Current Circulation Research Articles

Channel and inter-channel morphology resulting from the long-term interplay of alongslope and downslope processes, NE Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic

With this contribution we use a pair of overlapping 3D seismic surveys and two exploration wells to document the response of long-lived slope channels to the onset of bottom currents sweeping the lower slope in the NE Rockall Basin, offshore Ireland. Downslope gravity current activity, linked to a phase of uplift, prevailed throughout the Eocene and led to the formation of multiple channels, most notably a large-scale sinuous channel complex (Channel 4 Complex) tied to a persistent sediment entry point on the margin. Channels fed lobes on the floor of the basin, with increased axial tilting forcing gravity currents to flow parallel to the base of slope. A phase of margin-wide differential subsidence and basin deepening in the Late Eocene then activated bottom current circulation across the basin. Northward-flowing bottom currents first erosionally refashioned the lower slope creating a prominent unconformity with contourites that then initially forming infill drifts. Bottom currents swept along and obliquely upslope, building plastered drifts that straddled the lower sections of the still active channels. The drifts modified and amplified the spurs separating the active channels, with interaction between along and downslope processes accreting sediment that built and maintained channel relief and allowed the channel mouths to extend further basinward over and across the earlier lobes. Contourite-forced channel extension on account of lower slope depositional re-profiling represents another manifestation of the interplay between slope channels and bottom currents. In the case of NE Rockall, the accreted base of slope wedge and mounded geometry resembles similar features elsewhere along the eastern Rockall margin. Those have previously been ascribed to mass-transport and base-up channel initiation, however, the similarities are so striking that we propose that these also are the result of lower slope re-profiling by bottom currents.

Contribution of the Paragenetic Sequence of Clay Minerals to Re-Examination of the Alteration Zoning in the Krafla Geothermal System

This paper revisits the clay mineralogy of the “smectite” alteration zone in the Krafla geo-thermal field via the study of an exploratory well in which temperatures range from 40 °C to 215 °C. The clay alteration consists of several mineral assemblages superimposed in time and space, resulting from different stages of water-rock interaction. Trioctahedral clay minerals (chlorite, corrensite and smectite) are observed throughout the studied section. These minerals can form in nearly closed systems as replacements of groundmass minerals/glass after interactions with resident and nearly stagnant fluids not far from chemical equilibrium (neutral to basic pH conditions) or from direct precipitation from geothermal fluids. They are locally superimposed by Al clay phases (smectite, illite/smectite and kaolinite), which result from intense leaching of the host rocks due to their interaction with low pH fluids under strong W/R ratios. The absence of mineralogical zoning is explained by the fact that hydrothermal alteration is strongly dependent on very recent hydrodynamics. The current fluid circulation generates trioctahedral clays at depth that cannot be distinguished from pervasive earlier alteration. The only easily detectable signature of current activity and the most relevant signature for geothermal exploration is the presence of Al dioctahedral phases since it indicates leaching and intense hydrothermal activity.

Radial spatiotemporal evolution of rf magnetic field and plasma current in a very-high-frequency plasma source over a wide range of plasma density and pressure.

We present detailed spatiotemporal measurements of rf magnetic fields and plasma conduction current as well as the corresponding plasma density profiles when very-high-frequency 100-MHz waves are introduced to a parallel plate plasma. The magnetic probe, optical emission, and plasma absorption probe measurements support a model in which the interaction of high-frequency waves with the moving plasma sheath at specific phases of the very high frequencies (VHF) period leads to local reversals in the vertical rf electric field which can lead to conduction current reversals and circulations. The presence of current reversals and circulation correlate with measured plasma uniformity. In particular, measured electric field and current reversals coincide with the strongly center-peaked plasma density profiles frequently observed in VHF plasma. The magnitude of the center peak increases with the number and magnitude of the current reversal cells. The scale length of the current reversal cells is on the order of what is expected for plasma surface waves. Measurements indicate that plasma conductivity is the common scaling factor for both plasma uniformity and the circulation. The propagation of high-frequency waves and the generation of rf current reversal in one phase of the rf cycle rather than another results in the appearance of harmonics in Fourier decomposed magnetic probe wave forms. These harmonics turn out not to be actual waves or evidence of standing waves at these frequencies but rather consequences of packets of wave propagation that occur periodically.

