Clonal and pathogenic eosinophil expansion in hypereosinophilic disorders (e.g., refractory hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) and chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL)) remains an unmet therapeutic challenge, with current strategies often failing to induce durable remission. While monoclonal antibodies targeting the IL-5/IL-5Rα pathway have shown efficacy in treating eosinophil-driven diseases, a subset of patients experience incomplete responses or relapse, highlighting the need for more durable and comprehensive therapeutic strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, with its potential for long-term persistence and durable remission after a single infusion, represents a promising alternative for patients with refractory disease. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) samples from both healthy individuals and the patient with hypereosinophilic disorder, to identify key therapeutic targets for intervention. Based on these findings, we developed a first-in-class chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy using human interleukin-5 (hIL-5) as a ligand-based targeting domain, to selectively recognize and eliminate IL-5Rα+ eosinophils and precursors. In vitro cytotoxicity assays and IFN-γ secretion were measured against target cells and patient-derived PB/BM samples. Preclinical safety was assessed through comprehensive toxicity assessment. Efficacy was evaluated in a hypereosinophilic leukemia mouse model, with tumor burden reduction and survival as the key evaluation indicators. Single-cell profiling revealed concurrent expansion of both eosinophil progenitors and mature eosinophils in the BM and PB, highlighting the need for therapies targeting all stages of eosinophil development. IL-5 receptor α (IL-5Rα) was identified as the optimal target due to its high expression across all stages of eosinophil development, with relatively restricted expression on non-eosinophil immune populations. hIL-5 CAR-T cells demonstrated potent in vitro cytotoxicity and IFN-γ secretion against target cells and effectively eliminated eosinophils in patient-derived PB/BM samples. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed, and no evidence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was detected in preclinical models. In the hypereosinophilic leukemia mouse model, a single infusion of hIL-5 CAR-T cells significantly reduced tumor burden and extended survival, demonstrating its therapeutic potential. IL-5 CAR-T cell therapy represents a promising targeted therapeutic approach for IL-5Rα+ hypereosinophilic disorders. Its ability to target eosinophils and their precursors across all developmental stages in BM and PB addresses a critical unmet medical need in refractory HES and CEL.

Glutamine metabolism has emerged as one of the most critical bioenergetic and biosynthetic programs sustaining leukemic cell growth, survival, stemness and therapeutic resistance. In both acute and chronic leukemias, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), malignant cells display a strong dependency on extracellular glutamine to support mitochondrial respiration, anabolic biosynthesis and redox homeostasis. This dependency is reinforced by oncogenic signaling networks, post-transcriptional metabolic regulation and microenvironmental adaptation within the bone marrow niche. Therapeutic strategies targeting glutamine utilization, including glutaminase inhibition, transporter blockade and enzymatic glutamine depletion, have demonstrated robust antileukemic activity in preclinical models, and early clinical efforts have begun to explore glutamine-directed interventions in myeloid neoplasms. However, metabolic plasticity, microenvironment-derived nutrient buffering and systemic toxicity remain significant limitations to clinical translation. This review provides a detailed synthesis of the biochemical framework of glutamine metabolism in leukemia, the molecular mechanisms enforcing glutamine addiction, the downstream functional consequences on proliferation, redox balance and leukemic stem cell biology, the current landscape of therapeutic strategies and emerging directions aimed at overcoming resistance and improving clinical efficacy.

Leukemia continues to provide a significant therapeutic challenge due to relapse, medication resistance, and treatment-associated toxicity, which frequently hinder sustained disease management. Rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale) possess bioactive phenolics, notably 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol derivatives, which have demonstrated antileukemia efficacy in preclinical models. This study rigorously assesses the evidence regarding ginger-derived preparations and isolated compounds in both acute and chronic leukemia models, focusing on recurring mechanisms and translational viability. In leukemia cell line investigations and sparse resistant-model data, ginger-related interventions are consistently linked to diminished viability and the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis, typically indicated by alterations in Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, PARP breakage, and caspase-related measurements. Numerous studies indicate redox modulation, often characterized by elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species in leukemic cells, coupled with diminished pro-survival signaling, such as PI3K/Akt, as indicated by decreased pAkt and survivin levels. The suggested immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, encompassing alterations in NK-cell activity and cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, are inadequately substantiated within leukemia-specific immunological contexts. Interpretation is limited by the variability in extract composition and chemical characterisation, inconsistent dose and exposure circumstances, dependence on endpoint markers without causative manipulation, and a lack of leukemia-specific clinical data. Ginger-derived compounds exhibit multi-target biological activity that necessitates further exploration through standardized and chemically defined preparations, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization, clinically relevant exposure benchmarks, and meticulously designed leukemia-focused translational and early-phase clinical studies to elucidate safety, efficacy, and compatibility with current therapies.

