Classical Formulation Research Articles

Pharmacognosy and Analytical Profile of Bhunimbadi Churna: A Polyherbal Formulation

ABSTRACT Background: Charak Samhita, an ancient Ayurvedic text, offers a vast repository of effective polyherbal formulations for treating various diseases. Ensuring the standardization and authentication of these compound formulations is crucial for quality control and enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. Establishing reliable data to set standard parameters is essential for verifying the genuineness of individual formulations and drugs as a whole. Aims and Objectives: The primary aim of this study is to evaluate and assess Bhunimbadi Churna, a classical formulation mentioned in the Grahanidosha Chikitsa Adhyaya of Charak Samhita, known for its multiple therapeutic indications. The objectives include conducting a comprehensive pharmacognostical and pharmacological assessment of the formulation to establish standard parameters for quality control. Materials and Methods: The study involved a detailed examination of Bhunimbadi Churna using standard scientific protocols. The assessment included organoleptic characteristics, physico chemical parameters, physical characteristics of the powder (Churna), preliminary phytochemical analysis, and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. Results: On performing the experiments for three consecutive readings, loss on drying was found to be 7.66 ± 0.21, pH was 5.53 ± 0.19, total ash value of powder was found to be 6.64 ± 0.20 w/w, and acid insoluble ash was found to be 0.52 ± 0.11 w/w. These parameters provide a reliable framework for assessing the quality and authenticity of the formulation. Conclusion: The findings of this study offer valuable tools for regulatory authorities, scientific organizations, and manufacturers to develop standardized formulations of Bhunimbadi Churna. The reproducible parameters established in this study can assist in ensuring the quality and efficacy of this classical Ayurvedic formulation.

An <i>In Vitro</i> Study for Evaluating the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Polyherbal Combination Against <i>Escherichia coli</i> in the Management of <i>Mutrakrichra</i> (Urinary Tract Infection)

Millions of people worldwide experience Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), which rank among the most widespread bacterial infections. UTIs are a common health issue, particularly among women and certain populations. Escherichia coli is the most frequent pathogen, causing 75-90 % of UTIs. Timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and preventive measures can help reduce the burden of UTIs and minimize complications associated with these infections. In order to address this issue, classical formulations are mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. In the current study, hydroalcoholic extracts of Emblica officinalis (Amalaki) and Berberis aristata (Daruharidra) were prepared. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and their combination was evaluated by establishing their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and measuring the zone of inhibition. The combination of Amalaki and Daruharidra with honey shows significant inhibition of E. coli which is comparable with tablet Norfloxacin. This study suggests that Emblica officinalis (Amalaki) and Berberis aristata (Daruharidra) can be used in Mutrakrichra associated with Mutradaha in the context of urinary tract infections.

Standardization of Prasaranyadi Kashayam – a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation

Standardization of Prasaranyadi Kashayam – a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation

Quantitative Estimation of Secondary Metabolites of Shadanga Paniya Classical Ayurvedic Formulation and Constituent Herbs

Abstract Background: In the present scenario, ayurvedic drugs and their formulations need standardization to understand their pharmacokinetics and to prevent any safety issues. Shadanga Paniya (SP) is a classical ayurvedic formulation composed of six herbs and most of the constituent herbs have been shown the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and total phenolic contents (TPC). Materials and Methods: Preliminary qualitative estimations of alkaloids, flavonoids, and TPC in SP formulation and its constituent herbs were done using Dragendroff’s method, sodium hydroxide solution, and ferric chloride solution. The quantitative estimations were done using bromocresol green, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent method. Statistical Analysis Used: All the qualitative and quantitative analyses were replicated in three independent assays, and the results were reported as a mean ± standard deviation. Results and Conclusion: The results revealed that constituent herbs of SP formulation have the presence of flavonoids and total phenolic acid, whereas alkaloid was only found in Vetiveria zizanioides herb. The quantitative estimation of alkaloids, total flavonoids, and total phenolic acid contents of SP formulation was found as 86.105 ± 6.4 mgAE/g, 87.8 ± 4.0 mgRE/g, and 105.8 ± 3.8 mgGAE/g, respectively. This is the first report on the phytochemical estimation of SP formulation.

Robust Model Predictive Control of a Vaccine Production Unit

In this paper, nonlinear model predictive controllers (NMPC) are proposed to optimize the biomass productivity of yeast fed-batch cultures. Their predictions are driven by a mechanistic model developed using a few industrial vaccine production data sets. The limited amount of data causes high parametric uncertainty levels and, to address this issue, a robust tube-based MPC is proposed and its robustness is assessed by a Monte-Carlo analysis, and compared to the classical MPC formulation.

