Circumstances Of War Research Articles

Illicit Trade in Wartime: Ukraine’s Trends and Challenges for Counteraction

Abstract This theoretical and empirical study describes and explains the patterns of changes in domestic illicit trade and related transnational illicit flows of goods, services and money during the extreme social crises based on the case of the war in Ukraine. Depending on the legal status of the civil circulation of items, illicit trade is categorized into two groups: illicit (criminal) trade outside the economic sphere; and illicit (illegal) trade within the economic sphere. Typical destructive practices and their peculiarities during the war are considered in each group of illicit trade with the use of quantitative and qualitative methods. In terms of the dichotomy “war as a cause and consequence of crime”, this article addresses significant transformations in established criminal activities outside the official economy, such as drug trafficking and human trafficking, while also highlighting newly emerging crimes, specifically the illegal movement of conscripts across national borders. Furthermore, the article explores illegal trade within the economy, focusing on the trade in excisable goods and the new growing issue of abuse of humanitarian aid. The authors discuss the main deficiencies in adequate counteraction related to both war circumstances and systematic problems of state institutions, in particular, the criminal justice system.

Work-related stress of nurses in Poland and Lithuania: countries under the influence of war circumstances in Ukraine

BackgroundNursing is a challenging profession, often associated with high levels of work-related stress. Recent geopolitical events, such as the conflict in Ukraine, may further exacerbate stress among healthcare workers in neighbouring regions. Understanding stress levels among nurses is crucial for enhancing patient care and improving the well-being of medical staff.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess work-related stress among nurses in Poland and Lithuania, taking into account the potential impact of regional geopolitical factors.MethodologyThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 482 Polish and 380 Lithuanian nurses. The online survey was performed using the standardized Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS). To compare quantitative variables between groups, the Mann-Whitney and the Kruskal-Wallis test (with Dunn’s post-hoc test) were used. The significance level was set at 0.05, and effect sizes were calculated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and eta-squared (η²).ResultsThe overall stress level (ENSS total score), as well as scores across all analyzed subscales, were significantly higher among Lithuanian nurses (mean = 168.44, SD = 38.56), compared to Polish nurses (mean = 144.13, SD = 34.15), with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). In Lithuania, significant factors influencing stress levels included age (p = 0.049) and place of work (p = 0.026), while in Poland, gender (p = 0.034), seniority (p = 0.002), education (p = 0.01), shift work (p = 0.004), and workload (p = 0.001) were notable factors.ConclusionsIncreased stress among nurses in both countries impacts their well-being and patient care quality, highlighting the need for targeted psychological support and better working conditions. Implications for nursing: Nurses play a critical role in healthcare, and mitigating stress through workplace improvements can enhance both their well-being and the quality of care they provide, especially during geopolitical crises. Implementing stress management programs and providing mental health resources are crucial steps to support nurses in high-stress environments.

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and Its Communion with the Bishop of Rome: Nurturing Its Ecumenical Engagement

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) is an Eastern Catholic Church that lives according to the Ukrainian–Byzantine Christian theological, liturgical, canonical and spiritual tradition and is in full and visible communion with the successor of Peter. Unity with the Roman Apostolic See has become one of the most important foundations of the UGCC’s identity, enriching its church life and strengthening its ecumenical ministry. As a sui iuris Church in the “family” of Catholic communion, the UGCC actively develops its ecumenical commitments with the Orthodox Churches and Protestant ecclesial communities. In this article, we will briefly examine how the UGCC developed its communion with the Bishop of Rome and how communion with the Apostolic See was a blessing for this Church, but at the same time sometimes became a threat to its existence in times of persecution by totalitarian regimes. We will also present the current religious context in which the UGCC operates, analyze some of its most important ecumenical initiatives and examine its participation in the development of interfaith dialogue in Ukraine. We will consider the challenges that the Russian invasion has brought to the UGCC and other religions in Ukraine, and how the UGCC, by developing communion with Rome, manages to witness the Gospel of life in the difficult circumstances of war and death.

