Iraqi Cities Research Articles

Criteria for designing pedestrian bridges to achieve the aesthetic value in Iraqi cities

The Aesthetic Value of pedestrian bridges is measured in the extent of the homogeneity and integration of the bridge with the surrounding Urban scene, which contains and Fulfills functional needs of users. Despite the tremendous technological progress, the design that comes to these bridges is limited to completing the functional aspect only as a means of crossing between two points, Therefore, the research studied these bridges and how to achieve the aesthetic value through the theoretical study in which the aesthetic aspect of these bridges is clarified, down to the practical aspect by evaluating the bridges that have been implemented in Iraq and the extent of the success of showing the aesthetic value to the results and recommendations.

Dermatological Manifestation in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients in Iraq

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a growing pandemic around the globe that was initially discovered in Wuhan in December 2019. Despite the relatively high incidence of cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19, their role in early recognition and disease progression has not been fully investigated.
 Aim of this study: To report the possible incidence of the cutaneous lesion in COVID 19 patients and to describe various cutaneous manifestations and their correlation with other clinical features in Covid-19 positive patients to facilitate diagnosis and prognostications toward this virus.
 Methods: This research was conducted as a cross-sectional study. Skin lesions photography and their analysis were collected by dermatologists from 18 cities in Iraq between September 2020 to January 2021. The data were processed using statistical package SPSS version 23.
 Results: A total of 3117 confirmed COVID-19 cases were included in this study. Around 268 patients developed skin lesions with age ranged between 8 to 84 years. Of these skin lesions, 46.2% developed during the illness with minority erupting during the prodromal phase, whilst 38.8% appeared after hospitalization. The most common skin lesion was in the form of urticarial 36.74% followed by herpetic lesions 28.4%, maculopapular rash 11.74% and the remainder being candidiasis, oral thrush, chilblains, and other skin conditions. The most affected area was the torso (46%) followed by limbs, face, fingers, and toes.
 Conclusion: This study demonstrated the high incidence rate of dermatological lesions in different phases of COVID-19 with urticarial rash being the most frequent clinical pattern.

Multi-spectral images classification based on intelligent water drops algorithm

Mosul's city land covers soil, cultivated land, stony, pastoral land, water, and ploughed agricultural land. We have classified multispectral images captured by the sensor (TM) carried on the Landsat satellite. Integrated approach of intelligent water drops (IWDs) algorithm is used to identify natural terrain. In this research, IWDs have been suggested to find the best results for multispectral image classification. The purpose of using an algorithm, give accurate and fast results by comparing the IWD algorithm with the K-mean algorithm. The IWD algorithm is programmed using the Matlab2017b software environment to demonstrate the proposed methodology's effectiveness. The proposed integrated concept has been applied to satellite images of Mosul city in Iraq. By comparing the IWD with the K-mean, we found clear time superiority of the IWD algorithm, equal 1.4122 with (K-mean) time equal 18.9475. Furthermore, the water drop algorithm's classification accuracy is 95%, while the K-mean classification accuracy is 83.3%. Based on the analysis and results, we conclude the IWD is a robust promising and approach to detecting remote sensing image changes and multispectral image classification.

عملية الإصلاح في العراق ودورها في تعزيز ثقافة الاعتدال والتعايش

عانى العراق بعد العام 2003 مشکلات وأزمات متعددة ومزمنة توجب على صناع القرار فيه وضع إستراتيجيات وخطط أساسية وضرورية لمعالجة تلک المشکلات والحاجة إلى عملية إصلاح شامل لکافة مؤسسات الدولة العراقية بعد أن شهدت خللا بنيويا کبيرا لها آثار خطيرة على استقرار المجتمع العراقي خاصة ما يتعلق بالوحدة المجتمعية والتماسک الاجتماعي، فضلا عن تنامي ظاهرة العنف والإرهاب وسقوط عدد من المدن العراقية بيد قوى إرهابية متطرفة ممثلة بما يسمى تنظيم (داعش)، والتأثيرات المستقبلية مجتمعية على وحدة العراق وخاصة التخوف من تنامي هذا الخطر لذلک عملية الإصلاح حالة ضرورية لتعزيز ثقافة الاعتدال وقبول الآخر ويعزز بدوره الوحدة الوطنية والسلم الأهلي. Abstract: After 2003, Iraq has suffered multiple chronic problems and crises that required decision-makers to develop basic strategies and plans to address these problems, and to make a comprehensive reform of all institutions of the Iraqi state after having experienced a major structural imbalance which had serious implications on the stability of Iraqi society, especially regarding community unity and social cohesion. In addition to the growing phenomenon of violence and terrorism, and the fall of a number of Iraqi cities in the hands of extremist terrorist forces represented by the organization so-called (ISIS), and the future societal influences on the unity of Iraq, especially the fear of the growing of this danger. Reform is therefore a necessary condition to promote a culture of moderation and acceptance of the other and in turn the promotion of national unity and civil peace.

