Classical Thinking Research Articles

Are Carriers Unaffected? A Literature Review of Metabolic and Health Outcomes among Genetic Carriers of Phenylketonuria.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive genetic condition that results in reduced enzymatic functioning within the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of phenylalanine (Phe) into tyrosine (Tyr). Without dietary intervention, individuals with PKU exhibit significantly elevated levels of Phe, which is presumed to cause severe neurological dysfunction and other associated health risks. Carriers of PKU are heterozygotes for a PAH gene mutation and are typically described in the literature as "unaffected." However, decades of existing research challenges this classical thinking and it is plausible that these individuals currently classified as carriers may present with an intermediate phenotype or may be "moderately affected." The purpose of this scoping review was to explore this hypothesis further, by searching for and summarizing existing literature on metabolism and health outcomes among PKU carriers. Preliminary research has suggested that some PKU carriers exhibit reduced PAH enzyme function, and relatedly, elevated circulating Phe levels compared to noncarriers. In addition, Phe dosing trials have further demonstrated that carriers have increased Phe levels and decreased Tyr levels compared to noncarriers. Because of these metabolic perturbations, it is biologically plausible for carriers to experience an intermediate phenotype in terms of metabolic consequences and clinical outcomes. While these outcomes have yet to be thoroughly explored, early research has found associations between PKU carrier status and lower IQs as well as decreased executive functioning, memory, processing speed, and inhibitory control. The PAH pathway is also involved in melanogenesis, and research has demonstrated increased melanoma risk among PKU carriers. However, there are many limitations to this research, and thus whether or not carriers are clinically impacted cannot yet be conclusively determined. Overall, while preliminary research suggests a possible intermediate phenotype among PKU carriers, the current available research is limited and PKU carriers are still clinically considered "unaffected." This review outlines the current literature while discussing future research endeavors related to the metabolism and health of PKU carriers.

Effects of U-wrap anchored doubly FRP strengthened reinforced concrete beams on ductility and serviceability improvements

This paper presents a paradigm shift from the classical thinking that CFRP strengthening increases ultimate capacity only. It addresses a new strengthening technique change that yields significant improvements in ductility and serviceability. A series of eight reinforced concrete beams were cast and tested under four-point bending until failure. The beams were divided into two groups: the control group comprising two beams without any strengthening, and one beam reinforced with one tension layer only. The examined group consisting of four beams having double FRP layers in compression and a single layer in tension, with different anchorage configurations. Additionally, one beam in the examined group had a lower concrete strength. The results demonstrated that the doubly strengthened beams exhibited larger post-cracking stiffness and load capacity compared to the control beams. The anchoring of tension layers and incorporation of compression FRP layers significantly increased ductility of the beams. The utilization of U-wrap anchors successfully shifted the failure mode from sheet debonding to FRP rupture and FRP buckling in the compression zone, effectively maximizing the benefits of the FRP reinforcement. Moreover, the addition of compression FRP layers improved the load distribution and reduced the critical compressive stresses.