This study aimed to systematically analyze the incidence, mortality, and risk factors of hematologic malignancies and their subtypes in China from 1990-2021. The study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database. Trends in incidence and mortality rates of hematologic malignancies from 1990-2021 were measured using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) with 95% confidence intervals. Future burden in China up to 2035 was projected using Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling. Between 1990 and 2021, China saw rising age-standardized incidence rates for multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and leukemia, but a decline for Hodgkin lymphoma. Mortality decreased for leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, while increasing for multiple myeloma. Among leukemia subtypes, incidence fell for acute myeloid, chronic myeloid, and other leukemias but rose for acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias. Mortality declined across all five subtypes. Males had higher incidence and mortality than females for all hematologic malignancies. The 65-69 age group had the highest number of cases and deaths. Children under 5 years of age were most affected by leukemia, mainly acute lymphoid leukemia. High BMI was a significant risk factor. Projections to 2035 suggest continued increases in incidence and mortality for multiple myeloma, but declining leukemia mortality. Incidence of acute lymphoblastic and other leukemias is expected to fall, with mortality improving for all leukemia subtypes. China's hematologic malignancy burden remained high in 2021 and is projected to persist through 2035. BMI is a key driver, highlighting the need for targeted control measures to reduce this burden.

Accurate diagnosis and classification of leukemia are essential for effective treatment planning. Traditional cytochemistry relies on enzyme-based staining for morphological evaluation, while flow cytometry (FCM) employs monoclonal antibodies to detect multiple surface and intracellular markers. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the diagnostic accuracy of cytochemistry and FCM in leukemia immunophenotyping. A systematic search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies evaluating sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of cytochemistry and FCM in diagnosing acute and chronic leukemia were included. Data extraction covered study characteristics, diagnostic markers, and performance outcomes. Meta-analysis was performed to compare diagnostic values across methods. Eleven eligible studies comprising pediatric and adult leukemia cases were analyzed. Cytochemical stains such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and sudan black B showed high specificity (91-100%) and moderate-to-high sensitivity (60-97%), while periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and nonspecific esterase had lower reliability. FCM demonstrated superior diagnostic performance with average sensitivity of 87.7% and specificity of 85.6%, achieving 95% accuracy in several studies. Marker panels including CD3, CD45, CD79a, and MPO enabled precise subtype differentiation and minimal residual disease detection. Cytochemistry remains useful as an affordable screening tool in resource-limited settings, but FCM provides greater sensitivity, specificity, and comprehensive immunophenotypic data, making it the preferred method for leukemia diagnosis and monitoring. Combining both approaches can enhance diagnostic performance across diverse clinical contexts.

Moral status, stigma, and resilience: Lived experiences of young Chinese patients with chronic leukemia

