Vaccenic Acid Research Articles

Shortened Daily Photoperiod Alleviates Anxiety-like Behaviour by Antioxidant Effect and Changes Serum Fatty Acid Profile in Diabetic Rats.

The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of a shortened daily photoperiod on anxiety-like behaviour, brain oxidative stress, lipid status and fatty acid composition of serum lipids in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model of diabetes mellitus in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: first group-control group (C12/12); second group-diabetic group (DM12/12; 100 mg/kg STZ); third group-control group exposed to a light/dark cycle 6/18 h (C6/18); fourth group-diabetic group exposed to a light/dark cycle 6/18 h (DM6/18). Anxiety-like behaviour was tested three weeks following STZ injection by elevated plus maze (EPM) and open-field test (OFT). Oxidative stress parameters were measured in the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus, while lipid status and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were measured in the serum. Both EPM and OFT showed a lower degree of anxiety-like behaviour in the DM6/18 vs. DM12/12 group. Lipid peroxidation in the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus was significantly lower in the DM6/18 vs. DM12/12 group (p < 0.05), associated with an increased level of antioxidant enzymes and protein thiols in the cortex and thalamus. In the DM6/18 group, oleic, vaccenic, dihomo-γ-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were significantly higher in comparison to the DM12/12 group. A shortened daily photoperiod alleviates anxiety-like behaviour in diabetic rats by reduced lipid peroxidation and changes in the serum fatty acids profile.

Anti-inflammatory effect of combining fish oil and evening primrose oil supplementation on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women throughout the world. This study is a parallel, randomized, double-blind, controlled, 12-week supplementation trial, investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary intake of fish oil and evening primrose oil (EPO), in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. The primary outcomes were changes in the nutritional status and inflammatory cytokines of patients during the study. The secondary outcomes were changes in hematological and biochemical parameters and fatty acid profile. Of the 32 eligible patients, half of them is randomly assigned to a treatment arm with fish oil and EPO (n = 16), or a control arm (n = 16) with mineral oil as a placebo. The intervention group was taking 2 gel capsules of fish oil and 3 gel capsules of EPO (400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, 600 mg docosahexaenoic acid, and 351 mg gamma-linolenic acid) fish oil and evening primrose oil for 12 weeks, during their chemotherapy. The control/placebo group was taking 5 gel capsules of 1g of mineral oil. One of the patients dropped out due to discontinuation of the treatment (in the placebo group) and two did not show up at the post-treatment measurements (in the intervention group), thus, 29 women completed the study. The results showed an increase in plasma levels of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), total n-3PUFA, vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), and a decrease in n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the intervention group. An increase in the plasma level of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) was observed in the placebo group. There was no difference in plasma levels of interleukin (IL) IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, while the level of IL-6 decreased in both groups and was significantly lower in the intervention group at the end of the study. In conclusion, this supplementation improved the PUFA status and decreased the level of IL-6 in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Consequently, this treatment may help reduce cancer complications resulting from impaired lipid metabolism and inflammation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03516253. Date of registration 04/05/2018.

Rumen microbial community and milk quality in Holstein lactating cows fed olive oil pomace as part in a sustainable feeding strategy