Https://armgpublishing.com/journals/sec/volume-8-issue-1/article-5/

In the 21st century, various socio-economic crises have revealed that traditional economic science and (neo)classical thinking are unable to explain all the complexity of current economic problems, therefore the application of more complex and non-trivial economic concepts is gaining relevance. In addition to behavioral and evolutionary economic thinking, models of quantum economics have been developed in recent years, which allow solving economic problems, using mainly quantum thinking and the principles of quantum physics, in particular particle-wave dualism, the principle of uncertainty, the absence of a subject-object distinction, superposition and confusion. The article addresses 3 research questions (RQ). According to RQ1, the paper finds that quantum economics research is dominated by the following topics: quantum economics, quantum finance, quantum decision making, and quantum game theory. According to these four thematic descriptors, the article carries out a systematic modern review of scientific works in the period from 1978 to 2022 (if only 50 works were published in 1978-1999, then in 2000-2022 already 3430), with an emphasis on the most cited (Google Scholar) English-language journal articles. The analysis showed that articles on this topic are published mainly in journals of a non-economic profile, that the peaks of publication activity occur at times of powerful socio-economic upheavals (for example, the dot.com bubble, the substandard/financial crisis, the European debt crisis, the coronavirus pandemic, etc.). In accordance with RQ2, the article defines the key characteristics of the quantum economic model: in contrast to neoclassical economics (based on mechanistic classical physics, is rational and deterministic, with the help of the invisible hand of the market it leads to a stable equilibrium), the quantum approach, on the contrary, considers the economy as more complex, empirically oriented, uncertain, probabilistic, superpositional, as an archetypal example of a quantum social system that has its own versions of duality, measurement, and entanglement. According to RQ 3, the article determines to what extent quantum economics can update (neo)classical economics (integration of new ontological premises into economic thinking, more experimental and practical approach, connection between the concept of entanglement and sustainable development, management of financial risks based on the concept of quantum probability, rethinking the concept of randomness by quantum probability, introduction of quantum money, equilibrium using quantum games, etc.).

Pathogenesis of MASLD and MASH - role of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity.

Insulin resistance and lipotoxicity are extremely interconnected but fundamental in setting the stage for the development of MASLD/MASH. A comprehensive literature search was performed and key themes were synthesised to provide insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity in the liver, muscle, pancreas and adipose tissue and how organ cross-talk is fundamental to driving disease pathogenesis. Classical thinking postulates that excess FFA load exceeds the storage capacity of adipose tissue, which is predicated upon both genetic and environmental factors. This results in insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia by pancreatic beta cells to overcome target organ insulin resistance. As adipocyte dysfunction worsens, not only are excess FFA delivered to other organs, including skeletal muscle, pancreas and liver but a pro-inflammatory milieu is established with increases in IL-6, TNF-α and changes in adipokine levels (increased leptin and decreased adiponectin). With increased intramuscular lipid accumulation, lipotoxic species decrease insulin signalling, reduce glucose uptake by downregulation of GLUT4 and decrease glycogen synthesis. With this additional reduced capacity, hyperglycaemia is further exacerbated and increased FFA are delivered to the liver. The liver has the largest capacity to oxidise fat and to adapt to these stressors and, therefore, has become the last line of defence for excess lipid storage and utilisation, the capacity of which may be impacted by genetic and environmental factors. However, when the liver can no longer keep up with increasing FFA delivery and DNL, lipotoxic species accumulate with ensuing mitochondrial dysfunction, increased ER stress, oxidant stress and inflammasome activation, all of which drive hepatocyte injury and apoptosis. The resulting wound healing response, marked by stellate cell activation, drives collagen accumulation, progressive fibrosis, and, ultimately, end organ failure and death. This vicious cycle and complex interplay between insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia, lipotoxicity and multi-directional cross-talk among different target organs are critical drivers of MASLD/MASH. Targeting tissue-specific insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia while decreasing FFA load (lipotoxicity) through dietary and lifestyle changes remain the best upstream interventions.

Re-exploration of Oslerian legacy of Osler’s address “Old Humanities and New Science”

Abstract During the era of evidence-based medicine, the interpersonal narrative connectedness between doctors and patients is constantly under threat. In order to restore medicine’s essential inter-subjectivity and humanities, a new discipline named “narrative medicine” has risen at the beginning of the 21st century. In this context, as a historical figure full of classical thoughts of medical humanities as well as budding ideas of narrative medicine, William Osler’s thoughts has thus, once again, attracted the attention of experts and researchers in the field of medical education and clinical practice. This article puts forward the opinion that Osler’s legacy in his medical education and clinical practice has laid a solid foundation for the development of medical humanities in 20th century. The authors clarify the Oslerian legacy to the development of modern narrative medicine by expounding the essence of Osler’s last important address “Old Humanities and New Sciences”, which was delivered in 1919. The authors conclude that narrative medicine can be considered as an upgraded version of the Oslerian legacy in the transition from “evidence-based medicine” to “precision medicine”.

