Civil Administration Research Articles

Hungary’s Rusyn Policy in the Early 1940s: The Subcarpathian Scholarly Society, the Journal Zoria/Hajnal, and the Rusyn Language

Hungary’s Rusyn Policy in the Early 1940s: The Subcarpathian Scholarly Society, the Journal <i>Zoria/Hajnal</i>, and the Rusyn Language

Shifting urban mobility patterns due to COVID-19: comparative analysis of implemented urban policies and travel behaviour changes with an assessment of overall GHG emissions implications

COVID-19-induced confinements rapidly change behavioural patterns and social norms of street space use worldwide. In the following study we compile data to assess shifting urban mobility during confinement (phase 1), and in reaction to COVID-19 induced physical distancing policies (phase 2). In a comparative analysis of 16 cities, we show that public transit decreased by 80% during confinement, but individual motorized transport only by 64%. Cycling modal share increased in some cities. COVID-19 and sustainability are intertwined via risks, susceptibility, and positive and negative outcomes, in particular via sustainable development goal 3 (SDG3) (health), SDG5 (gender equality), SDG11 (sustainable cities) and SDG13 (climate action). Confinement-induced social gains are realized in reduced congestion, improved air quality, and less accidents, partially compensated by unhealthy eating, and domestic violence. Our analysis reveals that cities around the world provided more space for cyclist and pedestrians as part of pandemic-related measures, pedestrianizing streets, implementing 550 km ad-hoc bicycle infrastructure and planning additional 1500 km. Our computation indicates that GHG emissions savings due to increased uptake of cycling in the EU reduced urban land transport GHG emissions by 0.3% (1 Mt CO2), while GHG emission savings were larger in cities with pop-up bicycle lanes (between 0.43% and 1.87%). Our findings also demonstrate that proactive cities had already plans in their drawers and demonstrated institutional alignment of vocal civil society, administrations and politicians. We argue that long-term sustainability trajectories of cities will depend on transformation of both physical and digital infrastructures.

Activities of military administrations under martial law in Ukraine

The relevance of the subject under study is conditioned upon the fact that in Ukraine, during the period of the legal regime of martial law, special bodies of public power with the powers of a military management organization can be created. Such bodies are military administrations and civil-military administrations, whose separation of powers is a complex process that requires more research. The purpose of this study was the legal characterization of the activities of special bodies in the conditions of military threats in Ukraine and the formation of proposals for improving the legislation in the area under study. The methods employed for this study include comparative, system-structural, comparative legal, formal legal, and systematization. The results established that in the conditions of a full-scale invasion, supporting the proper level of activity of public administration bodies is a necessary component in the fight against the enemy that encroaches on the territorial integrity of the state. It was found that ordinary citizens often identify the activities of military administrations and military civil administrations, which have different powers. This paper argues the need to outline basic provisions in the Constitution of Ukraine regarding the organization of the activities of military administrations to harmonize the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On the Legal Regime of Martial Law” with the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine. The relevant practices of Israel and the United States of America were analysed. It was proposed, following the example of Israel, to introduce separate zones in Ukraine, considering the level of potential or existing military threat, and, depending on this, to give military administrations proper autonomy and powers. The materials of this study can be useful in studying the disciplines “Military law”, “Municipal law”, “Administrative law” since this study distinguishes the powers of military civil administrations and military administrations and provides examples of positive foreign practices in organizing the activities of public authorities in the context of military threats.