The use of alternative feed ingredients from the Agro-industry could be an efficient tool to improve the sustainability of dairy cow production. Since the richness in polyphenols, olive oil pomace (OOP), produced during olive oil milling, seems a promising by-product to ameliorate milk’s nutritional value. The aim of this study was to test the use of OOP produced by means of a new technology (biphasic with stone deprivation) in dairy cow feeding strategy to evaluate the effect on animal performances, rumen microbiota, biohydrogenation processes and milk quality by a multidisciplinary approach. Forty multiparous Italian-Friesian dairy cows, at middle lactation, were randomly allotted into two homogenous groups and fed respectively a commercial diet (CON) and the experimental diet (OOPD) obtained by adding OOP to CON as partial replacement of maize silage. The two diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic. The same diets were tested also in an in vitro trial aimed to evaluate their rumen degradability (% DEG). The dietary supplementation with OOP did not affect DM intake, rumen % DEG and milk production. The milk’s nutritional quality was improved by increasing several important functional fatty acids (FAs; i.e., linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid). This finding was related to a decrease in rumen liquor biohydrogenation rate of unsaturated FAs. The stochiometric relation between volatile FA production in the rumen and methanogenesis suggested that OOP lowers the methane potential production (CON = 0.050 mol/L vs OOPD = 0.024 mol/L, SEM = 0.005, P = 0.0011). Rumen microbiota and fungi community did not be strongly altered by OOP dietary inclusion because few bacteria were affected at the genus level only. Particularly, Acetobacter, Prevotellaceae_UCG-004, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Lachnospira, Acetitomaulatum, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20 group were more abundant with OOPD condition (P < 0.05). Data reported in this study confirm that the use of OOP in dairy cow feeding can be an interesting strategy to improve milk nutritional quality increasing functional FA content without compromising the rumen degradability of the diet or causing strong perturbation of rumen ecosystem and maintaining animal performances.

Influence of feeding on different types of pasture on the fatty acid profile and health indices of goat milk

The main objective of the present research was to study the change in fatty acid (FA) composition of milk fat in a Carpathian local breed during grazing on two plots characterized by a different cover with herbaceous species and woody (only herbaceous species: H and high woody species cover: W) allowances with or without concentrate supplementation (Cs: 500 g concentrate/head/d). Thus, four treatments resulted: H-U: only herbaceous species-unsupplemented, H-Cs: only herbaceous species-concentrate supplementation, W-U: high woody species-unsupplemented, W-Cs: high woody species-concentrate supplementation. Individual milk production (n = 10) was recorded daily, and milk samples were collected weekly for a seven-week period (June to August) and analysed for fat, protein, lactose, urea-N, and FAs. Milk production was not influenced by the type of pasture. The daily production of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and protein level increased and the content of fat and urea-N reduced with concentrate supplementation, whereas the content of lactose was similar. The botanical composition of pasture markedly influenced the FA profile of goat milk fat. The goats grazing in scrubland (W group) produced milk fat with higher concentrations of monounsaturated FA (C18:1 t11, vaccenic acid, VA) and polyunsaturated FA (omega 3 and conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) and lower concentrations of hypercholesterolaemic FA (HFA; C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0). Regardless of the botanical composition of the pasture, milk fat of unsupplemented grazed goats had the lowest proportion of HFA, as well as the highest proportions of C18:1 c9, VA, RA (rumenic acid, C18:2 c9,t11), and total n-3 FA compared to the Cs groups (supplemented with concentrate). Concentrate supplementation increased short-chain FA and saturated FA content. In contrast, percentages of the nutritionally desirable FA (C18:3 c9, c12, c15; C18:2 c9, t11, C18:1 t11; C20:5n-3; C22:5n-3, and total n-3 FA) were substantially lower, whereas levels of total n-6 FA, n-6:n-3 ratio, atherogenicity index (AI), and thrombogenicity index (TI) were substantially higher in milk from Cs groups. No interactions occurred between pasture type and concentrate supplementation for milk FA composition. It is concluded that the milk from goats kept unsupplemented on the natural pasture were better in terms of nutraceutical parameters advantageous to human nutrition than the milk produced by concentrate supplementation.

Identification of Genetic Polymorphisms of PI, PIII, and Exon 53 in the Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase-α (ACACα) Gene and Their Association with Milk Composition Traits of Najdi Sheep.

