Clarification Of Requirements Research Articles

On new requirements for the environmental indicators of agricultural tractors in the Customs Union

BACKGROUND: Decisions of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission No. 127 of October 29, 2021. and No. 89 dated 04/15/2022. amendments have been made to the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union On the safety of agricultural and forestry tractors and trailers for them (TR CU 031/2012).
 AIMS: Analysis of modern requirements for the environmental indicators of agricultural tractors in the Customs Union.
 METHOD: Analytical.
 RESULTS: By the decision of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission (October 29, 2021.) amendments have been made to the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union 031/2012, which cover the issues as follows: clarification of the requirements for the emission of harmful substances with exhaust gases from diesel engines, installed on mentioned tractors; introduction (for the first time) of requirements for emissions of harmful substances to dual-fuel engines (i.e. on the gas-diesel process); clarification of similar requirements for spark-ignition engines, operating on gaseous fuel. Environmental requirements for diesel engines correspond to the European level of Stage IIA level for the period up to 09/01/2022 and to the Stage IIIA after the specified period. The requirements for dual-fuel and gas engines are in accordance with those, specified in the technical documentation, until 09/01/2022 and in accordance with those, specified in TR CU 031/2012, after this date.
 CONCLUSIONS: Clarification in the Technical Regulations 031/2012 of the regulatory requirements for the emission level of agricultural tractors eliminates the ambiguity in understanding of these requirements.
 The replacement of conventional fuel with gaseous fuel theoretically provides a reduction in the emission of harmful substances from the exhaust gases of engines.
 The replacement of diesel fuel with natural gas (methane) allows, theoretically, to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide, considered as one of the gases, contributing to the greenhouse effect, by 15%.
 In order to ensure the development of the russian economy in the context of sanctions, it is advisa-ble to cancel the coming into force the Stage IIIA level environmental standards for agricultural tractors from 09/01/2022, which is given in the TR CU 031/2012.
 These changes concern relate, firstly, to the clarification of the requirements for the emission of harmful substances with exhaust gases from diesel engines installed on these tractors, and secondly, the introduction (for the first time) of the requirements for emissions of harmful substances to dual-fuel engines (i.e. on the gas-diesel process), and thirdly, clarification of similar requirements for spark ignition engines running on gas fuel. Fuel gas refers to compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. Environmental requirements for diesel engines for the period up to 09/01/2023. correspond to the European level of Stage II, and after the specified period to the level of Stage IIIA. For dual-fuel and gas engines. requirements for emissions of harmful substances: until 09/01/2023 - in accordance with those specified in the technical documentation, and after the specified period in accordance with those specified in TR CU 031/2012.

Patterns of continuous requirements clarification

In software projects involving large and often distributed teams, requirements evolve through the collaboration of many stakeholders, supported by online tools such as mailing lists, bug tracking systems, or online discussion forums. In this collaboration, requirements typically evolve from initial ideas, through clarification, to the implementation of a stable requirement. Deviations from this expected course might indicate requirements that are poorly understood, need further negotiation, or better alignment with project goals. If not addressed timely, such problems can surface late in the development cycle with negative consequences such as rework, missed schedules, or overrun budget. This paper presents an approach that provides project managers' with timely awareness of such requirements-related risks, based on automatic analysis of stakeholders' online requirement communication. We describe a clarification classifier that automatically analyzes requirements communication in a project and detects clarification events, a catalog of clarification patterns, and a pattern matcher that suggests communication patterns based on our pattern catalog. Our approach has been empirically constructed and evaluated in a case study in the $$\hbox {IBM}^{\circledR }$$IBM® Rational Team $$\hbox {Concert}^\circledR$$Concert® project. We discuss the applicability of our approach in other projects as well as avenues for extending our pattern catalog toward a theory of clarification patterns.

A methodology supporting syntactic, lexical and semantic clarification of requirements in systems engineering

Product development is a challenging activity. The process begins with a description and representation of a design problem in form of a requirements document. It involves two phases: elicitation by description in Natural Language (NL) and clarification of the description. NL implies interpretation of terms within a context to avoid later misunderstanding. The paper proposes a methodology to elicit and refine the initial needs. The elicitation is done by finding support information from several sources such as patent databases, encyclopaedias and commercial websites. The refinement supported by a computer-based approach is done on different levels (grammar, words and context selection) to reduce the ambiguity of the requirements descriptions. The initial description is refined by an automatic questioning process. This is followed by an assisted search and selection of answers from different web-based sources. Relevant answers are selected using a similarity metric. A case study is used to demonstrate the approach.

A Framework for Analysis of Sentinel Events in Medical Student Education

Although previous studies have addressed student factors contributing to dismissal or withdrawal from medical school for academic reasons, little information is available regarding institutional factors that may hinder student progress. The authors describe the development and application of a framework for sentinel event (SE) root cause analysis to evaluate cases in which students are dismissed or withdraw because of failure to progress in the medical school curriculum. The SE in medical student education (MSE) framework was piloted at the Ohio State University College of Medicine (OSUCOM) during 2010-2012. Faculty presented cases using the framework during academic oversight committee discussions. Nine SEs in MSE were presented using the framework. Major institution-level findings included the need for improved communication, documentation of cognitive and noncognitive (e.g., mental health) issues, clarification of requirements for remediation and fitness for duty, and additional psychological services. Challenges related to alternative and combined programs were identified as well. The OSUCOM undertook system changes based on the action plans developed through the discussions of these SEs. An SE analysis process appears to be a useful method for making system changes in response to institutional issues identified in evaluation of cases in which students fail to progress in the medical school curriculum. The authors plan to continue to refine the SE in MSE framework and analysis process. Next steps include assessing whether analysis using this framework yields improved student outcomes with universal applications for other institutions.