TÜRKİYE İRAN SINIRINDA DÜZENSİZ GÖÇ VE GÖÇMENLERİN SINIR GEÇME PRATİKLERİ

Amaç: Bu araştırma, Güney Asya ve Ortadoğu ülkelerinden gelip, İran üzerinden Türkiye’ye giren, özellikle Afganistan, Pakistan, İran, Bangladeş ve Somalili düzensiz göçmenlerin göç süreçlerini ve sınır geçme pratiklerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, göçmenlerin ülkelerinde kopuş nedenlerini, göçmen profillerini, İran’ın göçmenlere karşı tutumunu, göçün maliyetini, göç sürecinde karşılaşılan güçlükleri ve göçmenlerin sınır geçme pratiklerini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Türkiye-İran sınırında göçle birlikte güvenlik konusunun irdelenmesi de çalışmanın bir başka amacını oluşturmaktadır. Yöntem: Nitel araştırma yönteminin benimsendiği çalışmada mülakat ve görüşme teknikleri kullanılarak birincil veriler elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır. İkincil veri kaynağı olarak da daha önce yapılan akademik çalışmalar, Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı ve Van Valiliği İl Göç İdaresi verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Çok boyutlu ve çok aktörlü bir olgu olan düzensiz göç meselesi ele alınırken, göçmenler, göçmen kaçakçıları, güvenlik güçleri, mülki idare amirleri ve sınır köylüleri gibi aktörlerden istifade edilmiştir.Bulgular: Son yıllarda sayıları artan ve İran üzerinden Türkiye’ye giren göçmenlerin önemli bir kısmını Afganlar, Pakistanlılar ve İranlılar oluşturmaktadır. Yıllara göre sayıları değişmekle birlikte Afganların oranı yıllık ortalama %30 ile %45 arasında değişmektedir. Gerek Afgan gerekse diğer göçmen grupların artışında temel etkenin güvenlik kaygısı ve ekonomik nedenler olduğu görülmektedir. İran yönetiminin ülkedeki göçmenleri batıya yönlendirmesi ve göçmen kaçakçılarının faaliyetleri de bu durumda önemli rol oynamaktadır. Göçmenler seyahat sürecinde başta coğrafi koşullar ve kaçakçıların suiistimalleri olmak üzere birçok zorlukla da mücadele etmek zorunda kalmaktadırlar. En dramatik olanlardan birisini göçmen ölümleri oluşturmaktadır. Her yıl sadece Türkiye İran sınırında soğuktan donarak hayatını kaybeden göçmen sayısı yaklaşık 50 civarındadır. Özgünlük: Son yıllarda Türkiye ve dünyanın konuştuğu önemli gündem başlıklarından birisi haline gelen göç meselesine, özellikle doğudan gelen göç meselesine, odaklanılan bu çalışmanın hem literatüre, hem de politika yapıcılara katkı sunması umulmaktadır.

Military administrations as an element of national security under international and Ukrainian legislation

The article discusses some problems of military and civilian administrations operating in Ukraine with the aim of maintaining the national security regime. In particular, the authors investigate the social and political reasons behind the decision to create special government agencies, in the form of civil military administrations. In addition to the comprehensive analysis of the relevant legislative framework, reference has been made to the practical functions of these administrations. The study methodology includes a variety of research tools aimed at improving the analysis and a problem-oriented approach. The conclusions are focused on improving the legislative as well as organizational frameworks of civil-military administrations in the Donbass region. In particular, based on the basic principles within the civil society, including the supremacy of civil society over the armed forces, the discussed Law should be effectively renamed as the Law "On civil-military administrations" with a continuous approach, potentially within a specially drafted project. It is suggested to include a chapter of the Law, on military support of civilian authorities and official efforts of reconstruction of public order in certain areas of Donetsk and Lugansk regions.

Antecedents and Consequences of Implementation Work From Home Policy At The Foreign Investment Tax Service Office One In South Jakarta

This research was motivated by the instructions to work, study and worship at home during the COVID-19 Pandemic. State Civil Administration (ASN) are instructed to work at home or later called Work From Home (WFH). The application of the WFH concept has a fairly high level of flexibility. The types of work for ASN that are excluded from carrying out the flexible concept are jobs that are directly related to service users, both the community and other stakeholders. WFH implementation does not always go well, the emergence of a cultural shock to the use of technology, the responsibility to manage household activities that can affect the stress level of employees, as well as disturbances from family members and other problems that occur at home lead to the inability of employees to concentrate while working at home which will effect on employee performance. The Foreign Investment Tax Service Office One (KPP PMA Satu) routinely performs periodic performance measurements. Performance measurement is carried out using the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) strategy. The Organizational Performance Value (NKO) of KPP PMA Satu in 2020 has decreased compared to 2019. Several factors that influenced the decline in NKO were the uncertain global economic conditions due to the pandemic and various online services. This research was conducted at KPP PMA Satu using 6 (six) variables with the aim of knowing the factors that influence the implementation of the WFH policy and the effect of the implementation of the WFH policy on the performance of KPP PMA Satu employees. The number of samples used are 111 employees who implement the WFH policy. The research method used is quantitative with a causal approach where the data obtained is processed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The results obtained are that work from home has a significant effect on employee performance.

