Classical Garden Research Articles

Intelligent Generation Method and Sustainable Application of Road Systems in Urban Green Spaces: Taking Jiangnan Gardens as an Example.

This paper takes the garden road system as the research object and proposes a method of generating paths for classical gardens based on parametric design. Firstly, by studying the distribution characteristics of roads, the data on the curvature, angle, and view area of roads were collected. Secondly, the obtained data were transferred to the parameterized platform, and a method of intelligent generation was used for calculation. Finally, the road system was optimized by the genetic algorithm for better application in modern landscape design. According to the current situation, the road system plan generated by the algorithm inherits the characteristics of classical garden roads. This method can be applied to the courtyard, the community park, the urban park, and other objects. This research not only identifies the characteristics of landscape cultural heritage, but also produces an innovative, intelligent design tool. It provides new methods for the parameterized inheritance and application of traditional landscape heritage.

Digital characterization of the surface texture of chinese classical garden rockery based on point cloud visualization: small-rock mountain retreat

The Rockery is often a key element of a Classical Chinese Garden. It’s exquisite detailed physical characteristics a major contributor to artistic value, aesthetic appeal, and the carrier of historical and cultural heritage values. Poets and scholars have often described the beauty of these places in classical gardens in qualitative terms but lacked the quantitative tools to provide replicable metric descriptions. The highly complex forms and surfaces, irregularity, and fragility of garden rockeries has challenged authors to accurately describe the characteristics of these qualities using traditional methods and tools. This article presents a new method of digital characterization approach based on laser scanning and point cloud visualization, which can quantitatively detect and represent the pattern of rockery surface textures. It offers a replicable accurate quantitative descriptor of the Classical Chinese rockery. The Small-Rock Mountain Retreat, a nationally protected rockery garden in China, has been used as a case study. It contains original historic elements and more recently restored areas. Two characteristics of rockery surfaces, including the well-proportioned density and space, and the proper contrast between solid and void, were analyzed by examining four attributes: (1) surface complexity; (2) contour curvature; (3) shape variation; and (4) the interweaving of lightness and darkness. The findings demonstrate that, despite some similarities between the restored portion of the rockery and the historical remnants, there are variances in the richness of the details and the balanced distribution of shape change. The digital characterization approach introduced in this article offers a new perspective for recording and in turn safeguarding Chinese garden rockeries and other irregular cultural heritage objects.

Conservation and management of Chinese classical royal garden heritages based on 3D digitalization - A case study of Jianxin courtyard in Jingyi garden in fragrant hills

With the intent to accurately improve the conservation and management efficiency of cultural landscape heritage of Chinese classical royal gardens, digital information about Chinese gardens is thoroughly collected, and the accurately constructed information used in the model includes garden entity, spatial, attribute information, etc. By adopting 3D laser scanning technology and point cloud information processing in combination with the characteristics of Chinese garden elements, the landscape information about Chinese classical royal gardens is accurately classified, and a 3D digital information model of the gardens is constructed. The classified point cloud information, including various garden elements, is obtained, which provides accurate support for the subsequent informatization application of garden elements, heritage conservation, monitoring management, etc. After classifying garden information more accurately, the entity information data of Chinese classical royal gardens are processed with the point cloud data collected by means of 3D laser scanning and then classified. This article presented the techiques not only for one or two elements of a site, but the whole Chinese royal garden elements. Also for the built and natural - that is for structures, seconday or axuillary buildings, built garden featurs and natural topograhy and vegetation. In the process, attention should be given to the collection and processing of classical garden terrain environments and rockery spaces, resulting in improvement in the correlation between multisource information data, which can greatly improve the accuracy and management efficiency of garden spatial information and provide broader application prospects for future conservation and management of Chinese landscape cultural heritage.

Application of Chinese Classical Garden Landscaping Techniques in Modern Indoor Natural Landscape Design from the Perspective of Virtual Reality Technology

In the multimedia information comprehensive development of multimedia culture, the traditional technology of many industries and advanced mobile technology develop in concert. Ancient Chinese gardens have a long history. They are rich in content, outstanding in style, and full of characteristics. They have great aesthetic value and are the valuable property of all mankind. This paper discusses the environmental expression, spatial layout, and element combination in traditional garden art. The study of landscape design techniques involves different subjects. Through the developed mobile multimedia information, the traditional garden design is more rich, separation but not blocking, desire to promote first restraint, twists and turns, appropriate scale, borrowing from afar and borrowing from neighbors. The application of these expression techniques in modern interior design is of great significance. By using the ancient gardens of our country to reflect the civilization products of our country in a certain historical stage, the paper traces its development ideas and motives and analyzes the consistency with the corresponding contemporary ideological development. From the perspective of space design, this paper discusses the influence of ancient gardens on contemporary space creation from the aspects of space type, structure form, and space language. How to apply the reference means of ancient Chinese garden design to modern interior decoration through multimedia information so that the interior space can also experience the aesthetic pleasure of “changing scenery” so that the traditional landscape and modern interior decoration can be more fully integrated. This is something designers have to think about. Chinese ancient gardens have always been the focus of domestic design circles. Both the ideas behind it and its own gardening techniques can be used for reference by contemporary interior design. Therefore, the main content of this paper is the foundation of the transformation mechanism of traditional garden in contemporary design through multimedia information. Based on the framework system of contemporary indoor natural landscape or indoor natural landscape as the background, this paper discusses how to use virtual reality technology for reference to the gardening techniques of classical Chinese gardens.