Late Holocene current patterns in the northern Patagonian fjords recorded by sediment drifts in Aysén Fjord

Present-day circulation patterns in the southeastern Pacific Ocean are driven by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, directing subantarctic surface water into the Patagonian fjords since at least the early Holocene. In this way, bottom current patterns in the area are regulated by the regional climate, although the complex bathymetry of the fjords has a significant impact as well. To understand the potential interplay of climate, seafloor topography and circulation patterns, we study the sedimentary infill of Aysén Fjord (~45°S) and reveal the first active sediment drifts in the region. These allow constraining the present-day circulation patterns in northern Patagonia and show an incoming (southward) as well as returning (northward) flow direction. While the general sedimentary evolution of the fjord (and thus also the sediment drifts) is climate-driven (i.e., it reflects variability in southern westerly wind strength), the onset of drift formation at ~3.7 ka does not seem to have originated from an abrupt change in regional climate. Instead, we propose that a megathrust earthquake described in paleoseismic records in the area could have resulted in subsidence of one (or more) of the many bathymetric highs in the Patagonian fjords, thus contributing to enhanced spilling of subantarctic water into the fjord. This study underscores the importance of multidisciplinary research to understand past and present bottom current circulation patterns and disentangle different possible feedback mechanisms.

Bottom current-controlled Quaternary sedimentation at the foot of the Malta Escarpment (Ionian Basin, Mediterranean)

A better understanding of the evolution of bottom current circulation and associated deposits is significant for many applications including paleoclimatology and geological hazard. Besides the large contourite drifts, bottom currents may generate fields of large sediment waves that, depending on their height and velocity of migration, may pose severe risk for infrastructures. Conversely, the time span of their paleoceanographic record is generally relatively short. We use bathymetry data, sub-bottom and seismic reflection profiles and legacy oceanographic data to analyze the sediment waves occurring in a deep environment (from 2400 to 3800 m water depth at the foot of the Malta Escarpment in the Mediterranean Sea) to understand their evolution in time, their significance for paleoceanography, and their relation to present day hydrographic conditions. In the absence of direct stratigraphic information, we use the information from nearby studies and from ODP Site 964 and DSDP Site 374 to constrain the age of the sedimentary successions. We discover that these waves (about 2.5 km in wavelength, 50 m in height, with crest sub-perpendicular to the continental slope trend) have been steadily growing and migrating northward since about 500 ka, although an irregular growth and unsteady migration is distinguishable since about 1800 ka. The waves are generated by predominantly alongslope southward flowing bottom currents compatible with modern hydraulic conditions (mean flow speed of ~5 cm s−1, peaks of 15 cm s−1). The rate of crest migration (~ 2.0–3.2 mm a−1) and the average sedimentation rate (0.64–0.69 mm a−1) are unusually high for deep sea environments away from turbidity currents paths. We infer that the steady development of sediment waves is produced by a drastic increase in sediment input to the Ionian Basin resulting from the tectonic uplift in NE Sicily and Calabria and the onset of a relatively steady, low energy bottom current regime following the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. We attempt to extract information on orbital cyclicity preserved in the seismic record from the power spectra of virtual seismic traces from the well preserved succession of 5 visually discernible, regularly spaced sub-units consisting of alternation of high-amplitude and low-reflectivity packages within the last 500 ka. Peaks in the power spectra can be identified around orbital obliquity and precession periodicities, while eccentricity appears not to be recorded. We discuss the results of seismic cyclicity analysis relative to uncertainties of stratigraphic and petrophysical constraints. The sediment waves along the foot of the Malta escarpment are an excellent candidate for the extraction of a long, continuous and high resolution sedimentary record of the paleo circulation changes and climate cycles in the Mediterranean Sea since about 500 ka.

Steady-State Control of Fuel Cell Based on Boost Mode of a Dual Winding Motor

In recent years, a dual winding motor drive has been proposed in the field of fuel cell vehicles due to its advantages of good performance and high robustness. This new topology and its basic control method have been widely investigated. However, the previous research has not considered the current dynamic property of a fuel cell when studying the power sharing control method, but this is an important research objective for fuel cell durability. Considering the current change principle of a fuel cell, an optimal steady-state control method based on a new dual winding motor architecture boost charging is proposed to optimize the fuel cell life. In addition, in view of the current circulation problem of the fuel cell side winding in the boost mode, a Bang-Bang-PI control algorithm with a relatively constant reference value is proposed to realize the current sharing control. On this basis, the optimized control of the output current ripple of the fuel cell is realized to ensure the steady-state of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Finally, the results show that this method can control the stability of the fuel cell efficiently.