Pharmacognostic standardization and HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of Sahacharadi Kashayam: a classical ayurvedic polyherbal formulation

Multiherbal compositions are widely practiced in ayurvedic medical system, and ka??yam (decoction) is one such dose. Sahacharadi Kashayam is a traditional ayurvedic polyherbal medicine recommended by ayurvedic doctors for chronic and acute back pains, lower limb disorders, and conditions that mainly affect the nutrient level in the blood and the bone. The aim of this study was to develop pharmacognostic parameters for the standardization and quality evaluation of the Sahacharadi Kashayam. In-house polyherbal formulation was prepared as per the previously prescribed method, and physicochemical parameters were evaluated as per standard protocol and showed loss on drying at 99.31%, total ash content at 4.911 ± 0.120%, water-soluble ash at 3.022, and acid-insoluble ash at 0.489. Total phenolic content was estimated with FC reagent and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (9.95 + 0.004 mg/g). High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint profiling was obtained, and the quantity of total tannins was estimated as tannic acid equivalent using HPLC (0.47%). The results obtained from the study could be utilized as a reference for the quality control and quality assurance of Sahacharadi Kashayam.

Regulation of lipids and inflammation by vaisvanara churnam in hypercholesterolemia

Conventional ayurvedic herbal formulations exhibited enormous potential effects to ameliorate hypercholesterolemia. Vaisvanara Churnam (VC), a classic conventional ayurvedic formulation useful to correct digestive system disorders. Hypercholesterolemia is induced by oral administration of 1.5% of cholesterol along with cholic acid (0.5%) and treated with VC (450mg/kg) for 60 days in rats. The objective is to decipher the lipid metabolism regulation via reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and Toll like receptor, (TLR) signalling pathway in high cholesterol diet fed rats. VC for 60 days in cholesterol co-administered rats tapered off the elevated lipid profile, decreased lipogenic enzymes, enhanced RCT and decreased TLR-NFқB expression, maintains the balance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and boost up the excretion of bile acids. VC thus effectively abolished the established hypercholesterolemia and had a conspicuous protective role against atherogenesis.

Preparation and Evaluation of Classical Ayurvedic Formulation Triphala gritha

Objective The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate Triphala gritha.Methods The selected formulation Triphala ghrita was prepared as per the methodology described in Ayurvedic texts. The prepared and marketed formulations were analyzed for their physico-chemical constants using established methods in accordance with WHO guidelines the Indian Pharmacopoeia and standard protocols from the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Herbal Pharmacopoeia and other relevant sources.Results A profile consisting of distinguishing parameters was developed to provide means of correct identification. Some important organoleptic features of Triphala ghrita laboratory and market formulations like color odour taste appearance touch etc. were documented. Physico-chemical constants were determined and documented. The formulations were tested for the presence of heavy metals microbial content pesticide residues and aflatoxin which were also found within the limits of WHO specifications. Preliminary phytochemical studies of Triphala ghrita revealed the presence of terpenoids and phenolics as chief constituents. High performance thin-layer chromatography HPTLC method was developed and reported for the quantification of ascorbic acid and gallic acid as marker constituents to ensure identity and quality of Triphala ghrita.Conclusion The studies carried out on Triphala ghrita can serve as a valuable tool and provide suitable standards for its identification. Phytochemical screening and the quantitative HPTLC assay method developed for quantification of ascorbic acid and gallic acid in Triphala ghrita can serve for the routine quality control of commercial samples and help in justifying the traditional claims endowed upon this formulation in a scientifically accepted manner.

Non-uniform magnetic fields for single-electron control.

Controlling single-electron states becomes increasingly important due to the wide-ranging advances in electron quantum optics. Single-electron control enables coherent manipulation of individual electrons and the ability to exploit the wave nature of electrons, which offers various opportunities for quantum information processing, sensing, and metrology. Here we explore non-uniform magnetic fields, which offer unique mechanisms for single-electron control. Considering the modeling perspective, conventional electron quantum transport theories are commonly based on gauge-dependent electromagnetic potentials. A direct formulation in terms of intuitive electromagnetic fields is thus not possible. In an effort to rectify this, a gauge-invariant formulation of the Wigner equation for general electromagnetic fields has been proposed [M. Nedjalkov et al., Phys. Rev. B, 2019, 99, 014423]. However, the complexity of this equation requires the derivation of a more convenient formulation for linear electromagnetic fields [M. Nedjalkov et al., Phys. Rev. A, 2022, 106, 052213]. This formulation directly includes the classical formulation of the Lorentz force and higher-order terms, depending on the magnetic field gradient, that are negligible for small variations of the magnetic field. In this work, we generalize this equation in order to include a general, non-uniform electric field and a linear, non-uniform magnetic field. The thus obtained formulation has been applied to investigate the capabilities of a linear, non-uniform magnetic field to control single-electron states in terms of trajectory, interference patterns, and dispersion. This has led to the exploration of a new type of transport inside electronic waveguides based on snake trajectories and the possibility of splitting wavepackets to realize edge states.

