Investigation of toxicological profile and possible side effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is of high importance. Historically, two-dimensional (2D) cell culture was used to study the toxicity of the ENMs, but due to their inability to simulate in vivo cell behavior, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have been developed. Nanotoxicity studies initiate with in vitro experiments and continue with in vivo studies, which are very challenging and sometimes accompanied by conflicting data due to the in vitro-in vivo gap. Thus, scientists are turning their attention to microfabrication techniques and engineered systems "called organ-on-a-chips", which act as an intermediate between in vivo and in vitro systems. The present account tries to review the classical study models and suitably cover the emerging 3D culture models including scaffold-free and scaffold-based 3D cell cultures, 3D co-culture with direct contact and without cell-cell contact methods as well as microfluidic-based tissue chips and organoids. Overall, this review aims to give readers a better insight about the ENMs' toxicology and fill the gaps between the knowledge and practical techniques. Hopefully, the presented information will resolve the issues of 2D in vitro cultures and display the clinically relevant responses to the concerns of therapeutic ENMs.

Facial nerve decompression is a surgical procedure performed for severe facial nerve paralysis associated with conditions such as Bell’s palsy and Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Classical Western studies by Fisch first established the surgical principles of facial nerve decompression, providing the foundation for subsequent work on decompression extent and outcomes. However, the optimal extent of bony decompression of the facial nerve canal remains unclear, and a 180° removal of the surrounding bone has traditionally been performed based on empirical judgment. Nevertheless, more extensive bone removal may increase the risk of surgical complications. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the angle of bony decompression around the facial nerve canal and pressure reduction, in order to determine the optimal decompression angle. To achieve this, a simplified experimental model was employed to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between decompression angle and internal pressure reduction, providing mechanical insight into facial nerve decompression rather than clinical data. To evaluate this relationship, a decompression model was created, and pressure changes were measured at opening angles ranging from 30° to 180°. The results revealed that a 150° decompression provided a comparable reduction in pressure to that of a 180° decompression. These findings suggest that the extent of bone removal can be minimized while still achieving sufficient pressure reduction, potentially lowering the risk of nerve injury. We also observed significant pressure reduction at 30°, suggesting utility in regions where extensive bone removal is difficult. The finding that a 150° decompression produced an effect comparable to that of 180° is an important contribution toward improving surgical safety. Moving forward, we aim to refine the decompression model and conduct further investigations using more detailed angle settings, with the goal of establishing a practical surgical technique.

Classical reception studies have significantly influenced African literature, as evident in the works of some scholars such as Ola Rotimi, Wole Soyinka, and Femi Osifisan. While reception studies provide valuable insights into both ancient and contemporary societies, their potential to advance classical scholarship in Africa remains underutilised. This limited use arises from conflicting views; some African scholars opine that reception studies may distort the traditions of Graeco-Roman scholarship, while others see it as a perennial and essential approach to teaching Classics in Africa. These conflicting perspectives were highlighted during Panel 7 presentations on ―Decolonizing the Curriculum‖ at the 3rd International Classics Conference in Ghana (ICCG), held from 17 to 20 September 2024, at the University of Ghana. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate by proposing that African scholars in Classics should embrace reception studies as a valuable framework for understanding the relevance of past societies in contemporary contexts. To bolster its proposal, this paper explores how the reception of Aristotle‘s work has shaped the ideas of scholars like Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, whose contributions to contemporary development discourse are notable. Through a clarification of the term ‗reception studies‘ and an examination of Sen and Nussbaum‘s capability theories of development, which ultimately derived from an Aristotelian perspective, this paper argues that both scholars inevitably drew on reception studies to interpret the classics and project it onto a modern landscape. The success of these scholars implies that the reception approach is a viable method for bringing ancient texts closer to modernity. Therefore, the paper suggests there is a compelling need to recognise reception studies as a foundational approach to studying Classics in Africa and elsewhere.

Ketamine (KET) administration protocols vary widely in their design, with acute, sub-chronic, and chronic dosing regimens used to induce psychotic-like behavior in rodent models. This review compares representative classic and contemporary studies employing differing KET administration protocols to model psychosis in laboratory rodents. Specifically, we have focused on the behavioral tasks and analytical methods used to validate KET-induced symptoms of psychosis-like and schizophrenia-like behaviors. While variability in behavioral tasks complicates direct comparisons across studies, these findings provide a framework for selecting dosing strategies aligned with specific research objectives. Acute KET protocols are particularly suited for addiction research or as a preliminary approach preceding longer-term studies. In contrast, protocols utilizing repeated or sub-chronic, or chronic administration of KET tend to yield more comprehensive models of psychosis-like behavior and are better suited for examining the associated enduring cognitive and neurobiological impairments. Administering KET intravenously or intraperitoneally at frequent intervals or with a bolus dose, may sustain higher levels of bioavailable KET, thereby producing a more robust and reliable psychosis-like phenotype, especially relevant for investigations of long-term cognitive and neurological dysfunction.

