Civil Engineering Of University Research Articles

Peculiarities of tolerance to uncertainty in students at different stages of education: the contribution of dispositional hope and optimism

Introduction. The rapidly changing conditions of modern society are characterized by a certain degree of unpredictability. A person's success and well-being depend on his ability to accept challenges and adapt to a transforming world. Modern research focuses on the study of various factors influencing an individual’s tolerance to uncertainty. However, not enough attention is paid to the consideration of dispositional hope and optimism as predictors of this phenomenon. The purpose of the study is to study the characteristics of dispositional hope and optimism as predictors of tolerance to uncertainty in students and to establish the direction of connections between the studied characteristics, taking into account age and gender. Materials and methods. The study involved 191 1st and 5th year students of the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Russian Federation). Methods: «Uncertainty Tolerance Scale, MSTAT-I» by D. McLane, adapted by E. G. Lukovitskaya, E. N. Osina, «Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS)» adapted by K. Muzdybaev, «Optimism and Activity» questionnaire (Arousability and Optimism Scale, AOS) Schuller, A. Comunian adapted by N. E. Vodopyanova. Results. It was found that 1st year students show a higher level of tolerance to uncertainty (46,2±11,4) than 5th year students (42,3±11,0). 1st and 5th year boys have a higher tolerance for uncertainty than 1st and 5th year girls. Among 1st and 5th year boys, «activity» (B=1,55; p ≤ 0,001, respectively B=1,24; p≤0,01) and «optimism» (В=1,81; р≤0,03, respectively B=1,62; p≤0,001). The greatest predictors of tolerance to uncertainty among first-year girls are the «integral index of hope» (B=0,84; p≤0,01), «ability to find ways» (B=0,59; p≤0,01) and «activity» (B=2,16; p≤0,001) By the 5th year, girls’ tolerance to situations of uncertainty decreases and hope for a better future disappears. Conclusion. The results of the study contribute to the understanding of the influence of hope and optimism on the development of tolerance to uncertainty. Integration into the educational process of programs aimed at developing tolerance to uncertainty using positive thinking methods can have a positive impact on the future professional activities of future specialists.

European Universities, the Highlight of International Cooperation in Higher Education. The Romanian Perspective on EU-CONEXUS

Inter-university cooperation has always been a desideratum of higher education institutions. It has developed at a slower or faster pace, for different reasons, depending on the era. Gradually, this cooperation has become more complex, giving rise to a new concept – the internationalisation of higher education. Supported by the development of technology and the increasing liberalisation of borders, cooperation in education has evolved from bilateral agreements to consortia of universities and eventually to European universities. Created at the initiative of the European Commission in 2017, European Universities are transnational alliances that over the last four years have brought about a paradigm shift in inter-university cooperation. This paper aims to discuss the participation of the Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest (UTCB) in a European consortium, and its contribution to internationalisation at the institutional level. We will try to identify the advantages of being a member of this alliance, as well as the difficulties encountered throughout the cooperation and the means to overcome them.

Self-leadership as the ability for self-management in relation to academic procrastination of engineering students

Introduction. In the modern educational environment, attention is increasingly focused on the development of students’ personalities. The ability to self-organize, self-discipline and self-motivation becomes a necessary skill both for achieving educational goals and for successful integration into the professional environment of a future specialist. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of self-leadership, self-management and self-esteem on the level of academic procrastination of engineering students. Materials and methods. The sample is represented by 138 students of the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, the average age was 20 years. The following methods were used: «Questionnaire to determine the level of self-leadership», adapted by Kim E-sung, «Scale for assessing academic procrastination», adapted by M.V. Zverev, questionnaire «Ability to self-government» N.M. Peysakhova, test «Determination of the level of self-esteem» S.V. Kovaleva. Results. The self-leadership and self-management skills of engineering students are at the «above average» level, there is also an average level of procrastination, and a low level of self-esteem was found. Students' academic procrastination decreases with a high level of goal-setting ability (r=-0,19; p≤0,05), introspection (r=-0,19; p≤0,05), self-control (r=-0,20; p≤0,05). Procrastination increases when using the strategies of «self-reward» (r=0,18, p≤0,05) and «visualization of one’s own success» (r=0,19, p≤0,05), as well as with high self-esteem (r=0,23; p≤0,001). Girls are more likely to procrastinate, care about the quality of work, and reward themselves after achieving results than boys. The most significant contribution to the academic procrastination of engineering students is made by goal setting (B = -0,36) and «visualization of one’s own success» (B = 0,40). Conclusion. Academic procrastination is one of the common problems in education. Self-leadership as the ability for self-management has a significant impact on procrastination, reducing it. Further research into the phenomenon of self-leadership may contribute to the development of programs for developing selfmanagement skills, which will improve learning outcomes.