Recently, increasing attention has been paid to sheep milk products, which are high in saturated fatty acids (SFA), and the extent of their impact on human health. This study aimed to identify SNPs for PI, PIII, and Exon 53 in the ACACα gene and their association with the MC and FA profiles in Najdi sheep milk. A total of 76 multiparous Najdi ewes were used, and they were maintained using the same feeding system. Milk and blood samples were collected during the first lactation. A genetic polymorphism analysis identified 20 SNPs: 4 SNPs on PI, 6 SNPs on PIII, and 10 SNPs on Exon 53. In PI, the SNP g.4412G > A was associated (p < 0.05) with palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1 n-7) and linoleic acid (LA), while SNP g.4485C > G was associated with CLA and vaccenic acid (VA) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in PIII, two SNPs (g.1168A > G and g.1331G > T) were associated with milk protein (p < 0.05), while the SNP g.6860G > C in Exon 53 was associated with milk fat (p < 0.05). SNPs in the Najdi breed have been shown to be strongly related to milk fat and EFA contents. This could support a genetic selection program and the control of milk traits in the Najdi breed of high-quality dairy sheep.

Fatty Acids Profiling, Lipid Quality Indices and Antioxidant Properties of Some Small Indigenous Fishes of Manipur, India under Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot Region

Aims: The aim of the study is to access the nutritional qualities viz. fatty acids profile, lipid quality indices and antioxidant properties of fish oil. The present study will provide the information on the fulfillment of various nutritional qualities of small fishes.&#x0D; Study Design: The study was carried out during the month of October, 2017 to February, 2018 in fishery laboratory, department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, India.&#x0D; Methodology: The extraction and analysis of fatty acids were carried out following the method of Metcalfe et al. 1966. The fatty acids are identified searching in the NIST database using mass spectral search program. For antioxidant property the extract was analyzed using DPPH assay following the method described by Koleva et al. 2002. Data were analyzed using SPSS package (Version 17.0).&#x0D; Results: The most abundant fatty acid (SFA) is palmitic acid (C16:0) which is followed by Stearic acid (C18:0) and undecylic acid (C11:0). The concentration of C16:0 was in the ranged of 14.67% to 27.96% which was highest in H. myitkyinae and lowest in G. giuris. Among the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the most abundant fatty acid which is followed by Vaccenic acid (C18:1n11) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:1) respectively. Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and Ecosapentanoic acid (EPA) are the predominant n3 fatty acids in all the fish studied. The index of atherogenicity (AI), index of thrombogenicity (TI), Hypocholesterolemic/ Hypercholesterolemic (HH) fatty acid ratio and Flesh lipid quality (FLQ) was in the ranged of 0.79% to 1.10%, 0.13% to 0.67%, 0.53%- 2.53% and 1.90% to 7.72% respectively. The highest antioxidant property was found in P. chola (8.69 µg/ml) and the lowest was observed T. burmanicus (46.83 µg/ml).&#x0D; Conclusion: From the above analysis Small indigenous freshwater fishes (SIFFs) contained good lipid which provide enormous amount of PUFA and MUFA especially DHA and EPA contribute to various health related benefit. The scavenging activities of antioxidant properties of the SIFFs are also found to be considerable. Thus it can be indicates that these small fishes have good nutritional quality and can bring many benefits to human health.

Serum fatty acid profiles associated with metabolic risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Dyslipidemia is a feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that may augment metabolic disturbances. Serum fatty acids are important biomedical indicators of dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to determine the distinct serum fatty acids in various PCOS subtypes and their association with metabolic risk in women with PCOS. Fatty acids in the serum of 202 women with PCOS were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fatty acids were compared between PCOS subtypes and correlated with glycemic parameters, adipokines, homocysteine, sex hormones, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). The levels of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the reproductive subtype of PCOS were lower than those in the metabolic subtype. Docosahexaenoic acid, a PUFA, was associated with higher SHBG after correction for multiple comparisons. Eighteen species of fatty acids emerged as potential biomarkers associated with the metabolic risk factors measured, independent of body mass index (BMI). Among them, myristic acid (C14:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1n-9C), cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7), and homo-gamma-linolenic acid (C20:3n-6) were the strongest lipid species that were consistently associated with metabolic risk factors, particularly insulin-related parameters in women with PCOS. As for adipokines, 16 fatty acids were positively associated with serum leptin. Among them, C16:1 and C20:3n-6were significantly associated with leptin levels. Our data demonstrated that a distinct fatty acid profile comprising high C14:0, C16:1, C18:1n-9C, C18:1n-7, and C20:3n-6levels is associated with metabolic risk in women with PCOS, independent of BMI.