How to “Do Chinese Philosophy”

“Doing Chinese philosophy” as a method proposed by Chen Shaoming offers a perspective that shifts from the study of the history of Chinese philosophy to the innovation or creation of the significance of Chinese philosophy. Chen defines the “Chinese philosophy” as a philosophy that embodies the cultural spirit or experiences of China. This approach calls for an expansion of resource beyond the traditional study of the history of Chinese philosophy and seeks to bridge classical thoughts with modern life experiences. It does not advocate a metaphysical presupposition for research but accepts methodological diversity while promoting the cultivation and use of imagination. This approach also aims at envisioning a philosophy field that is rich in thought and broad in scope.

Early Economic Thought and The Dynamics of Economic Thought

This research aims to explore the history of the development and dynamics of economic thought, especially in the context of Islamic economics. The research was conducted using qualitative, descriptive and historiographic methods. Data were obtained through literature studies sourced from primary sources such as the Quran and Hadith, as well as secondary sources in the form of academic articles and previous research. This research identifies three main approaches that influence the development of Islamic economic thought, namely: (1) the legal approach, where classical scholars focused on legal aspects such as usury, zakat and the banking system; (2) the rational-critical approach where a number of researchers relied directly on the analysis of direct data on economic and social issues; (3) the dominant attitude of Muslim scholars towards Western economic science. The contributions of classical scholars include in-depth studies of fundamental concepts of Islamic economics such as riba, zakat, waqf, and interest-free financial systems. At the same time, modernist scholars criticized classical thinking and offered new explanations for contemporary economic problems. The mainstream approach has enriched empirical and theoretical research on Islamic economics. This study concludes that Islamic economic thought must remain grounded in its primary sources, the Quran and Hadith, while remaining open to new interpretations within the confines of Islamic teachings. Islamic economics is considered a dynamic system that continues to develop and adapt to changes in society, the needs of society, and the challenges of the times. This research is expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the historical roots, theoretical foundations and prospects of Islamic economics in the future.

Maqashid Al Shariah in Economic Development: Theoretical Review of Muhammad Umer Chapra's Thoughts

Muhammad Umer Chapra is among leading experts in Islamic economics. He published many well-known books, such as The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective, which reconstructed Ibn Khaldun's classical thinking and aimed to direct how the economic development of a country should be carried out. He also published a research paper entitled “The Islamic Vision of Development in the Light of Maqāṣid Al-Sharīảh” as formulation on how to implement goals of shariah in economic development or maqashid al shariah. Muamalah activities, such as economic development, cannot be separated from the context of maqashid al shariah. This study aims to analyze whether the theory constructed by Chapra follows the principles of maqashid al shariah as proposed by other Muslim scholars: Al-Shatibi and Jasser Auda. Furthermore, it also analyzes Chapra’s thoughts with correspondence to five fiqh legal maxims or qawaidh fiqhiyah. This study applied traditional or narrative review as a method of analysis. The results show that Chapra’s thoughts aligned with maqashid al shariah as proposed by Al-Shatibi and Jasser Auda and with the five fiqh legal maxims.

Challenges of Nuclear Deterrence Stability in South Asia

The interplay of several international, regional, and local factors poses daunting challenges for deterrence stability in South Asia. The emerging revolution in the military affairs compounded with prolonged crises vis-à-vis the absence of any conflict resolution mechanism between India and Pakistan; the nuclear deterrence is budding a fragile relationship between the two nuclear-armed pugnacious belligerents of South Asia. The Indian aspirations to accumulate maximum power based on its strategic partnerships with the technologically advanced countries in the world are characterized by the classic Indian strategic thinking to establish its leadership in the region. At the same time, Pakistan’s reliance on China in its quests for acquiring military hardware required for the deterrence equation seemingly remains insatiable within the framework of the stability–instability paradox. Without a holistic analysis of the political and strategic challenges, casus belli of the crises, and nuclear command and control systems dynamics between the two, it would amount to a petitio principii to draw theoretical assumptions. Therefore, this study attempts to comprehensively explain the phenomena by analyzing the challenges of nuclear deterrence stability in South Asia at different levels.