Naziemne skanowanie laserowe - wyzwania i możliwości w tworzeniu modeli 3D budynków

The technology of terrestrial laser scanning and its possibilities are subject of scientific research in the area of geodesy, construction, architecture and even more over the last decades. This method provides point clouds data, which contains full and accurate representation of the geometrical parameters of the examined subject. This publication discusses in short the principles and possibilities for creating a three-dimensional data model using the advantages of terrestrial laser scanning. The building of University of Architecture, civil engineering and geodesy, situated in Semkovo resort, Blagoevgrad district is selected for the purpose of the task. Classical land surveying measurements with a total station and terrestrial laser scanning are used for the creation of the three-dimensional models. A comparison and evaluation of the obtained model is made. The result of this evaluation indicates that the technology of terrestrial laser scanning is efficient for representation of high quality data with a wide scope of advantages such as high range, fast data processing, high precision and accurate details.

Zbieranie danych przestrzennych za pomocą bezzałogowego statku powietrznego

The paper briefly discusses the nature and advantages of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a spatial data acquisition method. This method and its possibilities are subject of scientific research in the area of geodesy, cadaster, architecture, construction of infrastructure objects and facilities, agricultural activities, cultural and historical heritage and even more over the last decades. This publication discusses in short, the principles and possibilities for creating a three-dimensional data model using the advantages of unmanned aerial vehicle. The building of University of Architecture, civil engineering and geodesy, situated in Semkovo resort, Blagoevgrad district is selected for the purpose of the task. Classical land surveying measurements with a total station and the data collected with an unmanned aerial vehicle are used for the creation of the three-dimensional model. A comparison and evaluation of the obtained model is made. The result of this evaluation indicates that the technology of unmanned aerial vehicle is efficient for representation of high-quality data with a wide scope of advantages such as high range, fast data collecting and processing.

Studying the phenomenon of self-compassion in the context of preventing academic procrastination

Introduction. Currently, the presence of procrastination causes contradictions in modern conditions of society, which places special demands on the independence, initiative, motivation and responsibility of the individual. Scientific research describes in sufficient detail the factors that cause procrastination. There is less research on the relationship between procrastination and such an aspect of personality as self-compassion. The purpose of our study is to examine the relationship between procrastination and self-compassion among university students. Materials and methods. The sample consisted of 157 students of the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, of which 77 boys and 80 girls aged 19 to 22 years. The assumption that procrastination depends on self-compassion and self-esteem was tested using the Self-Compassion Scale by K. Neff, adapted by K.A. Chistopolskaya et al., test «Degree of severity of procrastination» (SVP) by M.A. Kiseleva, N.E. Shustova, O.V. Karina and the test «Personal Self-Esteem» by O.I. Motkova. The obtained empirical results were verified using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Student's t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, and regression analysis. Results. It was revealed that 28% of students have a high level of self-compassion, 69% have an average level, 3% do not show self-compassion. The level of self-compassion among girls was significantly higher (79.3±10.0) than among boys (75.5±12.2). There is a negative relationship between indicators of self-compassion and indicators of procrastination: with a high level of self-compassion in a student, motivational insufficiency (r=- 0.24; p≤0.05), procrastination (r=-0.21; p≤0.05), anxiety (r=-0.31; p≤0.05). A positive relationship between self-compassion and self-esteem indicators was found. As a result of regression analysis, two components of self-compassion influencing procrastination were identified: self-isolation (B = -0.44) and excessive identification with negative emotions (B = -0.24). Conclusion. The results obtained show the need to develop self-compassion as a factor reducing personal procrastination.