Resisting Return to Dutch Colonial Rule: Political Upheaval after Japanese Surrender during the Independence Movement in Sulawesi, Indonesia

Central Sulawesi is a part of Indonesia with a fascinating history during the revolutionary period (1945–1950), owing to several important events related to Indonesian sovereignty. This study uses historical methods to examine the involvement of the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration and its effort to recolonize the area. The Malino Conference, which led to the formation of the State of East Indonesia, was intended to legitimize the federated state under Dutch control and reduce the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The Central Sulawesi Indonesian People’s Struggle Party is a unification of political parties that consistently maintained Central Sulawesi as part of the Republic of Indonesia, strengthening its bargaining position with the Dutch. This situation brought strong pressure to bear upon the Netherlands to immediately recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia.

Minsk Military District at Initial Stage of First World War

The article deals with the issue of organizing the Minsk Military District during the First World War. Attention is paid to the interpretation of the conditions in which the process of formation of this important structure in wartime conditions took place. The authors dwell on the main functions of this territorial entity related to the need to prepare reserves and supply the army in the field. In the presented study, it is shown that in an emergency, for the implementation of these tasks, it was planned to change the system of civilian administration with its subordination to the military leadership of the district. The novelty of the study is seen in the reflection of the problem of reconfiguring the borders of a part of the border military districts, which affected, among other things, the construction of censorship bodies, their ability in practice to adequately and promptly respond to the demands of difficult wartime. It is proved that the “mobility” of the borders of military censorship regions, caused by changes in the operational situation, was reflected in the creation and functioning of the necessary unified district censorship system, which also explains the violations of the “Provisional Regulations on Military Censorship” that occurred within the borders of the district. The stated problem is investigated by the authors of the article on the basis of materials from periodicals and documents stored in local and central archives.

Kuruluşundan 20. Yüzyıl Başlarına Kadar Osmanlı Vilayet Salnamelerinde İslahiye Kazası (1865-1902)

In the civil administration, the place under the administration of the district governor is called a kaza(district). Islahiye District was established in 1865 on historical routes that connected countries in ancient times. This new district emerged as a result of the resettlement activities of the Fırka-i Islahiye. While it was affiliated to the Maraş Sanjak since its establishment, it was included in the borders of the newly established Cebel-i Bereket Sanjak in 1879. This change in administrative structure is due to security concerns. The district used to have two districts and two sub-districts. In 1868, the number of neighborhoods increased to three and the number of sub-districts to six. Its neighborhoods are Delikanlu, Çelikanlı and Çerkes. Its districts are Okçu İzzeddinlü, Şıhlar, Keferdiz, Karayiğitli, Delikanlu and Çelikhanlı. The village names of İslahiye District can also be determined from the yearbooks. Over time, the number of villages increased from 60 to 68. The names of state institutions and employees in İslahiye are also included in the provincial yearbooks.&#x0D; The mountainous parts of İslahiye are covered with forests and the flat areas are a wide plain. There was a river called Karasu in the district, a leech lake in Keller (Fevzipaşa), and a hot spring in the Karayiğitli township. Barracks, mosques, schools, shops, mills, bakeries and coffeehouses were built in the newly created district. In the mentioned settlement, the Muslim population is around 97% and the rate of non-Muslims is less than 3%. Although the tribes of Fırka-i Islahiye were settled, it is understood that the tribes of Delikanlu and Çelikanlı in İslahiye had difficulties in adopting a settled life. The state tried to tie them to the land with permanent residences. There were shrines of Muslim people in the town. Especially the tomb of Hz Ukkaşe, who is a companion, is important. Carpets, rugs, prayer rugs, sackcloth, timber, oil and tar produced in Islahiye District were sold to the surrounding cities. The tribes kept a large number of cattle. Various cereals were grown in Islahiye, which has a fertile plain. However, agricultural production could not be reached to the desired point. Rice, wheat, barley etc. products could only meet local needs. The leech extracted from the small lake in Keller was sold in the surrounding cities.