Ontology Matters: Humans and Other Animals in Classical Sociological Thought

Abstract An overview and analysis of Salla Tuomivaara's comparison of the respective views of Emile Durkheim and Edward Westermarck on sociology, humans, and other animals.

Classical Thoughts on Language: A Review of the Greek and Roman Linguistics

In the early development of linguistic science in Europe, western philosophers paid much attention to the observation of differences between an individual’s speech and the neighboring people, looking at dialectical or language differences. According to Robins (1997), the initiation of European linguistics thoughts can be tracked from the Greeks. In his famous book entitled ‘A Short History of Linguistics’, Robins (1997) began his discussion by presuming that humans are biologically endowed with language faculty which enable them to acquire their first language. They then learn foreign languages and stimulate linguistic self-consciousness by contacts with the community and foreign speakers. Since then, the study of how language system develops is overlooked, since it is considered as humans’ natural linguistics ability. Robins used the term ‘linguistics science’ to approach the study of how language is diverse and changes with an influence of close interaction between language use and the speech community. He asserted that cultures influence the power of language. Folk linguistics is thus fostered and transmitted into linguistics science through the generation of communities along with cultural variations. Although Robins indicated that the study of linguistics is grounded by the significant exploration of the European frameworks, he insisted that the history of linguistics in Europe does not entail any European superiority in the linguistics field in comparison to the lack of knowledge we may have on the established Sanskrit work of the Indians. Hence, this paper aims to review the two main classical thoughts established in the development of language.

Why IR scholars should care about quantum theory, part I: burdens of proof and uncomfortable facts

AbstractHow burdens of proof are allocated in science has an important bearing on how new knowledge develops. Usually, the burden is on new theories to prove their worth relative to a default, baseline of knowledge that is considered established and secure. However, in the case of classical vs. quantum social science matters are not that simple because the long-standing classical default has itself already failed to pass crucial tests, which has spurred the search for quantum solutions instead. Part I of this paper, therefore, tries to ‘re-balance’ the burdens of proof with Quantum Mind and Social Science’ critics, by highlighting two significant limits to date of classical thinking about the mind and society: the philosophical problem of finding a place for consciousness in the universe, and the scientific problem of explaining the Kahneman–Tversky anomalies in psychology. Acknowledging these outstanding problems does not equalize the burdens of proof, but it does mean that as we head into the more substantive discussion in Part II there is no secure default position. Just burdens of proof all around.

The Development of Philosophical Activities of the Academic Philosophy Cafe From Language Game to Theater Game

In Practical Philosophy Education, besides the learning of conceptual knowledge and working with an introspective method, students are actively engaged whereby they are played in a new form as a language game. The negative attitudes and the pretending performances were revised from the exercise of answering questions to asking question, and then to continue asking. 1957 Coffee proposes the “cross-questioning” model of using knowledge to play the “game” of philosophy. This playing experience is passed down intellectually in the form of language game, which is to be replayed sentimentally in a theater game. As a pedagogic, the previous philosophical activities are exemplified in the younger generation’s way of learning and “replaying”. As a lifestyle, the historical classical thinking is continued, while the old games of philosophers are played with new and refreshing rules.