A model based transformation paradigm for cross-language collaborations

Online collaboration is a big challenge in the field of international product development in a cross-language environment. It serves two purposes: cross-language translation and design requirement clarification. Though many approaches and tools are developed for each of the purposes, not a solution serves both of them well. Especially, the traditional statistical methods for cross-language translation cannot preserve the whole semantic information, which intend to incur misunderstanding and ineffective collaboration. This results in potential problems in clarifying the design requirements. In this paper, we proposed a method to online collaboration, named Cross-Language Transformation based on Recursive Object Model (CLT-ROM). The proposed method consists of two steps. Firstly, a natural language sentence is transformed into a source ROM diagram. Secondly, a corresponding target ROM diagram is generated by a transformation algorithm. The proposed method is a model-based communication tool which facilitates collaborations. Since the ROM has been proven effective in requirements clarification, some examples are given to illustrate that the CLT-ROM has a good capability of semantic preserving in requirement engineering for product development.

A View on Design: The German Perspective

A View on Design: The German Perspective

Comparing the strategies and outputs of designers using Algorithm of Inventive Problem Solving, Axiomatic Design, or Environment-Based Design

This paper presents the results of a study designed to compare the processes followed by practitioners of three design methods: the algorithm of inventive problem solving, axiomatic design, and environment-based design. Prior literature has postulated the complementary nature of these design methods, and in some cases, has provided case studies of their mutual application on a design problem. However, prior studies have not focused on the detailed activities used in each method to examine the similarities and differences in the outputs of the activities. In this study, a series of three one-day and three three-day design exercises were conducted simultaneously by three international research groups, each focusing on one method. The objectives of this study were to examine the early stages of the design process that deal with macro activities: problem analysis, problem synthesis, and design evaluation and decision making. Several micro design activities were conducted within these, depending on the design method: clarification of requirements, gathering information on existing technologies, initial conceptualization of an assembly of technologies, the identification of system contradictions/coupling, and the solution of contradictions. The objectives of this comparative study were to establish, from observations of practitioners --rather than from a theoretical point of view --the differences and complementarities between the design methods. The problems presented to designers covered a range of design tasks that spanned multiple disciplines, multiple levels of openendedness/specificity of the task, and various levels of inventiveness required. The comparison showed the complementary nature of the design methods, highlighted their respective strengths, and suggested the outlines of an integrated method based on the main benefit of each.

Encourage non-designer's design: Continuous value creation in manufacturing products and services

The advancement of ICT has enabled customer participatory design such as mass-customization. Increase of a customer's contact to design processes gives rise to (a) the subsequent clarification of requirements through product configuration by the customers themselves; (b) the real-time configuration based on the estimations of customer tastes by manufacturers; and (c) the organizational data acquisition of manufacturers of customers’ tastes for improvement of the design activities of manufacturers. This paper argues for continuous value creation by means of combining ‘designing by designers’ and ‘designing by non-designers’ for products. Tourism is studied as a typical example of design by non-designer. Indispensable requirements are obtained to encourage non-designer's design.

The Impact of Faculty-Student Interactions on Teaching Behavior: An Investigation of Perceived Student Encounter Orientation, Interactive Confidence, and Interactive Practice

Previous research has examined satisfactory and unsatisfactory faculty-student interactions from only the student's viewpoint. In this research, the authors used a national sample of marketing professors' self-reported satisfactory and dissatisfactory critical incidents with students. Their findings support previous incident classification schemes. They identified five specific behavior outcomes resulting from critical interactions with students: method and material changes; requirements clarification; reinforcing actions; student praise; and greater authoritativeness. The authors also introduce three constructs—student encounter orientation, instructor interaction confidence, and instructor interaction practice—and discuss the relationship of constructs to incident classifications, the (dis)satisfactory nature of an interaction, and behavioral responses.

Process Piping Design: A Century of Progress

The Process Piping Code—ASME B31.3, (“Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping,” 1998 Edition, ASME, New York, NY) has undergone significant changes over the years to better serve the industries that it supports (Koves, W. J., and Frikken, D. R., 1996, “ASME B31.3: Recent Changes and Future Developments,” Pressure Vessel and Piping Conference, ASME PVP-Vol. 338). The Code has changed in response to changing technology, inquiries to the committee, technical needs, clarification of requirements and editorial considerations. This paper discusses the history of its development and provides and overview of the most significant changes to the Code. [S0094-9930(00)01303-2]

CONTRACTING FOR GRADES IN TEACHER EDUCATION

The main intent of this article is to indicate how a contract for marks may be used advantageously with classes in teacher education. Not only does the contract serve a useful purpose in the clarification of requirements for expected grades, it also promotes a discussion about the philosophy of evaluation and the purposes of grading.

Report on the Second Delegate Assembly

The Agenda of the Second Delegate Assembly of The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, held in Pittsburgh, March 29 and 30, 1951, was determined by questions proposed by Affiliated Groups during the year and reported in thissection of The Mathematics Teacher and in the Newsletter of the Affiliated Groups. Among the topics given considerat ion by the Delegates were clarification of requirements for affiliation, relationships between Affiliated Groups and State Representatives, distribution and sharing of materials prepared by the various Groups, problems of publicity, Speakers Bureau, budget of the Committee on Affiliated Groups, possibilities for a traveling exhibit, and contest sponsorship.