History of Chinese Classical Gardens

From the beginning of Shang Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty the development of Chinese classical landscape gardens went through five periods: the formation period of Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties, the transition period of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the heyday of Tang Dynasty, the maturity period of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the middle and end of Qing Dynasty. Five thousand years of glorious Chinese culture makes Chinese classical gardens different from Western gardens and Islamic gardens. The unique garden system and style give rise to the unique and profound Chinese classical garden system in world history. Based on the history of Chinese classical gardens, the paper focuses on the historical background of the development of the Song garden, the characteristics of typical gardens and literati gardens in the two Song dynasties, in order to understand the development process of the Song garden more deeply. Under the condition of learning and understanding, the method and concept characteristics of classical garden design in Song Dynasty are inherited and applied to modern garden planning and design.

Beijing Private Gardens: The Third Supplementary Study

As an important category of the classical garden system of China, private gardens in Beijing have a long and prosperous history. Based on the author’s previous studies, this article explores the topic further through textural research of twenty-six important gardens built in Beijing during the Ming (1368‒1644) and Qing (1644‒1911) dynasties, with the aim to extent the former analysis and provide additional information on garden layout and design.

A Preferred Road to Mental Restoration in the Chinese Classical Garden

The impact that classical gardens have on the well-being and quality of life of visitors, especially city dwellers, is an important topic. Scholars have previously focused on landscape aspects, such as water bodies, plants, rocks, chairs, pavilions, and public squares, in various green spaces but have overlooked the road settings that visitors walk on. This study used the Du Fu Thatched Cottage Museum as the subject region and employed a convenience sampling method (n = 730) to analyze the preference and mental restoration of different road settings of Chinese classical gardens. According to the findings, the majority of visitors felt that the road settings in these classical gardens provided psychological recovery, and half of the roads received a preference score of five or above. The regression results indicated that nature, culture, space, refuge, and serene were found to be important predictive dimensions for both mental restoration and preference. Furthermore, this study divides landscape elements in road settings into two major categories (natural and artificial elements) and eight subcategories (trees, shrubs, lawns, roads, fences, walls, decorations, and buildings) to investigate the relationship between various types of specific road setting elements and visitors’ perceived preferences as well as restorability. The correlation results showed that in terms of preference, tree > lawn > path > fence > shrub > wall; in terms of restoration, tree > lawn > shrub > fence > path > decoration > building > wall. Overall, the findings of this research can improve visitor preferences and restoration in a given environmental setting, resulting in a more enjoyable experience.

Retracted] Research on the Flow Space Planning Model of a Classical Garden Based on an Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

The traditional spatial planning model has a large error and poor spatial planning effect, which cannot adapt to the construction of classical gardens. The flow spatial planning model of classical gardens based on an ant colony optimization algorithm is designed. The aim of the study is to perform the following: Analysis of classical garden flow space scale, quantifying the spatial flow scale of classical gardens, modifying classical garden spatial sequence based on the ant colony optimization algorithm, and constructing the flow space planning model of classical garden. By means of a comparison experiment, the error of the new model is small, and the effect of spatial planning is increased, which is of great popularization value.

Correlation Analysis between the Emotion and Aesthetics for Chinese Classical Garden Design Based on Deep Transfer Learning.

Garden design with healthy psychological characteristics is a design method that mines positive psychological expressions and converts them into garden design elements. Chinese classical gardens are cultural heritage of China. Studying the beauty of space in classical gardens is of great significance to inheriting traditional culture, traditional art, and traditional aesthetics. At present, the research hotspots of garden design with healthy psychological characteristics mainly focus on the construction of relevant research theories and methods with the help of various intelligent tools. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based end-to-end model to recognize the positive psychological design of a Chinese classical garden. The model is designed based on Inception V3 that is proposed by Google. The innovation lies in that transfer learning which is integrated into Inception V3 to improve the generalization ability. Also, it is not necessary to encode the characteristics of the garden design style due to the end-to-end structure used in our proposed model. We design a positive psychological characteristics classification task to recognize high aesthetic feeling and low aesthetic feeling of rockery design. Experimental results indicate that our proposed model wins the best performance compared with other comparison models.