Ketosynthase mutants enable short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis in E. coli

Cells build fatty acids in tightly regulated assembly lines, or fatty acid synthases (FASs), in which β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthases (KSs) catalyze sequential carbon-carbon bond forming reactions that generate acyl-ACPs of varying lengths—precursors for a diverse set of lipids and oleochemicals. To date, most efforts to control fatty acid synthesis in engineered microbes have focused on modifying termination enzymes such as acyl-ACP thioesterases, which release free fatty acids from acyl-ACPs. Changes to the substrate specificity of KSs provide an alternative—and, perhaps, more generalizable—approach that focuses on controlling the acyl-ACPs available for downstream products. This study combines mutants of FabF and FabB, the two elongating KSs of the E. coli FAS, with in vitro and in vivo analyses to explore the use of KS mutants to control fatty acid synthesis. In vitro, single amino acid substitutions in the gating loop and acyl binding pocket of FabF shifted the product profiles of reconstituted FASs toward short chains and showed that KS mutants, alone, can cause large shifts in average length (i.e., 6.5–13.5). FabB, which is essential for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, blunted this effect in vivo, but exogenously added cis-vaccenic acid (C18:1) enabled sufficient transcriptional repression of FabB to restore it. Strikingly, a single mutant of FabB afforded titers of octanoic acid as high as those generated by an engineered thioesterase. Findings indicate that fatty acid synthesis must be decoupled from microbial growth to resolve the influence of KS mutants on fatty acid profiles but show that these mutants offer a versatile approach for tuning FAS outputs.

Dietary Grape Pomace Supplementation in Lambs Affects the Meat Fatty Acid Composition, Volatile Profiles and Oxidative Stability

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing grape pomace (GP) in lambs' diets. A total of 30 lambs homogeneous for body weight (13.1 ± 2.1 kg) and age (25-30 days) were randomly allocated into two groups. The control group (CTR) received a standard diet for 45 days, while in the same period the experimental group (GP+) was fed with a diet containing 10% GP on a dry matter (DM) basis. The meat samples from the two groups showed no significant differences in drip loss, cooking loss, meat color and total lipid amount. However, the experimental feeding strategy influenced the meat fatty acid composition, with an increase in the relative percentages of stearic, vaccenic and rumenic acids. In particular, the increase in rumenic acids is associated with several health benefits attributed to its high bioactive properties. In cooked meat samples stored for 5 days at 4 °C, the dietary GP supplementation induced an increase in nonanal and 1-octen-3-ol and a significant reduction of hexanal, an indicator of oxidation; this improved resistance to oxidation in the GP+ samples and was also confirmed by the thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) test. In summary, the present study showed that the dietary GP supplementation was effective in improving the fatty acid composition and the oxidative stability of lamb meat. The use and valorization of the GP as a matrix of interest for zootechnical nutrition can, therefore, represent a suitable strategy for improving the qualitative aspects of animal production.