This study explored the impact of social conformity when participants encountered unanimous responses from bots to both objective and subjective questions. Seventy-two participants from Heidelberg University participated in a simulated “Quiz Show”, answering general knowledge and opinion-based questions on economic policy. Using a within-subject design, participants first responded independently, then saw answers from three bots modeled after Asch’s classic conformity studies, which were displayed with usernames and profile pictures generated by artificial intelligence. The results showed significant conformity for both objective and subjective questions, regardless of whether the bot responses aligned with or opposed the initial beliefs of the participants. Gender differences emerged, with women showing higher conformity rates, as well as conformity in objective and subjective contexts appeared to be driven by distinct personality traits.

The place of culture in e-commerce markets is an area of considerable research interest and debate. This qualitative study, conducted by semi-structured interviews with e-commerce users in France, Czechia, and Ukraine, aims to uncover how consumer practices within e-commerce vary cross-culturally. Findings suggest that cultural differences in consumer practices are produced by the specific national e-commerce setting rather than being expressed within it. Specifically, local complementors, such as payment and delivery systems, shape consumer agency and expectations in online transactions through a mechanism described as market agencing in preceding literature, which subsequently results in distinct national consumer norms. The description of the unique characteristics of the French, Czech, and Ukrainian national e-commerce markets resulting from the distinct usage of local complements is provided based on the empirical findings. The findings of this research challenge the classical cultural studies approach, which locates the origin of cultural specifics outside the market. The study also proposes testable hypotheses for further cross-cultural research of online consumption.

Learning the science of tajwid is a crucial foundation for maintaining the quality of Qur’anic recitation in a correct and scientifically grounded manner, as emphasized in various classical and contemporary studies on tajwid (Al-Mubarak, 2017). The Hidayatul Mustafid textbook is used as an instructional material for intermediate and advanced levels at Madrasah Diniyah Darunnajah Wunut Wonotirto. However, the effectiveness of the teaching methods applied in this textbook has not been extensively examined, unlike the basic text Hidayatus Sibyan, which has been widely studied (Abdurrozaq, 2022; Salwadani, 2022). This study aims to describe the implementation of learning activities, analyze the effectiveness of the teaching methods used by instructors, and identify supporting factors as well as challenges experienced by students in understanding advanced tajwid material. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that the analytical-lecture method, musyafahah, drill, and discussion are effective in improving students’ understanding, particularly in advanced topics such as idgham mutaqaribain and mad far‘i, which is also consistent with findings from other research (Mursyidah, 2025). Nevertheless, some students face difficulties in distinguishing certain tajwid rules, requiring more intensive practice. This study recommends strengthening the use of visual media and providing a concise supplementary module for the textbook, following the model of media development that has proven successful for basic-level textbooks (Saadah, 2022)

To describe sound processing in the auditory system based on auditory evoked potentials. A literature review was conducted on auditory processing from the perspective of electrophysiological auditory assessment, considering both classical and current studies in the field. Studies addressing auditory evoked potentials and their relationship with sound encoding, decoding, discrimination, perception, and semantic congruence processes were included. Data were analyzed in a descriptive and critical manner, integrating information on different auditory evoked potentials and their respective roles in auditory processing. The auditory system organizes and encodes acoustic features, such as frequency, intensity, and temporal modulations, transforming them into neural representations interpreted by the cortex. Auditory evoked potentials provide information on encoding, decoding, discrimination, perception, and semantic congruence processes. The frequency-following response evaluates the accuracy of neural encoding of sounds, especially speech; cortical auditory evoked potentials reflect advanced processes of encoding, decoding, and discrimination; and the N400 is associated with semantic congruence, elucidating cognitive auditory processing. Auditory evoked potentials are important tools for evaluating auditory processing, contributing to the diagnosis of disorders and to the monitoring of auditory performance across different populations.

Impact of magnetic field on photocurrent: A classical electrodynamic study, simulation, and experimental validation

Dual neural mechanisms of sustained response inhibition: Right-lateralized core control and left-lateralized adaptive support.