The influence of scholar bureaucrats on the classical garden stone landscape

The influence of scholar bureaucrats on the classical garden stone landscape

从中国古典园林谈人的超越及园林美学的现代转向

从中国古典园林谈人的超越及园林美学的现代转向

SYSTEMATIC METHOD FOR MONITORING AND EARLY-WARNING OF GARDEN HERITAGE ONTOLOGY USED IN THE SUZHOU CLASSICAL GARDEN HERITAGE

Taking garden heritage ontologies as the object, this paper explores monitoring and early-warning methods of heritage based on fuzzy cluster analysis. A monitoring and early-warning system for garden heritage ontologies is designed and consists of monitoring indexes, a monitoring program, monitoring data collection, application of an early-warning grading evaluation model and conclusion of early-warning grading. Taking the Suzhou classical garden heritage as an example, it can be concluded that the systematic method can integrate various qualitative and quantitative index values and collectively reflect the overall state of garden heritage ontologies as well as match a heritage monitoring ontology with an early warning grade by calculating the data similarity matrix, membership matrix, fuzzy similarity matrix, fuzzy equivalent matrix and cut matrix. Five kinds of heritage ontologies with a total of twenty-seven heritage monitoring indicators are applied in the model and then be matched with MATLAB software to obtain accurate early-warning results. When types of heritage ontology need to be expanded, the heritage is further refined, or the heritage is more comprehensive, this method is applicable.

3D scanning, modeling, and printing of Chinese classical garden rockeries: Zhanyuan\u2019s South Rockery

Chinese classical garden rockeries have rich historical and cultural value, as they are a part of China’s cultural heritage. In recent years, while the digital research of rockeries has increased, most of it is limited to a rockery’s digital record. However, other issues have not been thoroughly discussed, such as how to digitally protect a rockery, activate it as an immovable, solid site heritage by digital means, and transform its function. To ensure the effectiveness of rockery data, this paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of digitally mapping the Huanxiu Shanzhuang rockery, which was conducted by the team at an early stage, to a convenient and accurate digital rockery data acquisition scheme that was used for the Zhanyuan South Rockery, as an example of carrying out three-dimensional digital mapping. Furthermore, from the perspective of the sustainable development of cultural heritage, this study attempts to print Chinese classical garden rockeries in three dimensions to realize their physical representation. This paper aims to provide a new way to activate, restore, and protect rockeries.

From ‘Arcadia of the literati’ to ‘extravagant enclosure’: the Tianjin salt merchant gardens of the Qing Dynasty

ABSTRACT This article examines a largely unexplored component of China’s classical garden system—the gardens of salt merchants in Tianjin during the Qing Dynasty (1636–1911). Beyond existing works, which tend to focus on imperial and scholar gardens—gardens of the ruling elites—this examination of merchant gardens contributes to garden history by revealing that merchants created gardens to improve their low social status. It further reveals shifts in the functions, architectural design and flora of the gardens which reflects both individual aesthetics and the changing fortunes of Tianjin’s salt merchants in general. Salt merchant gardens in Tianjin initially presented idyllic scenery to create literary-based, self-immersed spaces. Then beginning in the 1720s, they evolved into a showcase of rising merchant power displaying affluence, thereby enabling merchants to improve their social rank. Finally, from the 1840s, salt merchant gardens gradually became extravagant enclosures as the collapse of the established social structure unfolded.

Consistency Analysis of Spatial Perception Measurement of Tourists and Residents in Fuzhou Xi-Hu Park

Fuzhou Xi-Hu Park is Located in the central area of Fuzhou, It has a history of over 1,700 years and is the most complete classical garden in Fuzhou. Many people come to the Xi-Hu Park for sightseeing when they arrive in Fuzhouas well as residents. The purpose of this study is to explore whether the structure and measurement method of the questionnaire are uniform for tourists and residents in the measurement of spatial perception. Data were collected by questionnaire survey, 650 number of questionnaire were distributed and 583 were received. The results revealed that the scales of measurement across residents and tourists were invariant. The measurement weights, measure residuals and structural residuals were not significant indicating that there is no difference across residents and tourists. It means that the study can re analyze the difference between tourists and residents' perception of space.

Terrestrial Laser Scanning Technology in Chinese Classical Gardens—A Case Study of Biyun Temple Shuiquanyuan

In recent years, how to use advanced science and technology to archive and protect Chinese classical gardens has always been a hot topic in academic circles. This paper explores the application of terrestrial 3D laser scanning (TLS) in classical gardens. The Biyun Temple Shuiquanyuan was selected as the research object, analyzed the garden scan the content and difficulty, the ground 3D laser scanning technology was used to arrange the site under the premise of ensuring data accuracy and scanning efficiency, and the complete garden data was obtained. And carries on the point cloud registration, segmentation, encapsulation and texture mapping. The 2D line drawing and 3D point cloud model of the research area are finally obtained. The technology of rapid, accurate, no contact to obtain the data characteristics of classical garden plays a positive role in cultural heritage protection work.