La Shoah en bas de chez soi

This paper is based on the doctoral studies of the author on the relationship between Jews and Gentiles in the Polish town of Tarn&#243;w between 1918 and 1956. It shows the value of studying the microhistory of the Shoah by presenting a &#8220;thick description,&#8221; as termed by Clifford Geertz, of the first Aussiedlungsaktion in Tarn&#243;w, which took place between June 11 and 18, 1942. A total of 1.8 million Jews were deported to the gas chambers of Treblinka, Sobib&#243;r, and Be&#322;&#380;ec during the Aktion Reinhardt. They were rounded up from their homes during so-called resettlement actions and &#8220;transported away.&#8221; This paper aims to depict what it truly meant to be deported to these far-flung extermination camps.During the first Aussiedlungsaktion that took place in Tarn&#243;w, 12,000 of the city&#8217;s 30,000 Jews were killed in one week. Eight thousand of these individuals were deported to the Be&#322;&#380;ec extermination camp, while 4,000 were murdered on the spot. Still, the sheer numbers cannot capture the horror of what happened within the town. Through the lens of a &#8220;thick description,&#8221; we can delve deeper into the true meaning of &#8220;resettlement&#8221; and what this euphemism really meant for the local occupied society. What choices did the local population have? How did Jews react to the brutal radicalization of German extermination practices&#160;? How did the non-Jewish locals behave, or in what ways did they participate in the events?The article references a variety of sources, primarily from Jewish survivors, as well as from the non-Jewish population that witnessed the massacres and various groups of German perpetrators (e.g. the Gestapo, SS, and civil administration) during the week. This tapestry of sources will create what Saul Friedl&#228;nder called an integrated history of the Shoah&#8212;in other words, a stage for a wide variety of voices. This approach clearly shows that Tarn&#243;w&#8217;s first Aussiedlungsaktion was a public massacre that occurred in the town&#8217;s center and that all the non-Jewish citizens saw and heard the event. The article focuses on Jewish agency and survival strategies. It also describes how the city&#8217;s Jews were caught off guard by the German&#8217;s invaders disinformation policies and quick radicalization. The concept of &#8220;cumulative radicalization&#8221; (Hans Mommsen) is an important explanatory lens within German perpetrator research (T&#228;terforschung). Through this paper, the author&#8217;s goal is to show in concrete terms what &#8220;cumulative radicalization&#8221; meant for the Jewish population. Finally, the article also explores how non-Jewish locals were implicated in the massacre and in part profited from it. Consequently, it argues that the term &#8220;bystander&#8221; cannot be applied to these locals in the proximity of such violence.

A comparative assessment of external debt management and infrastructural developments: perspectives on Nigeria's economy, 1979–2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine whether external debt procurements during the military and civilian regimes had a correlation with infrastructural developments using available data from Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe sample period covering 41 years, was divided into two periods representing the military and civilian regimes with respective secondary data secured from the World Bank Group online database. The study employed robust least square regression, autoregressive distributed lag and the error correction term to test the variables at the 0.05 significance level.FindingsThe results affirmed that external debts shows positive and significant relationship with infrastructural developments proxy for capital investments during the short-run for both military and civilian regimes in Nigeria, while the outcome was only significant and negatively signed for the civilian regime in the long-run with 52.28% speed of convergence to long-run. This study concludes that external debt showed significant correlation with infrastructural development during the civilian regime better than the military regime in Nigeria and this conclusion applies globally.Research limitations/implicationsResearch period covered only 41 years, between 1979 and 2020 and focused on sub-Saharan African country – Nigeria.Practical implicationsThe research encourages civilian administration in governments and urged them to carefully appraise and contract external debts to finance self-liquidating priority projects.Social implicationsThe national economy and the masses suffer during military regime but are better off during civilian regime.Originality/valueApart from adding to current literature, the work focused on a coverage period that comprehensively compares two different regimes of government – military and civilian administrations.

A haderő részvétele a Magyar Királyság belső rendjének fenntartásában 1867-1918

Aim: As forces originally designed to protect the country against attacks from the outside are required in maintaining the public order amidst extraordinary circumstances today, it was no different in the civic Hungarian state born with the Compromise. The aim of this study is to present a specific segment of the internal policing structure before 1918, the tasks of the armed forces.Methodology: document and content analysis.Findings: The dualist setup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the relationship within the Hungarian Kingdom’s public order defense organisations and to the civil administration created a unique environment which military units ordered to support police organs of insufficient staffing or capacity had to comply with. In the examined time period, the army’s participation in the joint fighting service of the Austro-Hungarian Empire’s and the Royal Hungarian Army’s engagement in maintaining the public order was common practice, since until the 1885 establishment of the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie, there was no military organised armed guard force bearing sufficient staffing, equipment and authorization, except in certain towns. As per its military organisational structure, the gendarmerie worked together with the defense forces in an effective way, and has practically taken over the majority of tasks from the armed forces. The current study examines how the armed forces’ activities by the military fit into the Hungarian public administration and what was the relationship like between the administrative authority ordering and the tactical combat force being ordered. Examining the armed forces’ tasks in the era is therefore necessary, both in its narrow and wider context, and paying special attention to the unique position of the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie is also important, which could both be in the position to order the force of arms unites and be ordered.Value: Due to space constraints, the present study does not allow for detailed presentation of the wider range of armed force tasks and their background laid down in the law and various rules, it rather focuses on systematically reviewing the topic and painting a general picture. The topic is still relevant today in the context of the contribution of the armed forces to law enforcement. The historical context explored in this study may also help to inform the development of regulation in the present.

Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: a suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism.

The empirical research investigated the relationship between tourism development and environmental suitability to propose a framework for sustainable ecotourism. The framework suggested a balance between business and environmental interests in maintaining an ecological system with the moderating help of government support and policy interventions. The study population encompasses tourism stakeholders, including tourists, representatives from local communities, members of civil administration, hoteliers, and tour operators serving the areas. A total of 650 questionnaires were distributed to respondents, along with a brief description of key study variables to develop a better understanding. After verifying the instrument’s reliability and validity, data analysis was conducted via hierarchical regression. The study findings revealed that a substantial number of people perceive socio-economic benefits, including employment and business openings, infrastructure development from tourism development, and growth. However, the state of the natural and environmental capital was found to be gradually degrading. Alongside the social environment, social vulnerability is reported due to the overutilization of land, intrusion from external cultures, and pollution in air and water due to traffic congestion, accumulation of solid waste, sewage, and carbon emissions. The study suggested a model framework for the development of sustained ecotourism, including supportive government policy interventions to ensure effective conservation of environmental and natural resources without compromising the economic viability and social well-beings of the locals. Furthermore, the variables and the constructs researched can be replicated to other destinations to seek valuable inputs for sustainable destination management elsewhere.

Military Administration and Relations with the Local Population in Ingria and the Baltic States in the First Decade of the Northern War

The paper deals with the question of how military control was established and how relations with the local population developed in the territory of Ingria and the Baltic states in the initial period of the Northern War. The situation in these two regions was different. The population of Ingria from the very beginning was perceived as «their own», and during the hostilities Peter I forbade the destruction of this territory. After the Russian troops entrenched themselves in this area, resettlement from other regions began there, in connection with this, they established it as a military one. So is civil administration. The population of the Baltics was initially considered an enemy, and the tsar encouraged the ruin of Livonia, however, as the territory of this region was occupied by Russian troops, the attitude towards its inhabitants also changed, which Peter I gradually began to perceive as his subjects. Military administration in Livonia was established in the same way as in Ingria.

SIR WYNDHAM HENRY DEEDES: A PORTRAIT OF THE TRANSLATOR AS A CULTURAL AMBASSADOR

Sir Wyndham Henry Deedes (1883-1956) was an eminent British Army officer, civil administrator and a Turcophile, known for his literary translations from Turkish into English. This article examines his cross-cultural transfer practices, specifically his writings and interlingual literary translations by discussing his contributions to the promotion of Turkish culture in a British context. Furthermore, the study problematizes the notion of the cultural mediator and the contexts influencing and influenced by Deedes’ leading role, which caused him to act as a cultural communicative agent and an idea maker. The overall aim of this study is to contribute to the formulation of translation history through the microhistorical study of Deedes as a translation agent and the personal and social motives behind his translation decisions. It concludes that Deedes’ decisions were driven by not only his interest in Turkish culture and people, but also his position as an idea maker who found it vital to introduce the new Turkish Republic to the British audience and to promote Turco-British relations.

The Politics of Alliances During Ayub's Era of Controlled Democracy (1958-1969)

The political system of Pakistan is comprised of a multi-party system; therefore, the formation of alliances and counter alliances by the political parties is a common feature of its political culture. Pakistan's political history reveals that alliances are formed against authoritarian military regimes.The alliances were also formed to cope with the civilian administration of popular leaders, as they are accused of benefiting from rigged elections, and authoritarian policies and being responsible for the economic crisis. During the military regime of Ayub Khan, the opposition alliances succeeded in removing Field Marshal Ayub Khan from the presidency as he failed to cope with its pressure in the late 1960s. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of these political alliances during the martial law regime of Ayub Khan.To what extent are they sincere in their cause of developing a viable political system in the country? What circumstances led to the formation of these alliances? What was the impact of these alliances on the Pakistani political spectrum? The present study has attempted to answer some of these questions.