Prevalence of Personality Disorders among Female Sentenced Prisoners in Erbil Adult Reformatory Prison

Background: Personality Disorder is “an enduring pattern of inner experiences and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual‟s culture. Aim of the study: To determine the prevalence rate of personality disorders among female sentenced prisoners and its correlation between socio-demographic and crime characteristics with the types of personality disorders of the study population. Patients and Methods: Quantitative, descriptive study was conducted in Erbil Adult Reformatory Prison in Erbil City in Iraq, from October 2014 to August 2015. The study population included 26 adult females .The Questionnaire was consisting of three parts; the first part included sociodemographic characteristics of female sentenced prisoners, the second part contain the crime characteristics, and the third part was composed of a standardized questionnaire which is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, that consists of three clusters A, B, and C of personality disorders. Correlation coefficient r-test was calculated for obtaining the reliability of the questionnaire and the content validity was determined through 10 experts. Results: Showed that most of the study sample was in the age group between 18-27 years old. Majority of the samples were illiterate, married, house wife and from urban area. Theft was the most common crime. The highest prevalence of personality disorders was the schizoid personality disorder. Conclusions: All types of personality disorders have a non-significant relationship with the sociodemographic characteristics of age, education, marital status, and with crime characteristics of study sample.

The Vertical variations of Atmospheric Methane (CH4) concentrations over selected cities in Iraq based on AIRS data

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on EOS/Aqua satellite provides diverse measurements of Methane (CH4) distribution at different pressure levels in the Earth's atmosphere. The focus of this research is to analyze the vertical variations of (CH4) volume mixing ratio (VMR) time-series data at four Standard pressure levels SPL (925, 850, 600, and 300 hPa) in the troposphere above six cities in Iraq from January 2003 to September 2016. The analysis results of monthly average CH4VMR time-series data show a significant increase between 2003 and 2016, especially from 2009 to 2016; the minimum values of CH4 were in 2003 while the maximum values were in 2016. The vertical distribution of CH4 was relatively high in the cities located in the north of Iraq (Sulaymaniyah and Mosul) more than other cities, especially these in western Iraq (Rutba and Najaf). The highest monthly mean of CH4VMR and standard deviation (SD) was in Sulaymaniyah (1871.11±21.92) ppbv at 925 hPa, while the lowest was in Rutba (1812.81±37.3) ppbv at 300 hPa. Mosul has the second-highest mean and SD next to Sulaymaniyah, especially at the lower levels SPL (925 and 850 hPa) of troposphere more than the rest of selected cities. The seasonal variation of monthly CH4VMR, averaged from 2003 to 2016, shows high values between January and August with a peak between August and September and it declines significantly between October and December with a slight increase in November. Long term trend analysis of monthly CH4VMR at each SPL (925, 850, 600, and 300) hPa above the six cities shows positive values with average growth rates for each SPL equal to (2.9 %, 3.1%, 3.6 %, and 3.9%), respectively. These results indicate that satellite measurements were effective in determining the magnitude of increased CH4 over Iraq that may contribute to the global increase of CH4 in the earth’s Atmosphere.