Comparison of the Anti-asthmatic Potential of Himalayan Plants Lonicera obovata Royle and Morina longifolia Wall: An in vivo Study

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,2,384-391.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.2.041Published:February 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Pooja Boora, Richa Puri, Sushila Rani, Monika Mehta, and Dechan Angmo Author(s) affiliations:Pooja Boora*, Richa Puri, Sushila Rani, Monika Mehta, Dechan Angmo Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Asthma is a very common and chronic disease in which there is an inflammation of the lungs. Inflammatory airways and narrowing, spasms, over-secretion of mucus, bronchoconstriction, and eosinophilic airway inflammation are generally seen in the asthmatic condition. Globally, its prevalence is rising constantly. The extracts of Lonicera obovata and Morina longifolia of the Caprifoliaceae family were traditionally used by the Himalayan local people to treat asthmatic and inflammatory conditions. Objectives: The goal of this experimental study was to identify the phytochemicals of the plants through GC-MS. To investigate and compare the anti-asthmatic potential of methanolic whole plant extracts of L. obovata and methanolic root extracts of M. longifolia through in-vivo experiments. Materials and Methods: The anti-asthmatic potential of extracts was determined by the method of leukocytosis and eosinophilia induced by milk in the Swiss albino mice model. Results: Various secondary active phytoconstituents were detected through the GC-MS screening method, some of which have anti-allergic (anti-asthmatic) and antihistaminic properties. The in vivo experiment result showed that in the case of increased leukocyte count, M. longifolia shows better results than L. obovata, and in the case of increased eosinophil count, L. obovata shows better results than M. longifolia to reduce the increased count. Conclusion: The anti-asthmatic potential of plant extracts could be due to the presence of the phytoconstituents like 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether in the L. obovata extracts and Octadec-9-enoic acid and Cis-vaccenic acid in both L. obovata and M. longifolia extracts. Hence, through the experiments, the unexplored anti-asthmatic properties were revealed and justifies the traditional usage of both plants to treat asthma. Keywords:Anti-asthmatic, Eosinophilia, in vivo, leukocytosis, Lonicera obovata, Morina longifolia.View:PDF (366.66 KB)

The alga Bracteacoccus bullatus (Chlorophyceae) isolated from snow, as a source of oil comprising essential unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids

A unicellular alga isolated from snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains (Spain) was characterised using a polyphasic approach. Comparative analysis of ITS2 rDNA secondary structures identified the new culture (CCALA 1120 Cepák and Lukavský Nova Hedwigia 94:163–173, 2012) as being conspecific with Bracteacoccus bullatus (Chlorophyceae). For the first time this study documented sexual reproduction as the pairing of gametes and also an-isogamy. Strain CCALA 1120 had a temperature optimum of growth about 21 °C and an irradiance optimum above 160 µmol photons m−2 s−1. It was cultivated in pilot-plant scale, using an open thin-layer photobioreactor in a greenhouse with only partial temperature control. After harvest, a high proportion of fatty acids was found (15.3% of dry mass) with linoleic (18:2ω-6) 18.3% and α-linolenic acids (18:3ω-3) 17.4% being the most abundant. Monounsaturated fatty acids accounted for about 30% with oleic (18:1ω-9) and vaccenic acids (18:1 ω-7) as the most prominent. The ratio of PUFA ω-6/ω-3 was 1:1.16, i.e. near to the ideal ratio of 1:1, as recommended by the World Health Organization. Biomass production was 2.67 g m–2 day−1 of dry weight, i.e. 0.2 g L−1 day−1. At the end of growth phase, total carotenoids made up 10.1 mg L−1. These results indicate that B. bullatus is suitable for production of a vegetable oil at lower temperatures (12–18 °C) and comprising a high content of unsaturated fatty acids.