APOS Theory in Learning Mathematics (Using Trigonometry as an Example)

Introduction. One of the most well-known theories that allows us to study the process of structuring a concept in the mind of a student is the APOS theory, specially created for the study of mental processes in mathematical education and worthy of application in other disciplines. Despite numerous studies on methods of teaching mathematics, in recent years there have been few publications on the problem of students’ understanding of mathematical concepts; there are practically no works devoted to the study of the formation of mental structures in the course of students’ assimilation of mathematical concepts. The aim of the article is to analyze the process of mastering mathematical concepts using the example of trigonometric functions and present the results of the study in accordance with the stages of the APOS theory. Materials and Methods. The study sample included 102 first-year students of the Institute of Construction Engineering under Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. The APOS theory was used to study students' perception of mathematical concepts, which allowed us to see the details of mathematical concepts formation at each stage of the APOS theory, as well as to identify characteristic errors and classify them. The empirical basis of the study includes the results of a written survey conducted among students. The quantitative characteristics of each stage of APOS were compared. Results. The effectiveness of the application of the APOS theory was shown, a questionnaire was developed which allowed studying the process of mathematical concept structurization in the student's mind. Within the APOS theory framework, differences in levels of understanding of trigonometry were identified, which allowed for the classification of errors made by students. It was found that most of the students who participated in the experiment made conceptual errors in learning the concept of function. The results demonstrated the importance of investigating the mental structures that emerge during the cognitive process to determine the intellectual reserves of learners. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study contribute to the development of scientific understanding of the process of structuring mathematical concepts in the minds of learners and methods for studying the mental structures of abstract concepts. The materials will be useful for university teachers, school teachers in the development of mathematics, as well as in the study of other disciplines.

Technology of protection of authentication data of computer network users

The article is devoted to the problem of perfect protection of authentication data of users of computer systems, especially in the case of a large number of different rights and powers that are personally granted to users. The importance of this problem increases especially when the number of such users in the system is hundreds or thousands. At the same time, each of them must create conditions for access only to their data and ensure protection against any outside interference, both by other users and by staff. A typical example of such conditions are secret electronic voting systems. The software and technical solutions described in this work have passed many years of testing and continue to be practically used in the electronic voting system of the Kyiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture. This system is regularly used for conducting elections to student self-government bodies and for surveys among students regarding the quality of teaching subjects. With the help of this system, elections of leaders of the Red Cross Society of Ukraine were held during the pandemic, which was associated with the Covid-19 virus. The mathematical basis of the described authentication data protection technology is the theory of algebraic groups, namely, the problem of discrete logarithmization over large Galois fields. Thanks to the use of cryptographic transformations over these fields, instead of known hash functions, it was possible to get rid of the possibility of collisions and neutralize the disclosure of passwords by attackers who were able to do it with the help of specialized Internet resources. It was also possible to increase resistance to brute-force password cracking, since conversions to Galois fields take ten times more time than hash function calculations.

Morphology of Exhibition Spaces for Designing a Water Museum

The main objective of this article is to identify the architectural image of a new type of museum and exhibition complex associated with the use of water as one of the design components. The subject of the study is to identify the morphology of exhibition spaces in the architecture of the object "Museum of Water". The article contains a brief overview of already implemented objects related to water, as well as a description of its own project proposal for the introduction of water and its aggregate states into a three-dimensional architectural structure. The material for analysis is the research results of the author's group as part of the design studio under the guidance of Associate Professor of the Department of Architectural Design of the St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (SPbGASU) Kolodin Konstantin Ivanovich and Bachelor Skurlatova Ekaterina Anatolyevna in the framework of the final qualifying work. As a basis for the developed research methodology, an overview analysis of architectural, urban planning and compositional principles of designing multifunctional complexes of complex structure was chosen, and a list of promising design and construction tasks was compiled. The relevance of this study is to consider the scientific novelty in creating a fundamentally new approach to the design of a multifunctional complex based on the morphology of water conditions. Based on the results of the main sections of the study, conclusions were formulated concerning the potential of water use in spatial and planning structures, as well as recommendations for the design of multifunctional complexes of a new type.