“Seeing” or “Being Seen”: Research on the Sight Line Design in the Lion Grove Based on Visitor Temporal–Spatial Distribution and Space Syntax

Research on the sight line design of the Classical Chinese Garden (CCG) is an important issue of CCGs’ sustainable development. Taking the Lion Grove as a case, GPS data loggers and questionnaires were employed to collect visitor temporal–spatial data and visiting motivations. We then calculated the “Revisiting Proportion” and “Average Speed” values. Furthermore, we selected the “Visual Control” values analyzed by Depthmap as an indicator of visibility. The statistical analysis of the relationship among “Revisiting Proportion”, “Average Speed”, and “Visual Control” values of each space showed that the spatial visual characteristic affected the visitor temporal–spatial distribution. Scenery spots in and around the large water pool, within one-step visual depth of each other, occupying the visual advantage of both “seeing” and “being seen”, can facilitate the transformation of sight lines and form the visual effect of “one step, one scene”. This research also proved that the sight line design of the Lion Grove was more intentional than random.

How to survey, model, and measure rockeries in a Chinese classical garden: a case study for Huanxiu Shanzhuang, Suzhou, China

ABSTRACTRockeries, which imitate nature in a special form, are an essential element of Chinese classical garden design and one of the most fascinating features that distinguish Chinese culture from other traditions of the world. This study takes rockeries in Huanxiu Shanzhuang—one of the exceptional rockeries in China—as an example to study the methods of digital survey, documentation and research of Chinese cultural heritage. Using techniques of terrestrial laser scanning and digital photogrammetry, this study made surveys, 3D models and morphometric measurements of piled mountains and single monoliths in Huanxiu Shanzhuang. A survey and document approach for different kinds of rockeries in Chinese classical gardens was studied by comparing the related techniques applied in different situations. Using the methods studied in this research, rockeries in Huanxiu Shanzhuang were documented and measured.

The Humanmade Paradise: Exploring the Perceived Dimensions and Their Associations with Aesthetic Pleasure for Liu Yuan, a Chinese Classical Garden

Investigating how people perceive Chinese Classical Gardens (CCGs) and their appeal are important issues of landscape studies. By considering the Liu-Yuan Garden, we developed a measurement instrument to investigate the perceived dimensions of landscape appreciation. Based on literature review, the descriptive items to measure how people perceived Liu-Yuan Garden were developed. Then, the explorative factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were employed, and six dimensions were extracted and validated including “Adoration”, “Nostalgia”, “Liveliness”, “Exquisiteness”, “Hedonic Value”, and “Placeness”. Finally, the Ordinary Linear Regression method was employed to estimate how the aesthetic appreciation is influenced by these perceived dimensions. The result revealed that four of these dimensions were significantly correlated with aesthetic pleasure. The influences of these perceived dimensions on aesthetic pleasure were measured and compared. The results indicated that “Placeness” provided the most important influence on aesthetic pleasure, whereas “Liveliness” was the least influential of the four related dimensions.

Homoclinically Expansive Actions and a Garden of Eden Theorem for Harmonic Models

Let $\Gamma$ be a countable Abelian group and $f \in \Z[\Gamma]$, where $\Z[\Gamma]$ denotes the integral group ring of $\Gamma$. Consider the Pontryagin dual $X_f$ of the cyclic $\Z[\Gamma]$-module $\Z[\Gamma]/\Z[\Gamma] f$ and suppose that $f$ is weakly expansive (e.g., $f$ is invertible in $\ell^1(\Gamma)$, or, when $\Gamma$ is not virtually $\Z$ or $\Z^2$, $f$ is well-balanced) and that $X_f$ is connected. We prove that if $\tau \colon X_f \to X_f$ is a $\Gamma$-equivariant continuous map, then $\tau$ is surjective if and only if the restriction of $\tau$ to each $\Gamma$-homoclinicity class is injective. We also show that this equivalence remains valid in the case when $\Gamma = \Z^d$ and $f \in \Z[\Gamma] = \Z[u_1,u_1^{-1}, \ldots, u_d, u_d^{-1}]$ is an irreducible atoral polynomial such that its zero-set $Z(f)$ is contained in the image of the intersection of $[0,1]^d$ and a finite union of hyperplanes in $\R^d$ under the quotient map $\R^d \to \T^d$ (e.g., when $d \geq 2$ such that $Z(f)$ is finite). These two results are analogues of the classical Garden of Eden theorem of Moore and Myhill for cellular automata with finite alphabet over $\Gamma$.