Extraction, Physico-Chemical Analysis and Microbial Activities Evaluation of the Body Lipid of Tripletail (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Lobotes surinamensis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) of the Bay of Bengal

Due to the discernible variation in the marine fish lipids compositions, the direct and indirect outcomes of it on human health physiology and nutrition have emphasized heightened focus. For this, the inquisition was reported with the extraction of the body lipid of Tripletail (<i>Lobotes surinamensis</i>) of the Bay of Bengal by Bligh and Dyer extraction method and different analytical parameters were rummaged and assimilate with those of typical fish lipids. The presence of several fatty acids namely myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (C18:1), vaccenic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), linolenic acid (C18:3), arachidonic acid (C20:4), eicosadienoic acid (C20:2), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) etc was confirmed by Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC). It revealed that Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA%) were higher than Unsaturated Fatty Acids (UFA%). Moreover total Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA%) were higher than Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA%) i.e. [25.5777% > 12.6850%] and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-3 PUFA) were higher than ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-6 PUFA) i.e. [8.1113% > 4.5737%] along with higher ω-3/ω-6 ratio (1.77). The muscle of the target specimen was assessed to quantify the minerals content (N, P, K and Ca). Several metals (Fe, Pb, Ni, Co, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, As, Mg) were estimated with the help of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) method. Additionally, using established techniques, the isolated lipid sample was evaluated for microbial (bacterial and fungal) activity. Thus from the findings, it is resolved with a variety of significant facts relating to nutritional and medicinal aspects.

Acute toxicity studies, physicochemical and GC/MS analyses of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal oil

Background: The seeds of Monodora myristica, a tropical plant belonging to the family Annonaceae, are widely used as condiments in the preparation of a number of African delicacies, to impart or enhance flavour. Their use is largely due to the volatile and fixed oils contained in the nuts.Objective: To screen for the acute toxicity (LD50) profile, determine the physicochemical properties, as well as carry out GC-MS analysis of the seed oil of Monodora myristica.Method: The acute toxicity screening was done using Lorke’s method. Physicochemical profile of the oil was determined using standard methods. GC-MS analysis of the oil sample was also carried out, using Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010SE.Results: The acute toxicity study showed that the oil sample had an LD50 of 316 mg/kg. The acid value was determined to be 9.27 mg KOH/g oil, while saponification value was 194.95 mg KOH/g oil. GC-MS analysis of the oil revealed that it contained fatty acids such as n-hexadecanoic acid, cis-vaccenic acid and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid; as well as terpinoids such as alpha-terpineol and alpha-cadinol.Conclusion: Results of the toxicological screening indicates that Monodora myristica oil is moderately toxic as the LD50 was within 50 – 500 mg/kg range. The oil has a relatively high tendency to go rancid due to the high acid value of 9.27 mg KOH/g oil.

AUTHENTICATION OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS FAT AND OTHER ANIMAL FATS USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS) AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS (PCA)

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze fatty acids using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in combination with chemometric Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the authentication of Rattus norvegicus fat from other animal fats.&#x0D; Methods: Extraction of fat from raw meat of Rattus norvegicus, beef, chicken, pork, and dogs using the Bligh Dyer method, then derivatized with 0.2 N NaOCH3, precipitation of sodium glycerol was carried out by adding saturated NaCl to obtain methyl esters which were then injected into the GC-MS instrument. The GC-MS data were then processed using chemometric Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to group Rattus norvegicus fat with other animal fats (beef, chicken, pork, and dog).&#x0D; Results: The results of the study revealed that fatty acids in Rattus norvegicus using GC-MS produced eleven types of fatty acids, namely: Lauric acid (1,1%), Myristic acid (1,15%), Palmitic acid (21,12%), Palmitoleic acid (2,06%), Stearic acid (8,23%), Vaccenic acid (2,43%), Oleic acid (26,51%), Linoleic acid (19,19%), Arachidic acid (0,09%), and Eucosatrienoic acid (0,39%). Chemometrics Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Rattus norvegicus fat allows it to be classified with other animal fats.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method, in combination with chemometric Principal Component Analysis (PCA), offered effective tools for the authentication of fatty acid of Rattus norvegicus.

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Oils from Cactus Opuntia ficus-indica L. and Opuntia dillenii Seeds.