Study of the operation of active suspension with magnetic fluid-less shock absorbers

The article presents the structure of an active suspension system for a commercial vehicle aimed at enhancing system performance. Solutions for integrating electromagnetic dampers into an intelligent active suspension system are identified. The behavior of the suspension system under challenging road conditions is examined. A block diagram of the active suspension system with a controller is provided. The article is published based on the findings of a research project conducted as part of a grant competition for scientific research projects by the teaching staff of Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (SPbGASU) in 2024. Keywords magnetic shock absorbers, electromagnetic shock absorbers, suspension, damping, modeling

Efficient pollutant degradation by peroxymonosulfate activated by a Co/Mn metal-organic framework.

In this work, a three-dimensional bimetallic metal-organic framework (BMOF), BUC-101 (Co/Mn-H6chhc, H6chhc = cis-1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexane-hexacarboxylic acid, BUC = Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture) was synthesized by a one-pot solvothermal method and characterized in detail by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) element mapping analysis. BUC-101 showed excellent catalytic peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation performance to degrade rhodamine B (RhB) without energy input. In addition, BUC-101 can maintain good stability and recyclability during the PMS activation processes, in which 99.9% RhB degradation efficiencies could be accomplished in 5 operational runs. The possible PMS activation and RhB degradation mechanisms of the BUC-101/PMS system were proposed and affirmed.

An example of enlightener

Vagiz Fatkhullovich Fatkhullin (1937-2005) was a researcher in the field of structural mechanics, candidate of technical sciences (1973), Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Republic of Tatarstan (1996).In 1964, he graduated from the Kazan Institute of Civil Engineering (now Kazan University of Architecture and Civil Engineering) and began his teaching and scientific career at his home university. He was the Dean of the Faeulty of Civil Engineering (1984-2005) and a professor in the Department of Reinforced Concrete Stractnres (1994-2005), with a break in 1980-1983.He tanght at the University of Annaba (Algeria).

Preface

XVI National Transport Infrastructure Conference with International Participation The transport infrastructure is an issue that concerns every member of our society regardless of age, gender, or race. The necessity to discuss its flaws and make amends to do better each day is constant and undeniable, but with the rapid development of computer technology now, more than ever, we must be flexible and adapt to the innovations in our sector.During the XVI National Transport Infrastructure Conference with international participation (NTICIP 2023) we celebrated and shared our achievements, but also paid attention to the problems and challenges ahead of us. Our main goal as an organizer is to create a sustainable connection between administration, science, and business.This year (2023) the main emphasis was on Road Safety, Digitalization, Technology, Strategic Infrastructure, Standards, Geotechnical Engineering and Sustainable Materials.Each guest who took part in the Conference, held from 5th to 7th of October 2023 in Nessebar, Bulgaria, had the opportunity to discuss the scientific side of engineering issues, exchange information and develop professional contacts.Organizing one of the biggest professional forums on the Balkan Peninsula is not an easy task. I am pleased to acknowledge the work of my colleagues at the Institute of Transportation Engineering and the University of Architecture Civil Engineering and Geodesy. But most of all we are all grateful to the authors for entrusting us with their work.Prof. Dr. Eng. Nikolay Mihaylov,Chairman of scientific board at Institute of transportation engineeringList NTICIP 2023 Scientific Committee is available in the Pdf.

Investigation of the Working Features of Concrete Structures Manufactured Using Technologies of Additive Building Manufacturing

The most common approach to the application of additive manufacturing technology today, which provides for printing the contour of buildings and structures with the creation of non-removable concrete formwork for the construction of load-bearing and enclosing structures. The features of the operation of a non-removable formwork under the action of lateral pressure of a concrete mixture are investigated. The results of the experimental research stage implemented on the basis of the SMITH Research Institute of the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering are presented, in which the strength characteristics of samples selected from single-layer concrete structures made using additive manufacturing technology, as well as the bearing capacity of fragments of non-removable formwork of rectangular and closed cylindrical shape under the influence of simulated pressure of a concrete mixture were studied. In the course of the work, the influence of parameters such as the width and height of the printed layer, as well as the presence of cold seams between individual layers of the printed structure on the strength and bearing capacity of the forming elements of the permanent formwork was studied. The work execution is aimed at accelerating the introduction of advanced technologies in construction in terms of creating scientific and technical groundwork for the development of additive construction production and the development of the domestic regulatory and technical base in the field of construction 3D printing.