Performance analysis of a solar still using an absorber plate with inclined perforated rectangular fins: Comprehensive study

Solar desalination are one of the most promising ways to solve the problem of water shortage in the regions that are adjacent to the sea or saltwater bodies that have abundant solar radiation and lack of drinking water. The present research aimed to investigate an experimental and theoretical study to improve the thermal performance of conventional double-slope solar stills by using inclined perforated rectangular fins combined with the distilled basin. Two solar stills are manufactured, the first one is a conventional still, and the other is a finned still. Both stills have a (0.75 m2) cross-section area which is the same area of the distillation basin. Stills were examined during February, March, April, and May under the climatic conditions of Baghdad city in Iraq. The theoretical model relied on solving equilibrium equations of heat and mass with the help of the MATLAB program. The results showed that combining the inclined fins with the distillation basin improves productivity by (33.2%) compared to the conventional solar still. The average productivity of water between February and May is about (3.02-3.6 l/day) and (4.13-4.72 l/day) for the conventional and finned solar still, respectively. The theoretical model was validated using experimental results. The theoretical model predicted well the performance and behavior of the solar still with some deviations from the practical results.

Assessment of Self-care Among Elderly Residents at Nursing Homes in Middle Euphrates Cities in Iraq

Self-care is known to be a health resource in later life because it enables the elderly to improve theirhealth and live at home as long as possible(1). It is therefore essential to resolve the question of self-care inthe elderly(2). The aim of the current study was to assess the level of self-care among elderly residents atnursing homes and to find out the difference between level of self-care with regard to socio-demographicand clinical characteristics. Descriptive study design carried out among 60 elderly persons at nursing homesin middle Euphrates, they are selected by using non probability sampling. The study instrument composed of2 parts. 1st Elderly’s Demographic Characteristics, 2nd self-care scale. The results of study reveal the overallassessment of self-care domains was moderate. In addition, there is a high significant in difference in selfcarelevel of the elderly with regard to their age and their marital status.

Effect of Nano-Carbon on Geotechnics Features of Gypseous Soils

A Collapsing soil usually causes problems, this kind of soil has a substantial strength while it is dry, but it loses its strength while inundating and be subjected to extreme settlement. It is impossible to predict in advance the reactions of soils subjected to inundating (i.e. landslide otherwise an important soil settlement). The reduction in irreversible volumes of collapsing soil happens quickly as well as suddenly, once the reduction starts there will be no measurement to be executed which could halt such difficulty. As a result of the soak and leach that are resulting from the dissolute and clean out of gypsum, the collapsing potentials increase during the time. There are many studies in this field that indicated the possibility of modifying this soil by using nanomaterials. In this study, the nanomaterial used is nanocarbon and the soil is gypseous soil taken from Al-Najaf city in Iraq. This work studies the effect of adding nanomaterials on the gypseous soil and investigates its behavior before and after adding nanomaterial. The results showed that adding the nanocarbon affects the collapse potential which decreases by a percent meanwhile the soil cohesion decreased partly when the nanocarbon is added with 0.8% but the friction angle increased about 19%. The best proportion of using of the nanocarbon ranges between 0.8-1.2%.

Modal Split Model Using Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

Several modal split models have been created around the world to forecast which mode of transportation will be selected by the trip - maker from among a variety of available modes of transportation. This modeling is essential from a planning standpoint, as transportation systems typically receive significant investment. In this study, the main purpose was to develop a mode choice model using multiple linear regressions for Ramadi city in Iraq. The study area was divided into traffic analysis zones (TAZ) to facilitate data collection. The data was collected through a home interview of the trip makers in their home units through a questionnaire designed for this purpose. The result showed that the most influential factors on the mode choice for the general trips model using multiple linear regressions are car ownership, age, and trip cost. This model gave a good correlation coefficient of 0.829 meaning that the independent variables explain 82.9 of variance in the dependent variable (type of mode), which will help transport planners in developing policies and solutions for future

The Engineering dimensions and its impact on the sustainability on the roads network in Ramadi city