This study aimed to assess the capability of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as an alternative and green technique compared to Soxhlet extraction for the production of oils from Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) seeds originating from Yemen and Italy and Opuntia dillenii (OD) seeds from Yemen. The following parameters were used for SFE extraction: a pressure of 300 bar, a CO2 flow rate of 1 L/h, and temperatures of 40 and 60 °C. The chemical composition, including the fatty acids and tocopherols (vitamin E) of the oils, was determined using chromatographic methods. The highest yield was achieved with Soxhlet extraction. The oils obtained with the different extraction procedures were all characterized by a high level of unsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid (≤62% in all samples) was the most abundant one, followed by oleic and vaccenic acid. Thirty triacylglycerols (TAGs) were identified in both OFI and OD seed oils, with trilinolein being the most abundant (29-35%). Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, and hydroxytyrosol were phenols detected in both OFI and OD oils. The highest γ-tocopherol content (177 ± 0.23 mg/100 g) was obtained through the SFE of OFI seeds from Yemen. Overall, the results highlighted the potential of SFE as green technology to obtain oils suitable for functional food and nutraceutical products.

Effect of dietary pomegranate by-product on lamb flavour

This study evaluated the effect of the dietary inclusion of whole pomegranate by-product (WPB) on lamb flavour. Seventeen Comisana male lambs (body weight 14.82 kg ± 2 kg) were assigned to 2 treatments. During 36-day feeding trial, the control group (n = 8) received a conventional concentrate diet; the other group (n = 9) received a concentrate diet containing 200 g/kg (dry matter) of WPB, replacing part of barley and corn. After slaughter, fatty acids were determined in raw meat, while volatile organic compounds, SMart nose, and sensory traits were analysed in cooked meat. The concentrations of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, vaccenic and rumenic acid were higher in WPB meat. Most of volatile compounds that arise from lipid degradation (i.e., aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and hydrocarbons) were found at higher concentrations in the WPB meat than in the control, except for 2-pentanone that was greater in control meat. Although SMart nose clearly discriminated between dietary treatments, consumer panel did not detect differences in meat flavour.

IN SILICO STUDY OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA AGAINST TREHALOSE–6–PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATASE (TPP) ENZYMES

Numerous pathogenic microorganisms use the enzymes trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) to biosynthesize the sugar trehalose from trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) as part of their infection and proliferation processes. In order to build new generation candidate medications to inhibit TPP using in silico approaches, the current work is being done. The majority of the 10 phytochemicals from Moringa oleifera that were used in docking studies with the 3D model of TPP had good binding affinities to the enzyme, with campesterol and stigmat-4-en-3-one showing the highest affinities (Binding energies of - 7.8 kcal/mole and -8.0 kcal/mole, respectively), when compared to the commonly used commercial drug isoniazid (Binding energy of –6.0 kcal/mole).The active site of TPP sequences, which coordinates Mg2+ and is necessary for catalysis, has been discovered to bind to phytochemical leads during docking. Binding poses and distance measurement of TPP-phytochemical complexes of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, Citronellol, Xylitol, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, Palmitoleic acid, cis-Vaccenic acid, Phytol, Cyclopentane, 1,1-[3-(2-cyclopentylethyl)-1,5-pentanediyl]bis-, Campesterol and Stigmat-4-en-3-one reveals that the lead phytochemicals were in close proximity with most of the active site amino acids (distance range from 1.88 to 3.77 Aº). This demonstrates the close affinity between the enzyme and the leads, which may open the door to the development of new generation medications to treat diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that produce TPP. KEYWORDS: Trehalose–6–phosphate phosphatase, Binding affinity, In silico, Phytochemical, Moringa oleifera

Phytochemical Analysis and Profiling of Antitumor Compounds of Leaves and Stems of Calystegia silvatica (Kit.) Griseb.