Prediction of Stress in Power Transformer Winding Conductors Using Artificial Neural Networks: Hyperparameter Analysis

The purpose of this research is the evaluation of artificial neural network models in the prediction of stresses in a 400 MVA power transformer winding conductor caused by the circulation of fault currents. The models were compared considering the training, validation, and test data errors’ behavior. Different combinations of hyperparameters were analyzed based on the variation of architectures, optimizers, and activation functions. The data for the process was created from finite element simulations performed in the FEMM software. The design of the Artificial Neural Network was performed using the Keras framework. As a result, a model with one hidden layer was the best suited architecture for the problem at hand, with the optimizer Adam and the activation function ReLU. The final Artificial Neural Network model predictions were compared with the Finite Element Method results, showing good agreement but with a much shorter solution time.

Forecasting contrasting coastal and estuarine hydrodynamics with OPENCoastS

Robust and accurate coastal forecasts require models to represent the relevant processes, prediction computational tools and reliable computational resources. OPENCoastS is a free, open-source WebGIS platform to develop on-demand hydrodynamic forecast systems that started as a simple 2D engine. OPENCoastS provides a visualization and download interface with in-situ and Sentinel satellite data comparison. 2D tidal, 2D wave & current interaction and 3D baroclinic flows are now included, forced by several atmospheric, oceanic and riverine forcings.Four applications demonstrate OPENCoastS’ capacity. The prediction of the 2020 typhoon season in Taiwan illustrates the use of the service using only large-scale public data. An application to the Bay of Biscay shows the importance of waves on extreme water levels during storms. A nearshore deployment in Figueira da Foz harbor assesses the impact of bathymetry on coupled wave and current circulation. 3D baroclinic circulation forecasts in Tagus estuary are validated by independent data.

Fractional derivative resolution of the anomalous magnetic field diffusion through a ferromagnetic steel rod: Application to eddy current testing

Electromagnetic evaluations are performed daily by steel manufacturers and steel user companies. Among different methods, Eddy Current Testing (ECT) is routinely used. It is versatile, simple, and conveys rich information. ECT evaluations on steel specimens remain complex to interpret quantitatively. Most steels are ferromagnetic and exhibit high nonlinear magnetic behaviors. Such nonlinearities are an issue when it comes to signal analysis and interpretation. The magnetic field diffusion in a steel rod is highly frequency-dependent. It is the direct consequence of the Eddy current generation. If the rod is ferromagnetic, the unstable distribution of the magnetic domains interacts with the macroscopic Eddy current circulation and perturbs the magnetic field diffusion, which becomes anomalous. Fractional derivative diffusion equations are appropriate tools for the simulation of these phenomena. The fractional order acts as an adjustment parameter that provides flexibility in the simulation method. In this study, a 2D fractional diffusion equation has been solved by using finite differences in polar coordinates to anticipate the magnetic field diffusion and the ECT measurement in a steel rod specimen. Defects have been simulated through local variations of the physical properties. Good simulation results have been obtained and validate the fractional diffusion equation as an efficient method for the simulation of the anomalous diffusion magnetic field and the interpretation of ECT measurements.

Observational Evidence of Ventilation Hotspots in the Southern Ocean

AbstractStanding meanders are a key component of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) circulation system, and numerical studies have shown that these features may locally enhance subduction, upwelling, as well as lateral and vertical tracer transport. Yet, observational data from these regions remain sparse. Here, we present results based on measurements made by a group of autonomous platforms sampling an ACC standing meander formed due to the interaction of the Polar Front with the Southwest Indian Ridge. Two Seagliders were deployed alongside a Biogeochemical‐Argo float that was advected through the standing meander. In the high eddy kinetic energy region of the standing meander, the glider observations reveal enhanced submesoscale frontal gradients as well as heightened tracer variability at depth, as compared to the more quiescent region further downstream. Vertical gradients in spice and apparent oxygen utilization are reduced in the standing meander despite similarities in the large‐scale vertical stratification, suggesting greater ventilation of the surface ocean. These observations are consistent with numerical studies that highlight standing meanders as hotspots for ventilation and subduction due to enhanced mesoscale stirring and submesoscale vertical velocities. Our results emphasize the need to account for spatial heterogeneity in processes influencing air‐sea exchange, carbon export, and biogeochemical cycling in the Southern Ocean.