Methods for modeling the dissipative characteristics of layered composites

The main methods for modeling dissipative characteristics of layered composites are considered: the principle of elastic-viscoelastic correspondence and energy method. Mathematical models of damped oscillations are given for layered anisotropic plates. A numerical procedure for solving the problem of damped oscillations of a three-layer monoclinic plate containing a two-stage method for solving a complex eigenvalue problem. It is noted that the energy method for modeling energy dissipation at vibrations of layered composite structures is a special case of the method, based on the principle of elasticviscoelastic correspondence. Shown, that in addition to the classical formulation of the energy method, in which the terms energy balance equations are approximately found by their own forms and vibration frequencies of a conservative mechanical system, there is one more an approximate method for calculating the dissipative characteristics of orthotropic composite structures. The advantages of this method are the possibility of using existing commercial software systems (Ansys et al.), which numerically implement the finite element method, and shortcomings - the need to be limited to the use of classical theories of thinwalled structures (Bernoulli-Euler, Kirchhoff-Love) for descriptions of deformation of composite structures. It has been found that the use the classical formulation of the energy method allows with a high accurately predict the values of mechanical loss coefficients up to ηmax = 0.02. Further increase in damping levels construction is accompanied by a decrease in the accuracy of the forecast.

Energy Spectra of Nonlocal Internal Gravity Wave Turbulence.

Starting from the classical formulation of the weak turbulence theory in a density stratified fluid, we derive a simplified version of the kinetic equation of internal gravity wave turbulence. This equation allows us to uncover scaling laws for the spatial and temporal energy spectra of internal wave turbulence which are consistent with typical scaling exponents observed in the oceans. The keystone of our description is the assumption that the energy transfers are dominated by a class of nonlocal resonant interactions, known as the "induced diffusion" triads, which conserve the ratio between the wave frequency and vertical wave number. Our analysis remarkably shows that the internal wave turbulence cascade is associated to an apparent constant flux of wave action.

The Tandem of Liquid Chromatography and Network Pharmacology for the Chemical Profiling of Pule'an Tablets and the Prediction of Mechanism of Action in Treating Prostatitis.

Prostatitis, a prevalent urinary tract disorder in males, has a complex etiology that leads to severe clinical discomfort. Pule'an Tablets, a classic single-component formulation primarily based on rapeseed pollen, have been clinically proven to have a beneficial therapeutic effect on both prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, there is currently a lack of research on the chemical composition and mechanisms of action of Pule'an Tablets in treating prostatitis. In this study, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), a total of 53 compounds in Pule'an Tablets were identified, including flavonoids, phenylpropionamides, lipids, glucosinolates, and nucleic acids. Subsequently, through a network pharmacology analysis, potential target genes and their mechanisms of action were predicted accordingly. The results suggested that genes such as LPAR5, LPAR6, LPAR4, LPAR3, LPAR2, LPAR1, F2, ENPP2, MMP9, and TNF, along with pathways like prostate cancer, endocrine resistance, bladder cancer, and the IL-17 signaling pathway, may represent potential pathways involved in the therapeutic effects of Pule'an Tablets. This study represents the first systematic investigation into the chemical composition of Pule'an Tablets, shedding light on the potential mechanisms underlying their efficacy in treating prostatitis. These findings could serve as a valuable reference for future pharmacological research on Pule'an Tablets.