Transport is one of the most critical areas of urban life and an essential base for developing and developing societies. It is a crucial indicator of the progress and development of cities and their great benefits. It saves from the movement of people and goods and the prosperity of the economy-social, economic and environmental issues globally and what we are witnessing in recent times. However, despite the tremendous advancement in technology, it continues to face numerous challenges in developed and developing nations, including our own. The absorption of the irrigated volume and any defect in the gradient causes many problems such as congestion, delays, traffic jams and the accompanying psychological, economic, social and environmental effects, energy consumption, depletion of natural resources and lifestyle. So transportation has become a concern. And it became a topic of concern that imposes the need to think about the preparation and development of the transportation system towards sustainability based on meeting transportation needs. In light of the negative impacts of the sustainable planning engineering dimension on the urban road network in Ramadi and for the Iraqi cities, we have thus attempted to study the effect of this project, given the critical impact on sustainable development and the approach used by thinking people and scholars in their studies and documents in Agenda 2030. Through evaluating the data from the research region, which comprised 27 Ramadi neighbourhoods, and applying them to the statistical analysis software (SPSS), it discovers that the schematic engineering dimension indicator represented by the hierarchy has direct and decisive connection significance. The local road area index achieved the most substantial linear relationship, followed by the collective, secondary and major roads indicators. They reached a medium relationship to formulate a sustainable development system based on Ramadi and other Iraqi cities. A decision is making about sustainable urban engineering transportation. And take an approach with whatever is good for the state

Modern Strategy with Risk Mitigation of Future Renewable Energy in Iraq

Iraq suffers from electricity shortages, through the local market and government institutions, has preliminary and applied information in the field of renewable energies, represented by solar energy, wind energy and bio-energy, at a simple level and small capacities, and in the near future it will rise to the levels of high energy stations. Note that the National Energy Strategy has set the percentage of renewable energy participation from total electric energy to reach 5%, about 2 Gigawatt by the year 2030. The plan includes several interval times, including the introduction of renewable energy in the agricultural sector to withdraw and pump water in drip irrigation systems, and the use of solar water heaters and heating systems and lighting systems operating with photovoltaic solar energy, as well as manufacturing all solar energy supplies and systems such as batteries, inverters, electric charger, solar heaters and solar panels, the effect of education and rationalization of consumption, increasing the efficiency of the use of electric energy, recycling waste to get rid of environmental pollution and producing biogas by Medium and large entrepreneurial systems in Iraqi cities. As well as the introduction of green building techniques in building homes, buildings and residential complexes to reduce electrical energy consumption with the introduction of solar-powered air conditioning systems. Reducing risks in renewable energy projects depends on several factors, including technology risks, monetary currency, natural resources, electrical grid risks, political risks, and the most dangerous are the risks resulting from terrorism and thefts at present in Iraq and requires an advanced and secure security system. Based on public datasets and reasonable assumptions, the provisional results obtained suggest the following; solar PV zones are located in the western region of Al-Anbar along the Jordanian Border. Despite the large capacities of these clusters, they are located at more than 300 km from Baghdad; wind zones are spread across the north-western area of Al-Anbar and south-eastern region, from Baghdad to Al-Basrah governorates.

UN Efforts to Make isis Accountable for International Crimes: the Challenges Posed by Iraq’s Domestic Law

Abstract Following the military defeat of isis in Iraq in December 2017, it has become clear that a logical next step would be to hold members of isis accountable for crimes committed during the capture of a number of principal Iraqi cities between 2014–2017. The unsc, accordingly, decided to investigate isis crimes internationally by establishing unitad to document isis violations whilst leaving any proposed prosecutions to be conducted internally by Iraqi courts. The practical implementation of this hybrid international mechanism for prosecuting isis members has generated some legal challenges caused particularly by the national laws of Iraq. Some of these legal issues arise in relation to unitad’s subjective jurisdiction to collect evidence concerning isis terrorist acts that might amount to evidence of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. Others arise in relation to whether unitad’s criminal investigation procedures align or conform with Iraq’s criminal procedure laws. This paper examines these challenges and will propose some appropriate solutions.