Modeled Three‐Dimensional Currents and Eddies on an Alongshore‐Variable Barred Beach

AbstractCirculation in the nearshore region, which is critical for material transport along the coast and between the surf zone and the inner shelf, includes strong vortical motions. The horizontal length scales and vertical structure associated with vortical motions are not well documented on alongshore‐variable beaches. Here, a three‐dimensional phase‐resolving numerical model, Simulating WAves till SHore (SWASH), is compared with surfzone waves and flows on a barred beach, and is used to investigate surfzone eddies. Model simulations with measured bathymetry reproduce trends in the mean surfzone circulation patterns, including alongshore currents and rip current circulation cells observed for offshore wave heights from 0.5 to 2.0 m and incident wave directions from 0 to 15° relative to shore normal. The length scales of simulated eddies, quantified using the alongshore wavenumber spectra of vertical vorticity, suggest that increasing wave directional spread intensifies small‐scale eddies ((10) m). Simulations with bathymetric variability ranging from alongshore uniform to highly alongshore variable indicate that large‐scale eddies ((100) m) may be enhanced by surfzone bathymetric variability, whereas small‐scale eddies ((10) m) are less dependent on bathymetric variability. The simulated vertical dependence of the magnitude and mean length scale (centroid) of the alongshore wavenumber spectra of vertical vorticity and very low‐frequency (f ≈ 0.005 Hz) currents is weak in the outer surf zone, and decreases toward the shoreline. The vertical dependence in the simulations may be affected by the vertical structure of turbulence, mean shear, and bottom boundary layer dynamics.

MARKETING STRATEGY IN MALAYSIA: AN ISLAMIC VIEW

Marketing strategy in Malaysia has become a phenomenon among marketers in making a profit. However, the marketing strategy carried out raises various controversies that are beyond the limits of sharia. Most product marketers neglect Islamic marketing strategies in their efforts to market their products. Thus, this study was conducted to identify and analyze the strategies used in the effort to market the product. Next, will summarize the strategies most commonly used by product marketers. The data collected is qualitative using a library research approach. The results of the study found that there are clear differences between Islamic marketing strategies and marketing strategies in Malaysia. Implications, a detailed study on Islamic marketing strategies should be conducted based on issues that arise according to the current circulation to uphold Islamic marketing while providing awareness to marketers in Malaysia.

Insight of Numerical Simulation for Current Circulation on the Steep Slopes of Bathymetry and Topography in Palu Bay, Indonesia

The steep slope of the bathymetry and topography that surrounds Palu Bay is a unique morphology of the area that affects the currents. A simulation was carried out in three regions with seven scenarios to understand the effect of wind, tide, and discharge on currents. The results showed that the average current pattern in Palu Bay is more dominantly influenced by tides at the open boundary and in the middle of the bay, steered by wind directions. The velocity decreases when it reaches the end of the bay and eventually reverses back to the mouth of the bay through both sides of the bay. The current in the Palu River estuary with a discharge of 36 m3/s moves out of the river mouth. On the other hand, results with a discharge of 2 m3/s revealed that the tidal current in the middle layer to the lower layer moves in the opposite direction to the current generated by the discharge in the layer above. It means that the tidal current velocity is lower than that generated by the river discharge. The computation revealed a good agreement with observed current velocity at the selected observation points.