RATIO LEGIS OF INTERFAITH INHERITANCE REFORMULATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FIQH MINORITY: A STUDY OF THE THOUGHTS OF YUSUF AL-QARDHAWI AND TAHA JABIR AL-ALWANI

This article aims to delve deeply into the ratio legis of reformulating the legal status of interfaith inheritance from the perspective of fiqh minority, as articulated by the thoughts of Yusuf al-Qardhawi and Taha Jabir al-Alwani. The research method employed in this article is a library research approach, utilizing comparison and content analysis to identify similarities, differences, and potential points of convergence in their thinking. The research findings indicate that the legal status of interfaith inheritance, according to the fiqh minority of Qardhawi and Alwani, must be redefined from the classical textual fiqh formulations to a contextual division of interfaith inheritance. The growing Muslim population in various non-Muslim countries necessitates the urgent reformulation of interfaith inheritance distribution to fill the normative vacuum within minority Muslim communities. The ratio legis of reformulating the legal status of interfaith inheritance according to Qardhawi and Alwani is based on considerations of maslahat (public interest) and the values of Maqashid al-Shariah, which serve as guiding principles for redefining the contextual legal status of interfaith inheritance. Failure to understand Islam solely through a textual lens and an inability to address the issues faced by minority Muslims in non-Muslim countries could relegate Islamic law to a relic of civilization.

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF NASYA KARMA YOGAS IN BAHUGATA VIKARA

In Ayurveda, Pioneers have used all the possible routes of drug administration in different treatments, even from the era when the other medical sciences had not yet evolved. Among them, Nasya Karma, the non-invasive drug administration route with transmucosal nasal drug delivery, is a unique detoxification therapy in Panchakarma that aims at the alleviation of disorders that are related to the head and neck region. Bahugata Vikara is one of the most common neuromuscular ailments that hampers the day-to-day routine of an individual due to impairment of the upper limb. Even with advanced allopathic treatment modalities, patients are not getting satisfactory relief where Nasya karma is the prime treatment modality, especially for Urdhwajatrugata and Bahushirsagata Roga. It acts on higher centers of the brain, controlling different neurological, endocrinal, and circulatory functions, thus showing local and systemic effects. This article attempts to compile the various types of classical Nasya formulations specifically indicated in Bahugata Vikara by different Acharyas from Ayurveda classical texts, relevant information from previous research, and published materials from reputed sources.

Calibration of absorbing boundary layers for geoacoustic wave modeling in pseudo-spectral time-domain methods

Abstract. This paper develops a calibration methodology of the artificial absorbing techniques typically used by Fourier pseudo-spectral time-domain (PSTD) methods for geoacoustic wave simulations. Specifically, we consider the damped wave equation (DWE) that results from adding a dissipation term to the original wave equation, the sponge boundary layer (SBL) that applies an exponentially decaying factor directly to the wavefields, and finally, a classical split formulation of the perfectly matched layer (PML). These three techniques belong to the same family of absorbing boundary layers (ABLs), where outgoing waves and edge reflections are progressively damped across a grid zone of NABL consecutive layers. The ABLs used are compatible with a pure Fourier formulation of PSTD. We first characterize the three ABLs with respect to multiple sets of NABL and their respective absorption parameters for homogeneous media. Next, we validate our findings in heterogeneous media of increasing complexity, starting with a layered medium and finishing with the SEG/EAGE 3D salt model. Finally, we algorithmically compare the three PSTD–ABL methods in terms of memory demands and computational cost. An interesting result is that PML, despite outperforming the absorption of the other two ABLs for a given NABL value, requires approximately double the computational time. The parameter configurations reported in this paper can be readily used for PSTD simulations in other test cases, and the ABL calibration methodology can be applied to other wave propagation schemes.

Method of virtual sources using on-surface radiation conditions for the Helmholtz equation

We develop a novel method of virtual sources to formulate boundary integral equations for exterior wave propagation problems. However, by contrast to classical boundary integral formulations, we displace the singularity of the Green’s function by a small distance h>0. As a result, the discretization can be performed on the actual physical boundary with continuous kernels so that any naive quadrature scheme can be used to approximate integral operators. Using on-surface radiation conditions, we combine single- and double-layer potential representations of the solution to arrive at a well-conditioned system upon discretization. The virtual displacement parameter h controls the conditioning of the discrete system. We provide mathematical guidance to choose h, in terms of the wavelength and mesh refinements, in order to strike a balance between accuracy and stability. Proof-of-concept implementations are presented, including piecewise linear and isogeometric element formulations in two- and three-dimensional settings. We observe exceptionally well-behaved spectra, and solve the corresponding systems using matrix-free GMRES iterations. The method is implemented for problems with known analytical solutions for comparison. We conclude that the proposed method leads to accurate solutions and good stability for a wide range of wavelengths and mesh refinements.