ABSTRACT Background Despite advances in understanding the principles of leukemia biology and therapeutic achievements, older patients with leukemia continue to face serious challenges. Thus, the diagnosis, treatment, and management of geriatric people with leukemia continue to be significant worldwide health issues. Methods We gathered data on acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphoid leukemia in older individuals (aged 60–89 years) from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of leukemia in older people from 21 regions and 204 countries and territories, using measures of morbidity, mortality, and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs). Furthermore, we used BAPC (Bayesian age‐period‐cohort) modeling to project leukemia incidence rates from 2019 to 2030 for older adults, broken down by sex. We also looked at risk factors for leukemia‐related DALYs and deaths. Results Over the past 3 decades, the incidence, mortality, and DALYs associated with leukemia have increased markedly among the global population of older adults. Although chronic myeloid leukemia showed a reduced incidence rate and a decrease in mortality and DALYs, the disease burden of other forms of leukemia continues to escalate to different degrees, shaped by regional and national determinants. Importantly, sociodemographic index was associated with variations in leukemia incidence, mortality, and DALYs. Smoking persisted as a substantial risk factor for leukemia‐related death. Projecting the incidence of leukemia in older adults from 2019 to 2030, the incidence of leukemia will remain on the rise and be higher in men than in women. Conclusions Overall, leukemia continues to pose a major threat to health and quality of life among older adults. There is a pressing need for all sectors to collaborate globally to develop individualized treatment plans and advocate for scientific advancements.

Not available.

Leukocytosis, defined as an elevated white blood cell count, is a frequently encountered laboratory finding with a broad differential diagnosis ranging from transient reactive processes to life-threatening hematologic malignancies. Distinct patterns of elevation can provide valuable diagnostic clues that narrow the differential diagnosis and guide next steps. This article outlines a systematic approach to evaluating leukocytosis, emphasizing integration of clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory data. The discussion highlights both nonmalignant and malignant causes, including acute and chronic leukemias, lymphomas, and myeloproliferative disorders, and offers guidance on when to pursue advanced diagnostics. Finally, a practical evaluation algorithm is included to support clinical decision-making. By recognizing key clinical features, laboratory patterns, and risk factors associated with malignancy, clinicians can appropriately triage patients for specialist referral and ensure timely intervention.

Leukemia can be described as a malignant progressive disease in the blood from excessive or abnormal immature whiteblood cell. Which results to acute or chronic leukemia. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is one of the most commonleukemias occurring in the adult population. It is a type of leukemia which starts in the myeloid cells of the bone marrow.In CML, the disorder is characterized by translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), resulting in the fusion of BCR and ABL1 genes intothe pathogenic BCR-ABL1 oncogene, with many subsequent effects on downstream pathways. The study was aimed atdeterring the levels of alteration of haemoglobin, Total and different white blood cell counts in patients attending FederalTeaching Hospital, Owerri. A total of 60 subjects (30 patients and 30 controls) were recruited for the study. Participantscompleted an informed consent from and questionnaire. Two milliliters (2 mls) of venous blood sample was collected atthe ante-cubital vein aseptically and 2 mils was dispensed into ethylendiaamine tetraacetic acid containers, and used forthe analysis of hemoglobin using cyanmethemoglobin method, white blood cell count (WBCS) using manual WBC anddifferential white cell counting method. The mean values of haemoglobin (8.78±1.82)g/dl and neutrophils(28.47±10.27)%,in patients with leukemia were significantly reduced when compared to controls. (11.89±1.04)g/dl, and (48.83±12.86)%,(t=8.08,P=0.000) and (t=6.78,P=0.000). On the other hand, The mean values of TWBC (30.43±29.19)x109/L, lymphocytes(57.90±11.16)%, monocytes (11.07±6.87)% and Eosinophils (2.20±1.32)% in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia weresignificantly raised when compared to the controls (7.14±2.27) x109/L, (48.83±12.86)%, (44.50±13.86)%, (4.93±3.05)% and(1.53±0.94)%. (t=4.36, p=0.000, t=4.13, p=0.000); (t=4.47, p=0.000); and (t=2.25, p=0.028). The mean values of Hb (9.82±1.34)g/dl,Neutrophils (30.35±10.70)% and lymphocytes (58.06±12.70)%, in males with chronic myeloid leukemia were non-significantlyhigher compared to the females(7.42±1.46)g/dl,(26.00±9.53)%,(57.69±9.25)%,respectively(t=4.69,p=0.178;t=6.78,p=0.257)and (t=4.13,p=0.931). The mean values of TWBC (27.74±23.21)x109/L, monocytes (9.76±5.21)% and eosinophils(1.29±0.85)%were significantly raised in males with chronic myeloid leukaemia when compared to females (33.94±36.29)x109/L,(12.77±8.51)%, and (1.85±0.98)%, respectively(t=4.36,p=0.574;t=4.47,p=0.242) and t=2.25,p=0.111).There was a nonsignificantnegative correlation of haemoglobin with TWBC, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes and Eosinophils in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Patients. (r=-0.16, p=0.41, r=-0.15, p=0.432, r=-0.03, p=0.868; r=-0.06, p=0.728 and r=-0.29,p=0.110). CML is associated with alteration in the levels of haemoglobin, total and differential WBC counts, resultingin anaemia and leukocytosis. Therefore complete blood count (CBC) is recommended as a routine test in the diagnosis,management and treatment of CML.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is one of the most common chronic leukemias. Its diagnosis and treatment pose a significant challenge in sub-Saharan African countries due to the presence of several confusing pathologies and the lack of diagnostic and therapeutic tools, especially when it occurs in young patients. In the present report, a 34-year-old Congolese man was diagnosed with BCR-ABL transcript CML and fortunate enough treated with Imatinib mesylate. Here we describe his clinical picture, his treatment, and his clinical course.