Anti-tumor compounds from natural products are being investigated as possible alternatives for cancer chemotherapeutics that have serious adverse effects and tumor resistance. Calystegia silvatica was collected from the north coast of Egypt and extracted via methanol and n-hexane sub-fraction. The biologically active compounds of Calystegia silvatica were identified from the methanol and n-hexane extracts from the leaves and stems of the plant using GC-MS and HPLC. The antitumor properties of both parts of the plant were investigated against cancer and non-cancer cell lines using the MTT assay, and the IC50 in comparison to doxorubicin was calculated. The main compounds identified in the methanol extract were cis-vaccenic acid and trans-13-octadecenoic acid in the leaves and stems, respectively, and phenyl undecane and 3,7,11,15 tetramethyl-2-hexadeca-1-ol in the n-hexane extracts of the leaves and stems, respectively. Both parts of the plant contained fatty acids that have potential antitumor properties. The methanol extract from the stems of C. silvatica showed antitumor properties against HeLa, with an IC50 of 114 ± 5 μg/mL, PC3 with an IC50 of 137 ± 18 μg/mL and MCF7 with an IC50 of 172 ± 15 μg/mL, which were greater than Caco2, which had an IC50 of 353 ± 19 μg/mL, and HepG2, which had an IC50 of 236 ± 17 μg/mL. However, the leaf extract showed weak antitumor properties against all of the studied cancer cell lines (HeLa with an IC50 of 208 ± 13 μg/mL, PC3 with an IC50 of 336 ± 57 μg/mL, MCF7 with an IC50 of 324 ± 17 μg/mL, Caco2 with an IC50 of 682 ± 55 μg/mL and HepG2 with an IC50 of 593 ± 22 μg/mL). Neither part of the plant extract showed any cytotoxicity to the normal cells (WI38). Therefore, C. silvatica stems may potentially be used for the treatment of cervical, prostate and breast cancer.

A Short-Term Supplementation with a Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Radiata Pine Bark Improves Fatty Acid Profiles in Finishing Lambs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a short-term supplementation with a polyphenol-rich extract from radiata pine bark (PBE) on animal performance, blood parameters, and fatty acid (FA) profiles in finishing lambs. Twenty-seven Suffolk lambs (4 months old) fed a finishing diet were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: diet without PBE or diet supplemented with PBE on a 1 or 2% dry matter (DM) basis, for 35 d (14 d adaptation and 21 d of experimental period). Data were compared using Tukey's test and orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The results indicated that the supplementation with PBE increased (p = 0.008) relative growth rate (RGR) and improved (p = 0.003) protein conversion (CPC), whereas weight gain, carcass characteristic, and blood parameters were unaffected (p ≥ 0.106). Total mono- and polyunsaturated FAs, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and vaccenic and oleic acids were linearly increased (p ≤ 0.016) by PBE supplementation. In contrast, total saturated FAs (ΣSFA), Σn-6/Σn-3 ratio, atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenic index (TI), and the proportion of elaidic acid were linearly decreased (p ≤ 0.018). In conclusion, the supplementation with 1 or 2% DM of PBE improves subcutaneous FA profiles by increasing CLA and reducing ΣSFA, Σn-6/Σn-3 ratio, AI, and TI. Additionally, PBE supplementation has the potential to improve RGR and CPC, with unaffected intake, growth performance, blood parameters, or carcass characteristics.

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Magnolia champaca leaves

Plants remain a vibrant source of diverse bioactive phytochemicals that are secondary metabolites protecting them from infections and predations. Magnolia champaca is reported to possess a multitude of phytochemicals. In the present study, the phytochemical constituents of the methanolic extract of Magnolia champaca leaves were analysed qualitatively and with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis was performed to identify the chemical nature of the extract and to find structurally similar compounds. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, glycosides, phenols, steroids, tannins and saponins. FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed structurally related compounds. GC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 99 diverse compounds with varied biological activities, among which 1,2,4-butanetriol, n-hexadecanoic acid, cis vaccenic acid, phytol, trans longipinocarveol and caryophyllene oxide were found predominantly. Thus, the identification and characterisation of the phytochemicals in the extract favour the development of novel therapeutic agents.