Military culture and political leadership in Nigeria’s democracy

ABSTRACT The nature and pattern of sustenance of democratic rule in Nigeria since the inception of the fourth republic which followed the exit of military rulers in 1999 have continued to generate scholarly debates. The conundrum of whether or not the country has freed itself from the ominous influence of the culture of military rule is a huge concern. Using former President Obasanjo and current President Buhari as case studies, this article examines the extent to which the reemergence of Nigeria’s former military Heads of State as civilian administrators since 1999 has affected constitutionalism and democratization in Nigeria’s political leadership. The patterns of administration of civilian government as well as democratic infractions of both regimes are considered. The paper relies on secondary data and the descriptive method of analysis. The Military Transition Model, a strand of Transition Theory, was used as a framework for further clarification. Rather than improve on the tenets of democracy, findings show that elements of absolutism and arbitrary rule are strongly perceptible. There are no convincing proofs that the reappearance of Nigeria’s former military rulers into political leadership is reinforcing the country’s long awaited democratization processes. The current political leadership in Nigeria has not demonstrated sufficient political will to eschew the dregs of contempt for rule of law. The study concludes that problems of democratic infractions are prevalent in the current political system largely due to the persisting influence of military culture of political leadership.

Wykorzystanie obrony narodowej w sytuacjach kryzysowych na Węgrzech i w Polsce, w szczególności do problemów związanych z pandemią COVID-19

The aim of the study was to examine the Hungarian Defence Forces’ role in implementing state measures against the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. However, we decided to look at it from a comparative perspective, as we are also examining how and to what extent the Polish Armed Forces were involved in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic. The legal framework for the involvement of the armed forces in the comparative performance of tasks in this area by the civil administration was also examined.

BELARUSIAN WOMEN'S COLLABORATIONISM AS A TOOL OF GERMAN PROPAGANDA DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR

The article examines the phenomenon of Belarusian women's collaboration in the context of the problem of German propaganda in the occupied Soviet territory during the Great Patriotic War. The study was conducted on the materials of the General District of Belarus, chronological framework – 1941-1944. The paper analyzes the materials of propaganda for women and the activities of Belarusian women's collaborationist organizations in the territory of the General District of Belarus. The district occupied about a quarter of the pre-war territory of the BSSR and included mainly western and part of the central districts. The object of the study was German propaganda for women and the occupation policy towards women in the territory of the General District of Belarus. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison. The purpose of the work is to analyze the content of German propaganda for women and the activities of Belarusian women's pro-German associations, to determine their goals and effectiveness. The author comes to the conclusion that the long period of German occupation of a number of Soviet territories, in this case the BSSR, caused the appearance of some specific features of the occupation policy. The head of the German civil administration of the district, Wilhelm Kube, made the main bet on propaganda and encouragement of various kinds of nationalist collaborationist organizations that were supposed to carry out systematic ideological influence on the population of the district. In addition, W. Kube initiated the creation of special "women's" organizations in the district. A special place among them was occupied by the Association of Belarusian Women and the All-Belarusian Women's Committee. In general, the phenomenon of Belarusian women's collaboration had two components – political and cultural education. The first of them was mainly related to the activities of the "Union of Belarusian Youth" (SBM), built on the principle of the German "Hitler Youth". The second component of the Belarusian women's collaboration was cultural and educational, which took place in the context of the policy of "Belarusization". Art exhibitions, contests, concerts were organized under the sign of the national Belarusian symbols. Well-known Belarusian cultural activists, poetesses Natalia Arsenyeva and Larisa Geniyush, have shown themselves in this area. However, the actualization of the "women's issue" in German propaganda, as well as the participation in propaganda actions and campaigns of well-known representatives of Belarusian culture, did not bring the expected results to the occupation authorities. Propaganda contrasted sharply with the realities of the occupation regime. Punitive expeditions against civilians, methods of fighting partisans, the actual genocide of the peoples of Belarus, the looting and destruction of its cultural and historical heritage – all this together devalued the content of German propaganda, made obvious the false imitation nature of the policy of "Belarusization" and the activities of the collaborators themselves.

Introduction toVisual Arts ResearchSpecial Issue, Body Cam: The Visual Regimes of Policing

Introduction to<i>Visual Arts Research</i>Special Issue, Body Cam: The Visual Regimes of Policing