Reforming the legislation on adoption in Ukraine in the context of military realities

The article focuses on the analysis of legislative regulation of adoption in Ukraine under martial law, particularly the challenges arising due to military actions and the humanitarian crisis. The authors highlight the key aspects of national legislation, emphasizing the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Family Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On Child Protection,» as well as international instruments such as the European Convention on the Adoption of Children and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Special attention is given to amendments made in 2022-2023 to regulatory acts aimed at adapting adoption procedures to new conditions. The article examines the main problems faced by the adoption system during wartime, including the loss of access to state registers in temporarily occupied territories, the risk of illegal transfer of children to other countries, difficulties in confirming the status of orphans, and obstacles to the evacuation of children. The measures taken by the state to protect children’s rights are analyzed, including the creation of the Unified Information and Analytical System «Children,» the introduction of simplified procedures for verifying potential adoptive parents, and the expansion of criteria for granting children orphan status. The authors emphasize the importance of ensuring transparency in adoption processes, digitalization of child records, and strengthening oversight of the rights of adopted children. The role of international cooperation in preventing illegal adoption and unifying child protection standards in accordance with international law is highlighted. The article also provides recommendations for improving adoption-related legislation, particularly to ensure timely responses to new challenges posed by martial law. The study results underscore the significance of a comprehensive approach to reforming the adoption system, which is based on the integration of international standards, effective collaboration among state bodies, international organizations, and public initiatives. It concludes that creating stable and safe conditions for adoption is a crucial step toward ensuring every child’s right to family upbringing, even under the difficult circumstances of war.

Peculiarities of the psychological state of students as components of the psychological climate in the classroom during the war

Annotation. Any phenomena of the outside world, especially extreme ones - martial law, military actions, cannot fail to have a decisive influence on the emotional state of children, and scientists emphasize that the disappearance of the feeling of security and being under the pressure of war circumstances causes the participants of the educational process to be unable to focus on learning, causes disorders of cognitive processes: amnesia (memory loss), confabulation (appearance in memory of events that have never occurred in experience), difficulty remembering; distracted attention; impaired perception; thought disorders, unmotivated change in the desire to communicate, etc. The results of the conducted research show that under the pressure of being in martial law conditions, the pupils had an impact on their sense of self in the outside world, a decrease in self- esteem, and a need for protective control in the absence of protective control. Experienced feelings under the influence of war risks could not but affect the students' states, as evidenced by manifestations of anxiety, signs of fear, signs of depression and a pronounced depressed state. Psychograms of the real and ideal situation in relation to the psychological climate in the classroom testify to the predominance of aggressive states and depressed mood.

INCORPORATING MEDIA LITERACY INTO ESP COURSES FOR PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

ESP (English for Specific Purposes) teaching in a broad sense is aimed at helping university students to perform in English effectively in potential professional environments on the international labour market. Due to the unprecedented circumstances of the Russian war against Ukraine and a toxic world information eco-system, the ability to assess information sources, many of which are in English, identify fake news and manipulation, and make well-informed decisions have become essential and even vital for any young professional. At the same time, students in non-linguistic specialities mainly have A2-B1 level of English which is not sufficient enough to approach current authentic sources of information online. Even if they manage to comprehend the contents, they lack the ability to consume media critically. This article is a reflection on experiences of teaching media literacy in a university ESP context in Taras Shevchenko National University «Chernihiv Collegium». Working through the English for Media Literacy Coursera MOOC, the participants of the project were able to develop shared understanding through discussion and collaborative analysis of online articles and latest news being guided by the teacher-facilitator who was able not only to quickly address the language gaps but also provide critical questions to help the students’ thinking and explain aspects of the media text genre to give a frame for analysis. The aim of the current work was to study the ways in which language education could incorporate the teaching of media literacy in a Ukrainian HEI. Methodology involved a thorough literature review related to media literacy and blended learning. Theoretical methods were used to adopt MOOC materials to the project participants’ needs which included analysis, synthesis and explanation. Empirical methods were also employed, namely pedagogical observation of the students-participants. The scientific novelty of the research lay in the fact that it allowed to develop and an effective guidance for a language teacher acting as a facilitator and helping students to develop simultaneously language skills and media literacy skills crucial for fighting propaganda and misinformation. The Student’s Book and the Facilitator’s Book were published in the course of the project implementation. We came to the conclusion that interdisciplinary nature of media literacy and its central importance in the post-truth era should enable and encourage educators to transform the ESP syllabus and create tailor-made media literacy courses due to the needs of Ukrainian university students of non-linguistic specialties in turbulent times of war and global crisis.