Epidemiology, not geopolitics, should guide COVID-19 vaccine donations

Epidemiology, not geopolitics, should guide COVID-19 vaccine donations

Research progress and prospect of plugging technologies for fractured formation with severe lost circulation

By reviewing the mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control in fractured formations, the applicability and working mechanisms of different kinds of lost circulation materials in plugging fractured formations have been summarized. Meanwhile, based on the types of lost circulation materials, the advantages, disadvantages, and application effects of corresponding plugging technologies have been analyzed to sort out the key problems existing in the current lost circulation control technologies. On this basis, the development direction of plugging technology for severe loss have been pointed out. It is suggested that that the lost circulation control technology should combine different disciplines such as geology, engineering and materials to realize integration, intelligence and systematization in the future. Five research aspects should be focused on: (1) the study on mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control to provide basis for scientific selection of lost circulation material formulas, control methods and processes; (2) the research and development of self-adaptive lost circulation materials to improve the matching relationship between lost control materials and fracture scales; (3) the research and development of lost circulation materials with strong retention and strong filling in three-dimensional fracture space, to enhance the retention and filling capacities of materials in fractures and improve the lost circulation control effect; (4) the research and development of lost circulation materials with high temperature tolerance, to ensure the long-term plugging effect of deep high-temperature formations; (5) the study on digital and intelligent lost circulation control technology, to promote the development of lost circulation control technology to digital and intelligent direction.

Polychaete Diversity Related to Different Mesophotic Bioconstructions along the Southeastern Italian Coast

In the different mesophotic bioconstructions recently found along the Southeastern Italian coast, polychaetes have been proved to show high species richness and diversity, hitherto never investigated. In the present study, the species composition and functional role of polychaete assemblages were analysed; the updated key to identification of the Mediterranean species of genus Eunice was presented and some taxonomic issues were also discussed. On the total of 70 species Serpulidae and Eunicida were the dominant polychaetes. Facing similar levels of α-diversity, the polychaete assemblages showed a high turnover of species along the north-south gradient, clearly according to the current circulation pattern, as well as to the different bioconstructors as biological determinants. Indeed, Serpulidae were dominant on the mesophotic bioconstructions primarily formed by the deep-sea oyster Neopycnodonte cochlear, while the Eunicida prevailed on the mesophotic bioconstructions mainly built by scleractinians. Lastly, the record of Eunice dubitata was the first for the Mediterranean and Italian fauna and proved this species to be characteristic of mesophotic bioconstructions.

Revisiting the Malvinas Current Upper Circulation and Water Masses Using a High‐Resolution Ocean Reanalysis

AbstractWe use 25 years of a high‐resolution ocean reanalysis (1/12°) to revisit the Malvinas Current (MC) from the South (Drake Passage) to the North (Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence) from the synoptic to interannual time scales. The Malvinas Plateau is home to active eddy mixing, eddy dissipation and deep winter mixed layers occasionally reaching 600 m depth. The MC is organized in two jets which merge around 44°S as the continental slope steepens. The upper 900 m transport mean decreases from 40 Sv at 51°S to 35 Sv at 41°S indicating offshore leakage along the MC path. The MC plays a minor role in the velocity variations observed at the Confluence at seasonal and interannual scales; those are driven by changes in the intensity of the Brazil Current over the slope (34–36°S). Computing MC transport time series at different latitudes requires care because the section eastern limits are embedded in an energetic region. Transport time series were produced at selected latitudes using different criteria and showed common features. They show little seasonality (relative seasonal standard deviation of 2%) and no significant trend. The MC is a steady current: the relative standard deviation is on the order of 10% increasing to 20% near and on the Malvinas Plateau and near the Confluence. In contrast, velocity trends are large in the Brazil Current with the overshoot migrating southward. The associated increase in mesoscale activity south of 44°S in the Argentine Basin might contribute to blocking events occasionally reducing the MC transport.

Antarctic Polar Front migrations in the Kerguelen Plateau region, Southern Ocean, over the past 360 kyrs