Transformations of customer loyalty attitude in marketing: Key components of modern loyalty

In the marketing landscape, there has been a noticeable shift from the well-established “customer retention” loyalty programs of the 2010s to the emerging trend of “customer attraction” programs in the 2020s. This study aims to investigate the underlying reasons behind these transformations and identify the key components shaping a contemporary customer’s loyalty towards brands. To accomplish this, an empirical research was undertaken, interviewing 129 representatives of the “EU-Conexus” network, which education and research institutions are located in Lithuania (i.e., Klaipeda University), Spain (i.e., Catholic University of Valencia), Croatia (i.e., University of Zadar), Romania (i.e., Technical University of Civil Engineering), Greece (i.e., Agricultural University of Athens) and France (i.e., La Rochelle Université). The study employed a quantitative methodology, using a standardised online questionnaire contained multiple-choice, single-choice 18 detailed closed questions. The collected research data were subsequently analysed using MS Excel software through the application of descriptive statistics data processing techniques. The findings of this study revealed that regular and annoying promotional material and “intricate” loyalty programs are usually irritating contemporary customers and can be a reason to leave a brand. Consequently, modern brands are encouraged to regularly rethink – re-evaluate and re-design – their loyalty marketing strategies to become relevant to customers’ needs. The study also highlighted the key components significantly influencing the loyalty of respondents: (i) high quality and responsibly priced goods and (or) services, (ii) well-organised customer service, (iii) a “rational” customer loyalty program, and (iv) an adequate number of promotional messages containing relevant content. Acknowledgment The authors are sincerely thankful to the “EU-Conexus” community for their benevolent and active participation in the research implemented in frames of this study.

Building a one level 3D control network ensure the geodetic work in high-rise building construction

Super high-rise buildings are being built more and more in the world and in Vietnam. Currently, foreign experts are presiding over most of the geodetic work during the construction of super high-rise buildings in Vietnam. Vietnamese technicians are only allowed to participate in the implementation at the request of these experts. Therefore, in Vietnam, it is necessary to have a full research on geodetic work in the process of building super high-rise buildings. This article presents the research results of a group of lecturers in the Geodetic Department, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering on the ability to combine terrestrial and satellite measurements, which are measured by total station and GNSS, in geodetic work when building super high-rise. The research results are the process of building and data processing one-level spatial networks, determining three-dimensional coordinates in a unified coordinate system, step by step ensuring accuracy throughout the construction process, exploiting super high-rise buildings.

Applying GIS and Geospatial Measurement Technologies in Construction Data Management in Vietnam: A Case Study of Hanoi University of Civil Engineering’s Campus

Applying GIS and Geospatial Measurement Technologies in Construction Data Management in Vietnam: A Case Study of Hanoi University of Civil Engineering’s Campus

ТУРИСТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ КАК ОСНОВА ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ТУРИСТИЧЕСКИХ КЛАСТЕРОВ В РОССИЙСКОЙ АРКТИКЕ

The Arctic is a unique region with significant tourist resources, which include natural wealth, indigenous culture, and industrial heritage. Based on the data of tourist resources, it is possible to develop various types of tourism in the presence of the necessary infrastructure. The object of the study is the tourist resources of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation as a key element of the tourism cluster — the basis for its formation. The methodological basis of the study consists of: the study of terminology on the research topic, the formulation of the problem of insufficient availability of tourist resources of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation for potential tourists, the analysis of regional factors affecting the solution of the problem, an interdisciplinary analysis of the identified problem: the tourist cluster is considered from the point of view of social and communicative links between the objects forming the cluster, as well as from the point of view of organization of the architectural environment. As a result of the study, the authors conclude how to identify the most favorable territories for the creation of tourist clusters in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. First, it should be the concentration of tourist resources. With equally attractive tourist resources, the territory that already has a more developed transport, socio-cultural and engineering infrastructure is the most advantageous for development. The article is published based on the results of the research work carried out within the framework of the grant competition for the performance of research works by scientific and pedagogical workers of SPbGASU (St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering) in 2023.