A review of classical thoughts on contemporary public administration in developing countries

A review of classical thoughts on contemporary public administration in developing countries

PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Government had traditionally assumed the responsibility of providing enabling environments for private individuals to thrive in the classical economic thoughts. These environments manifest critical infrastructure. However, as the society is growing in population and technology, the functions of the government became even more complex that governments were becoming increasingly unable to monopolistically provide these infrastructure, hence the need to liberalize the sources of infrastructure for collective development. Liberalization democratized sources of infrastructural development by including the private sector players in the provisioning of infrastructure through a partnership with the government. Public Private Partnership (PPP) has been practiced successfully in various countries of the world and has been found to be a veritable tool for infrastructural development. This study examined the historical evolution as a source of infrastructural development in Nigeria drawing extensively from documented literature. Findings reveals that PPP became a popular government approach to infrastructure development from the late 1990s- a period which coincided with the transition into the fourth stint of democratic governance. Since then, National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), National Policy of PPP, National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan (NIIMP), and Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) have all been developed to advance infrastructural development with cogent emphases on PPP as a core implementation approach. The study hence recommended that PPP should be emphasized more as an approach of further infrastructure plans in Nigeria.

A review of classical thoughts on contemporary public administration in developing countries

A review of classical thoughts on contemporary public administration in developing countries

Self-Organization in Vocal Mechanics and Physiology

Self-Organization in Vocal Mechanics and Physiology Ingo R. Titze (bio) VOICE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Self-organization is now an accepted concept in biological systems. Complex systems with many interactive components do not need microcontrol of each component to produce a well coordinated output of the system. If given enough individual freedom, the components will interact in such a way as to produce an organization for optimum efficiency. Contrary to classical thinking, regularity can be produced with much variability in the system, or even irregularity in the input. Heartbeat is a good example. The neural inputs to the heart muscles are not as regular as the heartbeat itself. The muscles self-organize for their collective output. In the old way of thinking, noise-in always meant noise-out. In the new way of thinking, some added noise can actually help in self-organization. It gives the system more choices for possible coordinated activity. Feedback and ample exchange of energy between components is a requirement. Feedback can be positive or negative. Positive feedback reinforces the output of a component by taking a portion of the output and adding it to the input in phase. Negative feedback subtracts some of the output from the input. With the two forms of feedback, many forms of interaction are possible between subsystems. Consider some examples in vocalization. The subsystems can be the left vocal fold, the right vocal fold, the subglottal resonator, and the supraglottal resonator. Each has its own natural resonance properties. They all can be thought of as oscillators. Energy transfer is facilitated by glottal aerodynamics and acoustic wave propagation in the airways. Without energy transfer and feedback between the subsystems, the components all would likely have their own frequency, amplitude, and phase in their oscillatory patterns. The output would not be periodic (harmonic) unless each is controlled with precision. With interaction, however, they can synchronize their motions and the forces that keep them in motion. No separate control is needed. However, synchronization is more likely if the subsystems have great flexibility, a wide range of operation. So, what is the take-home message for singers? To obtain regularity and predictability in our vocal output, we need to resist the tendency to restrict the range of operation of some of the components. The theory suggests that we not limit the range of tongue or lip movements, or the range of lung pressure, or the choice of vowels, or the choice of larynx position. Allowing for maximal self-organization would speak against such restrictions. Focusing on the desired output and its repeatability pays the higher dividends. If the system [End Page 233] knows what to produce, it will use its internal variability to produce it. We should not constrain the interaction between the system components. This is especially the case if there is a deficiency or abnormality in one or more of the components. The rest of the system has to compensate, which means that the range of operation and mobility of some components has to increase. In summary, the message is: Let the vocal system organize itself. Give it the right output targets and it will find a way to get there with lots of alternative solutions. [Dr. Titze's bio is republished here because his updated version regrettably was omitted in the last issue.] [End Page 234] Ingo R. Titze Ingo R. Titze, PhD, is Emeritus Distinguished Professor of Speech Science and Voice at the University of Iowa and Executive Director of the National Center for Voice and Speech at the University of Utah. His formal education is in physics and electrical engineering, but he has devoted much of his studies to vocal music and speech. Dr. Titze has published more than 500 articles in scientific and educational journals, coedited two books titled Vocal Fold Physiology, and now has four books in print: Principles of Voice Production, The Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of Phonotion, Vocology: The Science and Practice of Voice Habilitation, and Fascinations with the Human Voice. He has lectured throughout the world and has appeared on such educational television series as Innovation, Quantum, and Beyond 2000. He is a recipient of the William and Harriott Gould Award for laryngeal physiology...