Revisiting a Cornuéjols-Nemhauser-Wolsey formulation for the p-median problem

We revisit a formulation for the simple plant facility location and p-median problems introduced by Cornuéjols, Nemhauser and Wolsey (1980). Despite being the smallest known formulation regarding the number of variables, this formulation is barely used or cited in the literature. Here, we reintroduce the formulation for the p-median problem from a different perspective, resulting from the intersection of a selection problem with an additional family of optimality constraints to define the costs correctly. An alternative proof that the linear relaxation of the formulation is equivalent to the linear relaxation of the well-known classical formulation is provided. By exploring the optimality constraints we discuss approaches to derive bounds for large-size instances. These approaches are based on relaxations obtained by eliminating optimality constraints and can be seen as a simple matheuristic to solve large size instances. In particular, we characterize relaxations which provide the optimal solution, and therefore, can be seen as new formulations for the p-median problem. Computational tests are reported showing that the renewed formulation can be used efficiently to solve p-median instances.

Efficient Formulation for Vendor–Buyer System Considering Optimal Allocation Fraction of Green Production

The classical joint economic lot-sizing (JELS) policy in a single-vendor single-buyer system generates an equal production quantity in all cycles, where the input parameters remain static indefinitely. In this paper, a new two-echelon supply chain inventory model is developed involving a hybrid production system. The proposed model simultaneously focuses on green and regular production methods with an optimal allocation fraction of green and regular productions. Unlike the classical mathematical formulation, cycles do not depend on each other, and consequently, each model parameter can be adjusted to be responsive to the dynamic nature of demand rate and/or price fluctuation. A rigorous heuristic approach is used to derive a global optimal solution for a joint hybrid production system. This paper accounts for carbon emissions from production and storage activities related to green and regular produced items along with transportation activity under a multi-level emission-taxing scheme. The results emphasize the significant impact of green production on emissions. That is, the higher the allocation fraction of green production, the lower the total amount of emissions generated by the system, i.e., the system becomes more sustainable. Adopting a hybrid production method not only decreases the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions dramatically, but also reduces the minimum total cost per unit time when compared with regular production. One of the main findings is that the total system cost generated by the base closed-form formula of the proposed model is considerably lower in the first cycle (subsequent cycles) than that of the existing literature, i.e., 33.59% (16.13%) when the regular production method is assumed. Moreover, the optimal production rate generated by the proposed model is the one that minimizes the emissions production function. In addition, the system earns further revenue by utilizing a mixed transportation policy that combines the Truck Load (TL) and Less than Truck Load (LTL) services. Illustrative examples and special cases that reflect different realistic situations are compared to outline managerial insights.

Steady-state Approximations for Hodgkin-Huxley Cell Models: Towards Multi-scale Models of Uterine Smooth Muscle

The Tong, et al. 2011 publication presents a comprehensive mathematical model of electro- mechanical behaviour in a uterine smooth muscle cell. It incorporates ion channel currents into a classic Hodgkin-Huxley membrane voltage formulation as well as Ca2+ concentration dynamics with pumps and exchangers. Mechanical force generation by way of the Hai-Murphy smooth muscle cell model is computed based on the Ca2+ concentrations. The ‘full’ Tong, 2011 model (FTM) includes nineteen ordinary differential equations for the ion channel activation/inactivation variables out of a total of 105 equations overall. An effort at reducing the FTM into a smaller number of equations for computational efficiency – the ‘reduced’ Tong model (RTM) – aims at reproducing the overall behaviour of the FTM without excessive detail. We present here the CellML implementation of the RTM for simulating the FTM within the context of the reduced model’s primary publication as derived from the Tong, et al. 2011 model.

Steady-state Approximations for Hodgkin-Huxley Cell Models: Towards Multi-scale Models of Uterine Smooth Muscle

The Tong, et al. 2011 publication presents a comprehensive mathematical model of electro- mechanical behaviour in a uterine smooth muscle cell. It incorporates ion channel currents into a classic Hodgkin-Huxley membrane voltage formulation as well as Ca2+ concentration dynamics with pumps and exchangers. Mechanical force generation by way of the Hai-Murphy smooth muscle cell model is computed based on the Ca2+ concentrations. The ‘full’ Tong, 2011 model (FTM) includes nineteen ordinary differential equations for the ion channel activation/inactivation variables out of a total of 105 equations overall. An effort at reducing the FTM into a smaller number of equations for computational efficiency – the ‘reduced’ Tong model (RTM) – aims at reproducing the overall behaviour of the FTM without excessive detail. We present here the CellML implementation of the RTM for simulating the FTM within the context of the reduced model’s primary publication as derived from the Tong, et al. 2011 model.