Background: Growth hormone (GH) plays a central role in childhood growth and metabolic regulation, yet its diagnostic evaluation remains challenging because of its pulsatile secretion and sensitivity to factors such as puberty, sleep, nutrition, and adiposity. Over the past 25 years, advances in assay technology and a deeper understanding of GH–IGF physiology have highlighted major limitations of traditional stimulation tests and IGF-1–based screening, underscoring the need for an updated, integrated diagnostic framework for pediatric GH deficiency (GHD). Objectives: To synthesize current evidence (2000–2025) on GH secretion physiology, diagnostic performance of GH stimulation tests, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3, and the modifying effects of puberty, BMI, and assay generation; and to propose a modern stepwise diagnostic strategy for accurate early identification of GHD. Methods: A narrative literature review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (2000–2025), including pediatric studies assessing GH secretion, GH stimulation tests, IGF-1/IGFBP-3 performance, and pubertal or BMI influences. Mechanistic and classical physiologic studies were included for context. Findings were synthesized into thematic domains and structured comparative tables. Results: Across the literature, GH secretion increased two- to three-fold from Tanner I to Tanner III–IV, driven mainly by increased pulse amplitude rather than frequency. Parallel rises in IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 peaked in mid-puberty and declined in late adolescence, creating clearly stage-dependent physiological reference points. Failure of GH or IGF-1 to rise appropriately during mid-puberty strongly differentiated true GHD from constitutional or obesity-related patterns. GH stimulation tests showed moderate-to-good sensitivity but only modest specificity, with substantial variability across stimuli and assays. Newer chemiluminescent assays produced lower GH peaks, indicating that historical 10 ng/mL cutoffs are no longer valid for many laboratories. Diagnostic accuracy improved when two different stimulation tests were used and when GH values were interpreted alongside Tanner stage and BMI rather than as isolated results. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 alone lacked sufficient sensitivity but demonstrated good specificity; combining both biomarkers or using IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratios improved classification. Obesity consistently suppressed spontaneous GH pulsatility and reduced stimulated GH peaks, while also lowering IGF-1 specificity, confirming the need for BMI-adjusted cutoffs. Tanner III–IV represented the most physiologically informative stage for distinguishing delayed puberty from true GHD. Nocturnal GH sampling and IGF-1 generation tests had limited routine value but remained useful in selecting diagnostic dilemmas. Conclusion: Accurate diagnosis of pediatric GHD requires an integrated, context-dependent approach that combines auxologic parameters, pubertal staging, BMI, IGF-1/IGFBP-3 interpretation, assay-specific GH cutoffs, and pituitary MRI. Such a strategy reduces misclassification and supports timely, appropriate therapy for children with true GHD.

The production of certified reference material (CRM) in stable powdered milk matrix is important to ensure metrological traceability and quality management in the validation of methods and routine laboratory analyzes to ensure the quality of this product. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the short-term stability of the candidate batch for certified reference material in skimmed milk powder matrix. The work was conducted through a classic study according to the recommendations of ISO Guide 35. The parameters of moisture, lipids and total titratable acidity were evaluated during 21 days of storage. The material was stored at three different temperatures (2-8 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C). The data obtained in the stability study were evaluated through simple linear regression analysis and verified against the criteria established by ISO Guide 35. It was verified that the batch of material produced remained stable for determinations of lipids, moisture and titratable acidity for 28 days at temperatures from 2 to 8 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C.

Collagen peptides have emerged as bioactive nutritional compounds capable of influencing cellular signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. While classical studies (2003–2017) established the absorption of Pro-Hyp and Hyp-Gly di-/tripeptides and their stimulatory effects on fibroblasts, recent evidence (2020–2024) has expanded this model with clinically relevant outcomes across aging, sports recovery, joint health, and dermal regeneration. Following oral ingestion, hydrolyzed collagen undergoes enzymatic digestion, producing low–molecular-weight peptides that are transported across the intestinal barrier via PEPT1. These fragments accumulate in connective tissues, modulate TGF-β/SMAD and MAPK signaling pathways, and enhance COL1A1/COL3A1 transcription while reducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Modern randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses confirm improvements in skin elasticity, tendon remodeling, pain reduction, and functional performance in elderly and athletic populations. This review integrates molecular mechanisms with human clinical evidence and critically evaluates the limitations of current research, including methodological heterogeneity and dosage inconsistency. Understanding the collagen–fibroblast–ECM axis offers translational insights for regenerative medicine, lifestyle interventions, and musculoskeletal health, and this overview builds on these mechanisms by translating them into everyday recreational practice, providing a practical guide for specialists in recreation and lifestyle medicine.