War Challenges and Psychological Trauma: A Reading of the Women by Kristin Hannah Through the Lens of Trauma Theory

The present research examines the character of Frankie in the novel The Women and how war circumstances and the after-war behavior of society affect Frankie's mental health, which later became the cause of PTSD.The main objective of this research is to analyze the character of Frankie through the lens of PTSD and observe how the responses of her surroundings led to her trauma. Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory serves as theoretical lens, in interpreting the PTSD and trauma depicted in the novel. The research leaves a cognitive space to apply the feminism theory to novel The Women (2024) by Kristin Hannah

SUICIDE AMONG MEMBERS OF THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN OCCUPIED SERBIA 1941–1944

This paper analyses suicides among members of the People’s Liberation Movement (Narodnooslobodilački pokret, NOP) during the Axis occupation of Serbia in the Second World War. We will identify different types of suicide, determine the motives behind them, and identify those that can be linked to some forms of self-sacrifice. In particular, we will consider whether suicides within the NOP were influenced not only by Communist ideology but also by national traditions in the Balkans and the circumstances of war.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC CANON OF THE UKRAINIAN POETIC LANGUAGE DURING THE WAR

The article notes that the reality of the war changed the Ukrainian lingual consciousness. Accordingly, there has been a certain transformation of the artistic and aesthetic canon. The article describes in detail the following characteristic changes: a) transformation of the figurative and expressive canon, vulgarisation of the vocabulary; b) transformation of the emotional and expressive canon, dominance of the modalities of anger, rage, hatred, call for revenge and punishment towards ‘outsiders’ and glorification towards ‘insiders’; c) emergence of new semantic and evaluative accents in the lexemes that fill the core of the war vocabulary. These changes are most clearly identified in the texts of poems and songs ‘from the shelter’, i. e. those that appeared after 24 February 2022. For researchers, these texts are important because they very clearly reflect the thoughts and emotions of Ukrainians related to the war. Cognitive analysis of these texts reveals an intensive renewal of the set of actual images, transformation of the axiological system of coordinates (in particular, their polarisation), and captures changes in the collective consciousness and lingual picture of the world. It is observed that the figurative and aesthetic models of text creation characteristic of the national artistic tradition are significantly weakened in the circumstances of war. The need to describe and characterise the war, to verbalise the actual meanings of wartime, leads to the design of new narratives and new modalities that testify to a departure from the national artistic and aesthetic canon.

AGRO PRODUCTS EXPORTS OF UKRAINE WITHIN ITS TRADE AGREEMENTS WITH THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

The aim of the research is to work out the recommendations on the geography of the agricultural products trade of Ukraine under the circumstances of the on-going war through the analysis of the trends and dynamics of the agro exports from Ukraine to the CIS, the agricultural products exports from Ukraine to the CIS countries possible correlation with each other, its direction and level. The data are the values of the agricultural products exports from Ukraine to the CIS countries from 2001 to 2023 included with the special identification of the years 2021-2023 as the year 2001 is the earliest one with the available data, 2021 is the pre-war year and 2023 – the year with the latest data available and the second year of the war. Such methods of scientific research as empirical, comparative and statistical analyses, including data mining, cleaning and processing, methods of correlation measuring like Pearson, Spearman and Kendal correlation tests, the method of exclusion, as well as textual and tabular methods for better data presentation and comparison were used while conducting the research presented in the given article. The conducted research indicated, that the agro exports of Ukraine to the following country – pairs appeared to be positively correlated: 1) Armenia – with Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, 2) Azerbaijan – with Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, 3) Belarus – with Uzbekistan, 4) Georgia – with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, 5) Kazakhstan – with Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, 6) Kyrgyz Republic – with Tajikistan, and 7) Tajikistan – with Turkmenistan.