Measuring the effectiveness of antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli that isolated from urinary tract infection patients in Al-Najaf city in Iraq

Bacteria are the causative agent of human infection because of their ability to resistant to different antimicrobials due to it has different antimicrobial associated-genes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the bacteria resistance to antibiotics. Bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Al-Najaf City – Iraq. A total of 45 samples which were diagnosed by traditional morphological, biochemical tests, and Vitek2. During the period from October to December 2020. The Vitek2 system was the best method for diagnosis, which has led to isolating and diagnosis of 16/45 (35.55%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 4/45 (8.88%) Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial’s susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion, 11 antibiotics were used in this study. Polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect blactx-m antimicrobial resistance-associated gene. The isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have high sensitivity (100%) to Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin (87.5 %), and Tetracycline (81.25%). While the isolates of Escherichia coli have high sensitivity (100%) to Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline, (75 %) to Amikacin and Gentamicin. Out of the 16 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, there were 13 (81.25%) isolates that were positive for bla-ctxm gene. While the isolates of Escherichia coli, there were 4 (100%) isolates that were positive for bla-ctxm gene.

The effect of Urban Heat Island mitigation strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort in the city of Baghdad

Todays, most Iraqi cities suffer from extremely hot-dry climate for long periods throughout the year. However, most urban patterns that exist inside these cities are not suitable for this harsh conditions and lead to an increase in the value of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) index. Consequently, this will increase outdoor human thermal discomfort as well as energy consumption and air pollution in cities. This study attempts to evaluate the effect of UHI mitigation strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort in three different common types of urban patterns in the biggest and most populated city in Iraq, Baghdad. Three different mitigation strategies are used here – vegetation, cool materials, and urban geometry – to build 18 different scenarios. Three-dimensional numerical software ENVI-met 4.2 is utilised to analyse and assess the studied parameters. The input data for simulations process are based on two meteorological stations in Baghdad: Iraqi Meteorological Organization & Seismology, and Iraqi Agrometeorological Network. All measurements are taken in a pedestrian walkway. The results of different scenarios are compared based on their effect on human thermal comfort. Outdoor thermal comfort is assessed according to Predicted Mean Vote index, as mentioned in ISO 7730 standard. This study provides a better understanding of the role of UHI mitigation strategies on human thermal comfort in the outdoor spaces of Baghdad's residential neighbourhoods. This can help generate guidelines of urban design and planning practices for better thermal performance in hot and dry cities.

Environmental Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation Purposes: A Case Study Of Hillah City In Iraq

This study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater quality of wells located around the Hillah city of Iraq, for the purposes of determining its suitability as water for agricultural irrigation, according to the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI). The number of wells that are being investigated was 24. The spatial distribution of water quality parameters was investigated using ArcGIS software. Ten parameters were established for the dry and wet seasons of 2018 and 2019, which include pH, electric conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium, potassium, magnesium, bicarbonate, sodium, chloride and sulfuric. The results showed that all pH and sodium absorption ratio values were within the allowable limits. About 69%, and 75% electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, values respectively were higher than the allowable limits. Most values of positive and negative ions were higher than the allowable limits. In 2018, the water quality of (4%) of wells number was classified as moderate restriction and approximately 96% was poor quality in dry season, while the IWQI was enhanced in the wet season. In 2019, the quality of water was dropped as most of the water quality was classified as severe restriction and few in the high restriction for the dry season. These values were increased in the wet season due to the freshwater dilution effect. Water quality index show that a large percentage of the wells have poor water quality leads to severe restriction for irrigation requirements and need relatively high permeability soils and salt-resistant plants.

Analysis of Injury Impact among Peshmerga Forces during ISIS War in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Background: War with ISIS (Daesh) is plaguing the Middle East region since 2014. It had a major regional and global impact on the lives of many. Peshmerga forces are the most active and effective ground force against ISIS. The major western forces and the international communities including the United Nations back up these forces. Although the war started 4 years, till now, little is known about the injuries these forces suffer from the explosive materials on the battlefield, and even less is known about the first aid and paramedic activities on the frontlines. Material and Methods: Reports estimate that 8,610 peshmerga were injured and 1,466 have died since the war with ISIS started. In this study, we randomly sampled the Medical records of 100 peshmerga injuries during the 3 years ISIS war(2014 o 2017) from Duhok Emergency Hospital. Objectives: This study aims to provide the descriptive analyses for the injuries suffered by Peshmerga forces in Duhok region, near Mosul, ISIS's largest captured city in Iraq where the heart of the Battlefield was located. Results: This study also provides the information about the management lines and the outcome of these injuries. The main focus of this study is on blast and explosion injuries. It sheds the light on the line of the medical management on the battlefield and also highlights the availability of medical staff/equipment both at the frontlines and also at Duhok Emergency hospital which took care of the injured Peshmerga forces near Mosul. Conclusion: This study assessed the medical services and the outcome performance of wounded Peshmerga from blast injuries during the ISIS war.