This paper aimed to comprehensively examine the life and scholarship of Songjae Lee-Woo, focusing on three distinct aspects: as a successor and transmitter of the Jinseong Lee family’s scholarly tradition, as a bureaucratic literati, and as a scholar. Songjae was a 6th-generation descendant of the Jinseong Lee family. From his father, Nosongjeong Lee Gye-yang, he inherited the family’s scholarly tradition of valuing spirit of loyalty by refusing to align with unjust power and pursuing Wigijihak -a learning for self-cultivation rather than advancement in officialdom. And by maintaining the family in place of his elder brother Lee-Sik, who had passed away prematurely, and by educating his children and young nephews, including Toegye and Ongye, he inherited the scholarly tradition of the Jinseong Lee family. Also, Songjae faithfully fulfilled his role as the ‘foundation stone’ in inheriting and transmitting the Jinseong Lee family’s scholarly tradition to future generation. Songjae’s aspect as a bureaucratic literati could be summarized in three main parts. First, he served as a principled and upright censor who faithfully carried out his duties even amidst the political turmoil under King Yeonsan. Second, he was a loyal attendant who closely assisted King Jungjong, working to restore the discipline of nation and reform the misgovernment and abuses of King Yeonsan’s era. Finally, while serving in provincial posts, he was a virtuous local magistrate who practiced benevolent governance, stabilized the people’s livelihoods, and guided moral customs. This study also examined Songjae’s scholarly character during the period after he resigned from government service and returned to his hometown to pursue academic study and educate his children and nephews. Embracing the life of a recluse who that pursued inner convergence rather than external expression, Songjae expressed through poetry a way of life that emphasized inner cultivation and self-reflection. Traces of his life absorbed in the study of the Confucian classics and historical books could be found in the classical Chinese poems contained in the 『Gwijeonrok』, as well as in his historical work, 『Dongguk Saryak』. In the 16th century, before Joseon’s Neo-Confucianism had fully blossomed, amidst the political chaos caused by literati purges and royal coup, Songjae Lee-Woo devotedly fulfilled the role given to him in the positions he held. At the same time, he continuously pursued and internalized the perfection of his personality through inner cultivation and self-reflection. It could be evaluated that this way of life was naturally passed down to his nephew, Toegye Lee-Hwang, and served as a foundation for the development of the value of Toegye’s scholarship in both theory and practice.

In modern society, the pursuit of well-being (WB) has become a crucial issue. This study aims to analytically elucidate the structure of WB concepts inherent in Japanese classical literature, particularly Matsuo Bashō's haiku, by applying engineering and mathematical methods. Specifically, using representative haiku by Bashō as the object of analysis, we model the psychological and philosophical elements underlying them as system components. We then utilize the "PlantUML C4 Model," used in software architecture description, to comprehensively visualize the components of WB concepts. Furthermore, we apply the "DEMATEL method (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory)," one of the multi-criteria decision analysis techniques, to quantitatively identify causal relationships and influence levels among elements. This enables us to propose a multi-layered WB conceptual model unique to Japanese culture, encompassing "harmony with nature," "paradoxical integration of emotions," and "sustainable fulfillment through introspection" as demonstrated in Bashō's haiku. This research suggests possibilities for interdisciplinary fusion between classical literary studies and systems engineering, and contributes to the spiritual richness of modern people by presenting a new perspective on WB based on Eastern thought.

This article explores the cultural diplomacy and ideological outreach of the Institute of Roman Studies (Istituto di Studi Romani) toward the Baltic States, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, during the late 1930s. Founded in 1925 in Fascist Italy, the Institute promoted Romanità, or the ideal of Roman cultural continuity, and aimed to make Latin a revived international scholarly language. Using archival documents, the study details how the Institute pursued connections in the Baltics through diplomatic channels, university partnerships, and direct correspondence with local scholars. While geopolitical upheaval and the onset of World War II curtailed these efforts, the article situates them within the broader strategies of Italian soft power and the transnational intellectual history of classical studies. It also suggests that, absent war and occupation, classical philology in the Baltic region might have developed along very different trajectories.

In this paper, we bring forth several new general formulae in the classic study of conics in the Analytic Geometry: the coordinates of all vertices and focal points of arbitrary parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas; lengths for all latera recta from any non-degenerate conic section; equations describing straight lines whose limited-slope contents stand on exactly equal footing as focal axes, latera recta, and directrices from every non-degenerate conic section; and, respectively, these ones characterizing asymptotes for each non-degenerate hyperbola. All these general results work regardless of whether the conics in question are rotated or not on the Cartesian plane, because all of them depend only on the coefficients of the general conic equation, making the rotation angle irrelevant for the analysis of conic sections.