Hope Groups: a protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial of psychosocial, mental health, and parenting support groups for Ukrainian caregivers during war and conflict

BackgroundIn 2021, more than two-thirds of the world’s children lived in a conflict-affected country. In 2022, 13 million Ukrainians were forced to flee their homes after Russia’s full-scale invasion. Hope Groups are a 12-session psychosocial, mental health, and parenting support intervention designed to strengthen parents, caregivers, and children affected by war and crisis. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Hope Groups among Ukrainians affected by war, compared to a wait-list control group. This protocol describes a promising decentralized intervention delivery model and an innovative research design, which estimates the causal effect of Hope Groups while prioritizing prompt delivery of beneficial services to war-affected participants.MethodsThis protocol describes a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) among Ukrainians externally displaced, internally displaced within Ukraine, and living at home in war-affected areas. This study consists of 90 clusters with 4–7 participants per cluster, totaling approximately n = 450 participants. Intervention clusters will receive 12-session Hope Groups led by peer facilitators, and control clusters will be wait-listed to receive the intervention after the RCT concludes. Clusters will be matched on the facilitator performing recruitment and intervention delivery. Primary outcomes are caregiver mental health, violence against children, and positive parenting practices. Secondary outcomes include prevention of violence against women and caregiver and child well-being. Outcomes will be based on caregiver report and collected at baseline and endline (1-week post-intervention). Follow-up data will be collected among the intervention group at 6–8 weeks post-intervention, with aims for quasi-experimental follow-ups after 6 and 12 months, pending war circumstances and funding. Analyses will utilize matching techniques, Bayesian interim analyses, and multi-level modeling to estimate the causal effect of Hope Groups in comparison to wait-list controls.DiscussionThis study is the first known randomized trial of a psychosocial, mental health, and parenting intervention among Ukrainians affected by war. If results demonstrate effectiveness, Hope Groups hold the potential to be adapted and scaled to other populations affected by war and crisis worldwide. Additionally, methodologies described in this protocol could be utilized in crisis-setting research to simultaneously prioritize the estimation of causal effects and prompt delivery of beneficial interventions to crisis-affected populations.Trial registrationThis trial was registered on Open Science Framework on November 9, 2023. Registration: OSF.IO/UVJ67.

P-257 THE EFFECT OF OCCUPATIONAL MORAL INJURY ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS

Abstract Introduction The expression moral injury can be found in the literature as “disruption in an individual’s confidence and expectations about one’s own or others’ motivation or capacity to behave in a just and ethical manner”. As a concept, moral injury first appeared in the literature in the 1990s in the context of combat and war circumstances. However, it has recently been brought up more broadly in the healthcare context. The term is often associated with strong moral emotions related to the event, including guilt, anger and disgust. Can still lead to distress and psychological difficulties. Methods Systematic literature review using the PubMed, SCIELO, RESEARCHGATE databases with the descriptors: Occupational Moral Injury + Mental Health + Healthcare professionals. Studies published between 2000 and 2023 in Portuguese, English and Spanish Results Of the 354 studies initially found in the cited databases, a sample of 33 studies was reached that matched the election criteria. A final sample of 16 studies was defined, mainly articles. Studies purely epidemiological or non related to health professionals were excluded. Discussion Certain occupational groups may be at risk of exposure to work-related morally injurious events, including first responders, journalists and armed forces personnel. Conclusion Morally injurious experiences include those in which the individual perpetuates, fails to prevent, bears witness to, or learns about acts that transgress deeply held moral beliefs and experiences. Moral injury can contribute to inner conflict and emotional distress and the emergence of guilt, shame, and anxiety is facilitated by idiographic factors such as shame proneness and/or neuroticism.