Background: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and myelofibrosis (MF), are chronic leukemias associated with cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD), including pulmonary hypertension (PH). Prior studies utilizing echocardiography for identifying PH in MPNs have suggested an association between PH and adverse outcomes. However, right heart catheterization (RHC) is required for diagnosis and hemodynamic profiling of PH. Data on RHC-proven PH in MPNs are sparse. Methods: We conducted a multicenter study of patients with MPN who underwent RHC. PH, defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) > 20 mmHg, was hemodynamically characterized into isolated pre-capillary (pre-cap), isolated post-capillary (post-cap), and combined pre- and post-capillary (Cpc-PH). Outcomes were heart failure hospitalization (HFH) or CV death, and all-cause death. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was performed. To model total number of HFH, multivariable negative binomial regression was performed. Results: 85 patients were included, 70 (82.4%) had PH, 37 (43.5%) were female, and 68 (80.0%) were White. Among PH patients, 30 (42.9%) had pre-cap PH, 12 (17.1%) post-cap PH, and 28 (40.0%) Cpc-PH. Age, gender, time from MPN to RHC, MPN type and driver and non-driver mutations did not differ between patients with or without PH. Patients with PH were more likely to have prior HFH (35.7% vs 0%, p = 0.006). After a median follow-up of 31.4 months, HFH or CV death occurred in 57 (67.1%) patients and death in 49 (57.6%). After adjustment, pre-cap (aHR 2.69, 95% CI 1.00 – 7.27) and post-cap PH were associated with increased risk of HFH or CV death (aHR 4.12, 95% CI 1.26 – 13.50) versus no PH. After multivariable negative binomial regression, any PH (IRR 3.36, 95% CI 1.31 – 8.63), pre-cap PH (IRR 4.11, 95% CI 1.60 – 10.58) and post-cap PH (IRR 5.06, 95% CI 1.63 – 15.67) were associated with increased total HFH. Conclusions: Among patients with MPN who underwent RHC, PH is common and appears to be predominantly isolated pre-capillary and Cpc-PH. Isolated pre- and isolated post-capillary PH were associated with increased HFH. Our study is confounded by selection bias, and therefore prospective studies of PH as diagnosed with RHC are needed in MPNs.

Disparities in treatment timing and access to care in chronic lymphoytic leukemia

CSF3R-mutated chronic neutrophilic leukemia: A two-center study of 44 consecutive patients

Acalabrutinib versus venetoclax plus obinutuzumab in treatment-naive chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A real-world propensity score-matched study

Measuring patient preference information for blood cancer treatments and outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Remote therapeutic monitoring reduces hospitalization due to infection in patients being treated for hematological malignancy

Oncogeriatric assessment of patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia over 65 years old undergoing target therapies: A pilot study conducted at the fondazione policlinico gemelli.

Phase 1b study of HC-7366 alone and in combination with venetoclax and azacitidine in relapsed/refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Clinical characteristics and comutational landscape of CSF3R mutations in acute myeloid leukemia