Anococcygeal Nerve and Sitting Pain: Differential Diagnosis and Treatment Results.

The plastic surgeon is often asked to reconstruct the sacral area related to pilonidal cysts or a tumor, or after other surgery, such as coccygectomy. When sitting pain is not due to the pudendal or posterior femoral cutaneous nerve injury, the anococcygeal nerve (ACN) must be considered. Clinically, its anatomy is not well known. Rather than consider coccygectomy when the traditional nonoperative treatment of coccydynia fails, resection of the ACN might be considered. A review of traditional anatomy textbooks was used to establish classical thoughts about the ACN. A retrospective cohort of patients with sitting pain related to the coccyx was examined, and those operated on, by resecting the ACN, were examined for clinicopathologic correlations. When the ACN is described in anatomy textbooks, it is with varying distributions of innervated skin territory and nerve root composition. Most include an origin from sacral 5 and coccygeal 1 ventral roots. Most agree that the ACN forms on the ventral side of the sacrum/coccyx, alongside the coccygeus muscle, to emerge laterally and travel dorsally to innervate skin over the coccyx and lower sacrum. A review of 13 patients with sitting pain due to the ACN, from 2015 to 2019, demonstrated a mean age of 54.6 years. Eleven were female. The etiologies of ACN injury were falls (9), exercise (3), and complication from surgery (1). Six of the 9 patients who had surgery were able to be followed up with a mean length of 36.3 months (range, 11-63 months). Overall, 3 had an excellent result, 2 had a good result, and 1 was not improved. The one with a failed result showed improvement with coccygectomy. The ACN must be included in the differential diagnosis of sitting pain. It is most often injured by a fall. The ACN can be evaluated with a diagnostic nerve block, can be identified at surgery, and can be resected, and its proximal end can be implanted into the coccygeus muscle. This surgery may prove an alternative to coccygectomy.

Two Routes to CSR: Mixing Religion, State, and Market

Religion, as a critical component in both personal value system and wider institutional order, is relatively under-investigated in strategic management. Drawing on institutional complexity and Weber’s classical thinking, we propose that firms with religious top executives are embedded in the tension of religion, market, and state logic, which further shapes their conflicting interpretations of external institutional pressures and variation in practicing CSR. Based on a matched two-year survey of firms across multiple industries and regions, we find that religious CEOs perceive lower normative pressure from industry peers but higher coercive pressure from the government, which mediate the different effects of CEO religiosity on corporate social responsibilities (CSR). Furthermore, we find that when firms are positioned in the hub of a business ecosystem, both the negative effect of religious belief on normative pressure and positive effect on coercive pressure becomes weaker; when firms are located in the environment with high regional marketization, only the negative effect of religious belief on normative pressure becomes weaker. We contribute by uncovering a more complicated but nuanced mechanisms through which CEO religiosity affect CSR and revealing the double-edged nature of business embeddedness with religious categories.

The Existence of Arguments in Classical Islamic Thought: Reply to Hannah Erlwein

AbstractIn recent years, there has been notable interest in Islamic philosophy and theology from an analytic and not merely historical perspective. One important area of research that has garnered a great deal of research is the arguments for the existence of God. Recent work by Hannah Erlwein seeks to argue that this research has been in vain, for there are no arguments for the existence of God in classical Islamic thought. This paper analyzes Erlwein’s strategies in justifying this position, revealing that her research ignores an enormous amount of evidence that runs contrary to her thesis, in addition to demonstrating many of the errors and shortcomings in her work. Most disturbingly, the book seeks to present the Islamic philosophical tradition as fideistic and unintellectual based on a series of contrived interpretations of rather clear texts. In response, this paper demonstrates the importance of independent inquiry in the Islamic tradition by looking at a wide range of different relevant texts.