The mammalian kidney possesses a remarkable capacity to concentrate urine to osmolalities approximately four times that of plasma, representing a critical evolutionary adaptation for terrestrial existence. Contemporary nephrology has focused predominantly on epithelial transport mechanisms, particularly the aquaporin water channels discovered by Agre and colleagues, yet the mechanisms ensuring stability of the medullary osmotic gradient in the face of continuous vascular washout remain incompletely elucidated. This comprehensive narrative review synthesizes two historically disparate research traditions into an integrated conceptual framework. The first tradition, developed by Soviet physiologists including Natochin and Ivanova during the 1960s through 1980s, proposed that the interstitial matrix rich in hyaluronan functions as a dynamic reservoir for osmolytes including sodium, chloride, and urea, with vasopressin activating hyaluronidases to release these bound solutes. The second tradition, emerging from the molecular revolution of the 1990s, established that vasopressin regulates collecting duct water permeability through trafficking of aquaporin-2 water channels. We propose that vasopressin acts through two synergistic pathways: a rapid epithelial pathway involving aquaporin-2 translocation within five to fifteen minutes, and a slower matrix pathway involving hyaluronidase activation and osmolyte release over thirty to ninety minutes. Classical studies demonstrated that hyaluronidase inhibition reduces concentrating capacity by approximately forty percent, findings corroborated by the landmark study of Rowen and Law (1981) showing that antiserum against hyaluronidase blocked forty-three percent of vasopressin-induced water transport. Contemporary molecular evidence from conditional HAS2-knockout mice confirms comparable reductions in concentrating capacity without affecting aquaporin expression. Biophysical analysis based on Manning's counterion condensation theory provides mechanistic explanation for sodium binding to the polyanionic hyaluronan matrix. Clinical implications include understanding concentrating defects in chronic kidney disease as consequences of fibrotic matrix replacement, age-related decline as reflecting decreased hyaluronan synthase expression, and diabetic nephropathy as a biphasic process of initial hyaluronan accumulation followed by fibrotic depletion.

Emergent viral diseases remain a critical obstacle to welfare across landscapes and species, encompassing humans, wildlife, and agriculture. Following a jump to a novel host, the severity of disease resulting from infection is a critical determinant of the overall emergent pathogen threat. Conventional wisdom posits that virulence, defined here as host mortality, attenuates to intermediate levels as a pathogen adapts to a novel host, but this is largely based on data from just one system, myxoma virus, which was intentionally introduced as a biocontrol agent in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in mid-1900s Australia. In this study, we demonstrate that infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), which made a host jump from sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, ancestral host) to rainbow trout (O. mykiss, novel host), has not conformed to classical theory. We quantified virulence in the ancestral and novel hosts using common garden in vivo experiments with 16 archival IHNV isolates collected from 1972-2017, which span the period from shortly after the host jump and the subsequent 45 years of host adaptation. These virus isolates also represent two distinct phylogenetic genogroups, each associated with either the ancestral or novel host. The experiments were replicated across two research facilities, two challenges dosages, and two temperatures. While isolates from the ancestral genogroup showed no temporal change in virulence in either host, isolates from the novel viral genogroup displayed a significant increase in virulence over time in the novel host. Some possible indication of a virus temperature adaption after the host jump was also present. Potential drivers of virulence evolution are discussed. This represents one of only a handful of systems in which the evolution of increased virulence has been empirically characterized after a host jump and subsequent adaptation. It contributes to a growing body of evidence that contradicts the classical case study of myxoma virus attenuation after adaptation.

This article aims to discuss the implications of the supervised internship proposal as an integrating space in the double degree programs in Portuguese-Greek and Portuguese-Latin, within the Faculty of Letters at UFRJ. Revisiting previous attempts to work from an intercultural perspective and presenting new proposals, it presents two intercultural projects that were implemented in public schools in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The first, entitled Medea: a podcast by Dilermando Cruz, involved readings of the Brazilian translation of Euripides' Medea and its adaptations with 9th-grade students, resulting in the written recreation of passages from the play and the recording of a podcast. The other project, Aulularia: an intercultural project, articulated the reading and understanding of the Latin theatrical text with the analysis of aspects of Roman culture, the development of writing skills, and the recognition of the nuances inherent in literary adaptation processes. By articulating frameworks from critical pedagogy, intercultural education, and classical reception studies with the real demands and rhythms of the school, the integrated internship becomes a central axis for curricular and identity reconfiguration in the teacher training program.