Missing persons and infrastructures of search and identification

People go missing all over the world, but the reasons for disappearances are enormously diverse. Some people are intentionally disappeared by the state: totalitarian and military governments as well as various paramilitary and criminal organizations have used enforced disappearances as a tactic to control the population and create submissive citizens or subjects though fear and insecurity. Both civilians and soldiers disappear invariably in the chaotic circumstances of war and armed conflict. Some people disappear in natural catastrophes or fatal accidents; some disappear of their own free will. Whatever the reason for disappearance, it disturbs the everyday flow of life in families and communities, and in many places, it creates anomalies for modern state bureaucracies. Unaccounted-for absences give rise to search practices, but the circumstances of search are radically different in different places and different contexts of disappearance. One way to approach these differences is to analyse the infrastructures of search in each site. I am especially interested in the entanglement of the local with the global, and of the spatial reach of search infrastructures . Moreover, I consider the significance of the material affordances of some infrastructural forms, especially of the DNA as the key tool for identification. I make some observations on how the entanglements of local and transnational investment and the material affordances of the techniques allow some of the disappeared to be found and identified, while others stay more ‘disappearable’ (Laakkonen 2022).

On the powers of the National Police of Ukraine under martial law

In this article, the author analyzes the legislative acts which currently regulate the activities of the National Police of Ukraine. It is stated that the activities of the National Police of Ukraine are very multifaceted, and therefore they are regulated by the rules of various branches of law. However, the bulk of these norms are still administrative and legal, since most of the police tasks are performed in the course of public administration, provision of police services in the areas of public safety and order, protection of human rights and freedoms, as well as the interests of society and the state, provision of services to assist persons who need such assistance for personal, economic, social reasons or as a result of emergencies, within the limits established by law. The author notes that main idea of the Constitution of Ukraine during wartime, as well as in peacetime, remains unchanged and consists in establishing limits for public authorities to prevent arbitrariness and guarantee human rights and freedoms. At the same time, the constitutional goals and priorities of the entire state during wartime have significant specifics. It is noted that with the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, the powers of many government agencies have undergone significant changes. Due to the adoption of amendments to the current legislation in the field of public security and order, the powers of the National Police of Ukraine have also changed to some extent. The author of the article emphasizes that the priority among such changes is to guarantee the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, as well as further development of a democratic state in which the rule of law is strictly enforced. The author concludes that during the martial law in Ukraine, the powers of the National Police have been significantly expanded by introducing appropriate amendments to the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police». At the same time, when expanding the powers of law enforcement agencies, including the police during martial law, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine should take into account that the actual circumstances of war or martial law do not automatically constitute grounds for restricting the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens.

A Rhetorical Stylistic Analysis of English Political Headlines in Selected Newspapers

This study explores the language used in reporting political headlines conducting a rhetorical stylistic analysis. It is based on showing the effect of the rhetorical stylistic relations in news reporting. The aim is to investigate the structure adopted in reporting political news. It argues that the rhetorical stylistic devices are necessary and applicable to non-literary texts, i.e. political headlines to evaluate language use in the representation of non-literary texts. The analysis was carried out on data selected from the British broadsheet The Guardian and the American New York Times newspaper headlines. The data were examined and subjected to a contrastive analysis incorporating rhetorical and stylistic tools to discern how they are united to achieve the main purpose of language use, i.e. to persuade and grasp the reader's attention. It was found that the two newspapers tend to employ sentence structures differently in terms of nucleus and satellite relations demonstrating the significant part in a sentence. Examples of the deviation strategy of foregrounding were primarily established in the New York Times to maintain the reader's attention about the content underlying the different strategy of the two newspapers to report war circumstances. The analysis shows that rhetorical devices and stylistic features are found and closely related in newspaper articles.

Synergistic application of the change kaleidoscope model in educational contexts: mitigating stress and PTSD amidst war circumstances through the Agency of Homo Creator

The Change Kaleidoscope model, developed by Hope Hailey and Balogun, offers a framework for understanding organizational change dynamics. This model is applied to education in conflict zones to address the challenges of PTSD, stress and resilience-building among students and educators. The concept of Homo Creator emphasizes human agency, creativity, and problem-solving abilities. By integrating this perspective into the Change Kaleidoscope model, the article explores how individuals and communities can be empowered to navigate complex challenges in educational settings affected by war-related stressors.