Arrest campaign of the Ba'athists in Erbil Following the February 8, 1963 Coup

This research, based on unpublished official Iraqi documents, has touched on the campaign of arrests carried out by the Baathist regime after the February 8, 1963 coup in the cities of Iraq and Kurdistan, including Erbil, in which the National Guard and other security and military agencies arrested hundreds of people from the city and regions. Administratively affiliated. The research sheds light on the issue of the arrest of members and supporters of the Iraqi Communist Party and the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Additionally, it details the detention and arrest of individuals from different classes and groups such as peasants, professionals, merchants, teachers, employees, children, women, and the elderly. This research also focuses on the prisons and detention centers where people from Erbil were held, their conditions including torture at the detention facilities. To sum up, data included in this research concerning the number of detainees from Erbil and its districts and sub-districts are based on the information gathered from the used documents.

The Relationship between the Elements of Marketing Mix and Consumer Behavior during Environmental Uncertainty:

Many companies are facing difficulties such as sales reduction due to the changing of consuming behavior during the period of crises. However, this research aims to understand consumer behavior, and identify influences on consumer behavior during environmental uncertainty, as well as, providing a conclusion for companies to handle the issues related to consumer needs during environmental uncertainty and crisis like COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, managers are getting confused during the process of making marketing decisions. In addition, COVID-19 as a result of being a global pandemic, the global economy greatly affected and led to a financial crisis caused by the occurred lockdown, where the impact is not due to the disparity between supply and demand as the previous financial crisis. The researchers distributed questionnaires electronically during COVID-19 lockdown to analyze the consumer behavior in two cities of Iraq by using SPSS software, Cronbach’s Alpha, and Person Correlation were used to test the four hypotheses of research. The researchers concluded that environmental uncertainty clearly effects on the principles of consumer behavior. Moreover, during crises and pandemics such as COVID-19, the behavior of consumers is going to be changed. Additionally, the main findings were the positive relation of consumers' behavior with the price, quality, and the availability of product. While, there is a negative relation with advertisements.

Correlation between Ectopic Pregnancy and Reproductive History among Pregnant Women in Karbala City/ Iraq

Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a major problem in obstetrics, with warnings of an uptick in cases all over the world. It contributes significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality. Ectopic pregnancy is a common and potentially life-threatening disorder that affects about (2%) of all pregnancies in the United States. It happens when a fertilized ovum implants outside of the uterus, usually in the ampulla of the fallopian tubes. The abdomen, cervix, caesarean-section scar, and ovary have all been identified as implantation sites.Aims of the study: To find out the correlation between ectopic pregnancy and reproductive history of pregnant women and to identify demographic characteristics of pregnant women with ectopic pregnancy.Methodology: This study was conducted at maternity hospital in Karbala city in Iraq to assess the physical health problems of women with ectopic pregnancy. This study was started in January 2020 to March 2021, The data regarding women's health problems was achieved of the patient’s charts that recorded in the Statistical Department in the hospital, the study consist of (40) women with ectopic pregnancy which were selected according to inclusion criteria (Women who had ectopic pregnancy, Women in reproductive age only). The data are analyzed through the use of cross-sectional study (descriptive) and inferential statistics analysis procedures were employed for the data analysis.Results: The findings of the study exhibits that that there is significant relationship between ectopic pregnancy and number of abortion among women at p-value =0.020, but there is no significant relationship has been reported among ectopic pregnancy and regular menstrual cycle, gravidity, parity, lived children, stillbirth, mode of delivery, and use of contraceptive.Conclusion: There is a correlation between incidence of ectopic pregnancy and previous history of pregnant.Recommendations: Encourage women to commitments in regular visits to primary health care centers to detecting and screening ectopic pregnancy early and providing health education to pregnant women during their visits about the causes and risk factors of ectopic pregnancy.