Экспериментальное определение устойчивости сборных металлических конструкций к взрывным нагрузкам

Introduction. Emergency gas explosions occur at industrial facilities as well as in residential buildings. An analysis of normative documents in the field of explosion resistance of buildings and structures subject to an accidental gas explosion has been carried out which revealed a lack of requirements for their explosion resistance and methods of testing their resistance to a deflagration accidental explosion. Objective. A team from the Institute of Comprehensive Construction Safety at the National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (NRU MGSU) developed a test procedure for determining the resistance of prefabricated metal structures to a deflagration explosion of an air-gas mixture and conducted a study including two experiments and analysis of the results to determine the application of building envelopes in the field of explosion protection of buildings and structures against excessive pressure deflagration Materials and methods. The researches have been carried out with the use of a test bench for light-load-bearing constructions according to GOST R 56289. Fabricated metal structures, consisting of 200-mm-thick wall sandwich -panels and metal frame of two steel pipes of 100-mm section were used as test specimens. In the course of the investigations, the failure of the locking joint of the panels and the complete failure of the enclosing structure were monitored. Result s and discussion. Studies have shown that with an overpressure of 17–18 kPa and the exposure time of blast load of at least 250 ms, a significant deformation of the structure with a residual deflection was observed. Complete destruction of the structure occurred at the intensity of the dynamic impact in a 45–47 kPa blast wave and the exposure time of the blast load about 400 ms. Co nclusions. It has been established that the prefabricated metal structure consisting of wall sandwich panels and a metal frame can be used as an explosion-proof protective fence at production facilities in the calculation of blast loads. Several variants of increasing resistance of the structure to deflagration explosion have been proposed.

Unreasonable borrowings in the metalanguage of public administration of the construction industry

Introduction. The purpose of this research is to analyze the frequency of use of foreign-language terms (in particular, anglicisms) in the modern official style, to evaluate the comprehensibility of terms, used by students majoring in public and municipal administration in their professional communication in the field of construction, and to prove the inexpediency of use of some loanwords in the speech of public and municipal government officers. The authors also investigated the availability of Russian equivalents, capable of replacing anglicisms, as well as the influence of loanwords on the quality and purity of the native language. The issue of loanwords has always been debatable in the Russian language, and it gained particular relevance after amendments to the Federal law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation” had been adopted.
 
 Materials and methods. Works addressing the reasons for and trends in (1) loanword borrowing by the Russian language, (2) official documents, published in Russian in 2000–2023, and (3) speeches delivered by representatives of public and municipal authorities, as well as (4) results of the survey, carried out by the authors among the bachelor students of the Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education “Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University)” in the field of studies number 38.03.04 “Public and municipal administration” served as the materials for the research. The authors used such methods as observation, description, survey, quantitative and statistical analysis, comparative analysis, structural analysis, semantic and stylistic analysis, method of distributive semantics, frequency analysis, etc. to draft the article.
 
 Results. The authors studied the reasons for and types of borrowings in the Russian language. Foreign words of various extents of assimilation, most widely spread in the field of public and municipal administration, are identified. Some widely spread borrowings are analyzed in terms of their comprehensiveness, relevance, extent of assimilation, existence of adequate Russian equivalents and expediency of their use. The analysis of the results of the survey, launched among the ba-chelor students, majoring in Public and Municipal Administration, confirmed the assumption about the frequent failure to fully understand the foreign-language terminology, as a result of which loanwords are used incorrectly in the formal speech.
 
 Conclusions. The results of the research let the authors make a conclusion that the decline of foreign words is impossible and unnecessary. However, there is a need to stop overusing loanwords, and to use them consciously and reasonably. That will allow avoiding incorrect or ambiguous interpretations of official texts, prevent any negative effects, and, in the end, facilitate improvement in the quality of the official language, as well as public and municipal administration in general.