In the Southern Ocean (SO), climate-driven latitudinal migrations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) frontal system impact large-scale ocean circulation and primary productivity. Latitudinal migrations may not have been identical in all SO basins due to the presence or absence of regional bathymetric obstacles. The Antarctic Polar Front (APF), defined by the 3–5 °C surface temperature range and the 2 °C subsurface temperature minimum at 200 m, is particularly important for nutrient redistribution and biodiversity, influencing the soft tissue carbon pump in the modern SO. However, previous assessments of its migrations in the past, mostly based on a single metric or indirect observations, were not always robust. Here, we combine a new proxy for subsurface temperature (sub-ST) reconstructions based on radiolarian assemblages (sub-STrad), with relative abundance variations of key radiolarian species, and sea-surface temperatures (SST) reconstructions, based on diatom assemblages (SSTdiat), to refine estimations of the past mean APF locations in the Kerguelen Plateau (KP) region. Data from three sediment cores on a south (55°S) to north (47°S) transect are used to trace the mean APF locations for three climate states, glacials, peak-interglacials and mild-interglacials. Our results suggest that the APF, presently located south of Kerguelen Islands, shifted by 6–7 degrees of latitude and was located north of the KP during all glacial periods of the last 360 kyrs. This suggests that the ACC major flow interacted less with the bottom topography relative to its modern counterpart, probably resulting in less mixing of the water column over and in the lee of the KP. We propose that this process participated in the isolation of Antarctic surface waters (AASW) and in the reduction of macro-nutrient supply, thus resulting in lower regional productivity. During the warmer-than-present early interglacial periods, the APF probably migrated south by ~5 degrees of latitude relative to its modern position, to pass through the Fawn Trough. Contrary to glacial periods, the APF was forced in an “S” shape while the ACC main flow was constrained against the northern tip of the KP. In this configuration, a stronger interaction between the ACC, its associated fronts, and topography is expected, resulting in more mixing of the water column over and east of the KP. Congruently, siliceous productivity was probably restrained to latitudes south of the Fawn Trough. • New approach to estimate Southern Ocean fronts migrations in the past. • Comparison of sea-surface and subsurface temperature records over the last 360 kyrs. • APF positioned north of the Kerguelen Plateau during glacials. • APF located in the Fawn Trough during early warm interglacials. • Potential impact of ACC and associated fronts shifts on water column mixing.

Hardware Design of a 13.8-kV/3-MVA PV Plus Storage Solid-State Transformer (PVS-SST)

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation plant with integrated battery energy storage (BES) is becoming increasingly attractive and necessary as the PV penetration increases. Traditional solutions involve two paralleled inverter systems at the same site. This increases the balance of the system cost and the control complexity. Furthermore, high-power step-up transformers are needed to connect to the distribution grid, further increasing the capital cost, land use, and installation cost. Combining PV and BES into a single inverter system without the 60-Hz step-up transformer is, therefore, very attractive as the next-generation technology for utility-scale solar. This effectively calls for the development of a PV+BES solid-state transformer (PVS-SST). This article proposes a 13.8-kV/3-MVA PVS-SST targeting a 13.8-kV grid connection on the ac side and a 1500-V PV farm on the dc side. The PVS-SST utilizes a modular SST concept with a total of 27 SiC submodules. Each submodule is based on 1700-V SiC power MOSFET devices and single-stage dual-active-bridge (DAB)-based dc/ac power conversion technology. In order to utilize the inevitable parasitic capacitances in the actual hardware, a novel turn-off loss model is proposed and experimentally verified. A comprehensive optimization strategy, including the proposed novel turn-off loss model, ZVS range, dead-time calculation, and minimum circulation current, is proposed. The medium-frequency transformer (MFT) design to achieve very high efficiency and isolation voltage is a grand challenge in the proposed PVS-SST and is discussed in detail. The power density of the SiC power submodule is 1.6 MW/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> (26 W/inch <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ). The PVS-SST control architecture is discussed with a focus on voltage balancing and real and reactive power controls.

Modeling and Phase Synchronization Control of High-Power Wireless Power Transfer System Supplied By Modular Parallel Multi-Inverters

Modular parallel multi-inverters (MPMIs) with master-slave phase synchronization control is proposed for high-power wireless power transfer (WPT) where the MPMI output voltage phase is synchronized to suppress current circulation by compensating for the time delay of the slave inverters caused by signal propagation delay. Different power levels can be conveniently satisfied by flexibly adjusting the number of MPMIs. A modeling method based on the energy-amplitude and phase is developed and linearized to get the slowly changing phase variable and to analyze the system dynamic characteristics at its operating point. To achieve the required dynamic performance of the proposed model, the parameters of a PI controller are obtained by calculating the required settling time and overshoot of the closed-loop dominant poles. A 20.07 kW WPT prototype supplied by three MPMIs with an efficiency of 92.17% was designed and tested. Experimental results show that the proposed modeling method and controller design achieved both good performances of circulating current suppression and MPMIs output voltage phase synchronization.