MAIN TASKS OF THE UNIVERSITY DURING THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

B a c k g r o u n d . This article explores the tasks and goal of university education in Ukraine during the war. The role of the University in the field of education and public life during the russian-Ukrainian war is outlined. The educational sector is going through significant challenges along with Ukraine in the context of the military operations. Therefore, the university community is actively involved in the struggle and not only on the educational front. The article is particularly addressing the following questions: what are the challenges that universities face in times of war?; how can university education continue under the circumstances of war?; what are the main tasks of university education for this period?; what are the new tasks that the University is facing today compared to the original tasks at the moment of the emergence of universities?; The article also demonstrates the transformation of university education from the time of the coronavirus pandemic to the moment of russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Met hod s. The research methodology includes general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Method of situational analysis is also adopted within the methodology. The article uses an analytical approach based on the study of historical and philosophical sources. R e s u l t s. It is evident that Ukrainian universities despite the circumstances of war still operate as centers of education, train highly qualified professionals, develop science, and raise a new generation of scholars. University as an institution keeps cultivating an average person into a cultured one. We mean that the University preserves and transmits to young generations the culture of the Ukrainian national spirit in times of war. C o n c l u s i o n s. The article proves that the University, in such a difficult time of war, is forming the contemporary culture of Ukraine. This contemporary culture is created by the inseparable unity of two guilds: those who teach and those who study. So we are witnessing the realization of a new, glorious history of Ukraine, and the University is actively contributing to it. After all, Ukrainians are united by belonging to a great culture, and nowadays this culture manifests itself in the greatness of the national spirit that the Ukrainian people demonstrate.

Active processes in the modern Ukrainian political lexicon

The article examines centripetal-centrifugal processes in the modern Ukrainian political lexicon during 2019–2023. Both passivization and activation of certain groups of socio-political vocabulary belonging to STATE – ARMY – SOCIETY concepts have been established. To describe the studied material, the technique of identifying the functional potential of the nomination resource, i.e. the ability of the new vocabulary to create lexical associations: word-forming nests and series, synonymous series, antonymic oppositions, the spectrum of word combinations (paradigmatic, syntagmatic and epidigmatic (derivative) relations in the text) have been used. To describe the selected vocabulary the following criteria have been applied: 1) semantic volume of the lexeme in the political text compared to the lexicographic definition, 2) functional load, 3) pragmatic load of the lexical unit in the text. It is concluded that political life in Ukraine in recent years has been significantly affected by the war, especially full-scale war. The war circumstances have changed the usual political rhetoric, the subject matter of texts and speeches on political topics and the language of such texts and speeches. The topics of inter-party struggle and pre-election battles have become irrelevant and this part of the lexicon has become passive, at least as long as the war continues and elections are not being held. Instead, patriotic and unifying rhetoric, military vocabulary in texts aimed at the Ukrainian audience as well as vocabulary that shows the struggle of Ukrainians for European values aimed at the international audience have become increasingly active. Keywords: the language of politics, political vocabulary, socio-political vocabulary, dynamics, functional potential of the nomination resource, pragmatic potential of the word.

A comprehensive approach to Bitcoin forecasting using neural networks

This paper provides a comprehensive approach to Bitcoin price, returns, direction and volatility forecasting. It compares ARIMA and GARCH models to neural network (NN) autoregression and Jordan NN in their forecasting performances, using internal and external factors. Robustness of the results is verified across bearish, bullish and stable market conditions. The results are not unambiguous considering price, returns or volatility forecasting, when compared using different performance measures or through different periods. Return and volatility forecasting yields to stable results no matter the model or period observed. NNs in general emerge as optimal for return and direction forecasting, ARIMAX and NNARX for price forecasting, while for volatility forecasting all models yield comparable results. Price forecasting yields the best prediction accuracies, while JNNX performed poorly. However, the inclusion of other machine learning methods and/or different variables as well as recent crisis emerged from war circumstances can be seen as limiting factors.

MORAL AND ETHICAL COMPONENT OF SCIENCE IN TIMES OF WAR

Does science have a moral component? Today, as well as in the past, the perspectives of scientists diverge. Some scientists join political groups and work for them. They only care about financial benefits and waiving moral and ethical rules. Others take an alienated stance, arguing that science only has scientific objectives that must be addressed. They lack concern for ethical aspects and stand by the motto "science for the sake of science." Others say it is important to have ethical rules in science and that we cannot preserve humankind and its movement towards the future without ethical and moral principles.