluate the applicability of adult-derived classification systems, and identify predictors of HBeAg seroconversion. Children aged 0-18 years with chronic HBV diagnosed between January 2006 and August 2024 were included. The primary outcome was spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion, while secondary outcomes included the applicability of the 2017 EASL phase classification and the characterization of children requiring antiviral therapy. Of 248 children included, 45% were unclassifiable by 2017 EASL criteria at baseline. HBeAg seroconversion occurred in 129 children (52%): 34 (26%) were HBeAg-negative at baseline and 95 (74%) seroconverted during follow-up. Higher baseline ALT levels were significantly associated with seroconversion (p < 0.001), whereas HBV DNA levels were not. Seroconversion was less frequent among children of Asian origin (p < 0.001). Fourteen children (6%) received antiviral therapy with 50% achieving seroconversion; all treatments were well tolerated. Applying 2024 WHO guidelines retrospectively, 81 children (33%) would have met treatment criteria. Despite this, most children were not treated, reflecting a cautious clinical approach that may be justified by the high rates of spontaneous viral control. These findings underscore the limitations of adult-derived classification systems in paediatric populations and highlight the need for paediatric-specific management frameworks and prospective studies to optimize treatment strategies.

Depression and anxiety are among the most prevalent mental health disorders worldwide, yet existing diagnostic tools do not always align with contemporary classification systems such as the International Classification of Diseases-11 (ICD-11). The study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the International Depression Questionnaire (IDQ) and the International Anxiety Questionnaire (IAQ) in the Turkish population. The primary objectives were to assess the psychometric properties of these new health assessment tools, the only based on the ICD-11, in a culturally diverse setting. Participants were recruited through online survey platforms and university announcements, ensuring a diverse representation of the Turkish adult population. The sample consisted of 2894 individuals (1097 male, 1797 female) aged 18-65, including university students, and community members from various socioeconomic backgrounds. Factor analysis revealed that the IDQ and IAQ maintained their original factor structures, supporting their construct validity. The internal consistency of both the IDQ and IAQ was high, with Cronbach's α coefficients exceeding the threshold of 0.70, indicating acceptable reliability. These tools can be confidently used in both clinical and research settings, facilitating better mental health assessment and intervention strategies in Turkey. The findings suggest that the Turkish versions of the IDQ and the are valid and reliable tools for assessing the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms in Turkish adults. These instruments can support both clinical and research efforts by facilitating early identification of individuals who may benefit from further psychological evaluation.

Morphological classification of Schizochytrium and mutagenic selection of high-oil-producing strains based on deep learning.

Wildfire-impact identification in the Western USA using numerical techniques.