Characteristic aroma, antioxidant properties, and extraction mechanism of Hemerocallis hydrosol extracted by deep eutectic solvent.

Choline chloride-DESs as green solvents for drug solubilization and formulation.

Applying choline chloride-based hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents for separation of acetonitrile-water solutions: effect of hydrogen bond donor contribution in performance.

Inhibition effect of natural deep eutectic solvents on frozen egg yolk gelation: Rheological properties, protein structure, and hydrogen bond networks.

Ultrasonic-assisted ternary deep eutectic solvent extraction of polysaccharides from fermented black beans (Dan-Dou-Chi): structural features, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities.

Green extraction of polyphenols from Berberis vulgaris using NADES: process optimization and extract characterization.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-026-02129-5.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction using a choline chloride-lactic acid green solvent for gingerbread sample preparation before elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

The status and trend of deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride for recycling valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries

With the rapid development of Internet of Things and artificial intelligence technologies, flexible wearable sensors have shown great potential in human-machine interaction and health monitoring fields. However, traditional hydrogel sensors face challenges such as water loss, freezing, and the use of toxic initiators during the preparation process, which lead to biological safety issues. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a green, initiator-free polymerization strategy based on the deep eutectic solvent system composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and D-sorbitol. By utilizing the property that the nitrogen-containing quaternary ammonium group in the ChCl molecule can generate free radicals upon ultraviolet irradiation, this study achieves the rapid polymerization of acrylamide in an initiator-free manner. The prepared eutectogel exhibits high transparency (≈96%), skin-fitting elastic modulus, good antifreezing performance, suitable breathability, and broad-spectrum adhesion. The flexible strain sensor constructed based on the eutectogel has high sensitivity, wide detection range, and good fatigue resistance. Combined with machine learning algorithms, this sensor system achieves a high accuracy (98.5%) of recognizing Curwen gestures. This research provides an innovative approach for developing safe, reliable, and environmentally adaptable intelligent wearable devices and has broad application prospects in intelligent music education and modern human-machine interaction.

Deep eutectic solvent-programmed interphase for tunable strength, stiffness-damping balance, and moisture durability in bamboo fiber/polyhydroxyalkanoate composites.

Multiscale modeling unveils molecular mechanisms of deep eutectic solvent-anticancer drug interactions for rational formulation design.

The current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of green solvents to extract bioactive compounds from S. sclarea and evaluate their antioxidant and enzyme inhibition potential. Three natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) formulations were synthesized: NADES-1 (choline chloride: citric acid 1:2), NADES-2 (choline chloride: glucose 1:2), and NADES-3 (choline chloride: glycerol 1:2). The HPLC-DAD analysis of NADES extracts showed that rosmarinic acid was found in high concentrations in NADES-2 (44.56 ± 0.28 μg/g), NADES-3 (29.49 ± 0.31 μg/g), and NADES-1 (25.63 ± 0.35 μg/g), respectively, while trans-cinnamic acid was detected exclusively in NADES-1. Similarly, chlorogenic acid and p-hydroxy benzoic acid were detected only in NADES-2, whereas ellagic acid was unique to NADES-3. In vitro antioxidant activity, assessed via different assays including (1) the β-carotene-linoleic acid test, (2) the DPPH test, (3) the ABTS test, (4) the CUPRAC test, and (5) the metal chelating test, demonstrated significant antioxidant activity across all NADES extracts, with NADES-2 exhibiting superior efficacy, exceeding the performance of reference standards (BHA and α-tocopherol). Furthermore, NADES-2 exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against AChE (IC50 = 107.7 ± 0.95 μg/mL) and BChE (IC50 = 96.81 ± 0.87 μg/mL). Conversely, each of the NADES extracts showed minimal inhibition of urease (<21%), indicating limited relevance for urease-related pathologies. These findings underscore the capacity of NADES as sustainable, high-efficiency solvents for the targeted extraction of bioactive phytochemicals, with NADES-2 emerging as a particularly promising candidate for antioxidant and cholinesterase-inhibitory applications. Further studies are recommended to elucidate the mechanistic underpinnings of NADES selectivity and to expand their utility in large-scale extraction and isolation of bioactive compounds from natural sources.

Alkali black liquor derived from oil palm trunk (OPT) serves as a recoverable source of technical lignin for conversion into functional materials. In this study, a biochemo-catalytic pathway was developed to convert steam-exploded alkali lignin recovered from this stream into antioxidant lignin nanoparticles (LNPs). The process was conducted at 60 °C and pH 4.5 in two synthesis stages. First, laccase was evaluated in sodium buffer with dosages ranging from 10 to 1000 POU/mg and reaction time from 30 to 90 min. The optimum condition (1000 POU/mg, 90 min) yielded the highest antioxidant activity. In the second stage, the optimum condition was combined with deep eutectic solvents (DESs), namely, lactic acid: betaine (LBDES) and lactic acid: choline chloride (LCDES). LBDES + laccase LNPs produced the highest activities (ABTS 3223.73 mg TE/g, DPPH 2300.94 mg TE/g, and TPC 921.61 mg GAE/g), exceeding those of LCDES + laccase LNPs by 27-108%. The resulting LNPs were uniform and colloidally stable with DLS indicating a mean size of 150.7 ± 48.7 nm and a ζ-potential of -35.4 mV. GPC confirmed the narrowest distribution. FTIR spectra revealed intensified O-H bands and distinct carbonyl peaks at 1704-1706 cm-1. Thermal analysis showed improved stability, with LCDES + laccase LNPs giving the highest onset temperature (301 °C), while laccase LNPs showed the highest mean residue at 800 °C (32.9 wt %). This approach provides a mild route for producing uniform lignin nanoparticles with improved thermal robustness and antioxidant performance. These results support the potential of this biochemo-catalytic system for lignin valorization, although process scalability, enzyme economy, and DES recovery remain to be established.

Ultrasound-assisted pretreatment using ternary deep eutectic solvent and lipid extraction from Nannochloropsis oceanica.

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) constitutes a central process in electrochemical energy conversion technologies such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries, yet it is severely limited by sluggish kinetics and large overpotentials. Beyond catalyst design, electrolyte regulation plays a critical role in determining ORR activity. In this study, through a combination of kinetic measurements, spectroscopic analyses, and theoretical calculations, we demonstrate that ORR in the choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) Ethaline is thermodynamically more favorable but kinetically more constrained than in ionic liquids. The introduction of O2 is found to substantially perturb the intrinsic hydrogen-bond network of the DES, while the hydrogen-bonded environment in turn facilitates the activation of O2 toward reduction. On this basis, we propose a novel "hydrogen-bond network-activated O2" mechanism for ORR in DESs, which can be classified as a CEC pathway, wherein O2 undergoes a solvent-induced activation step prior to electron transfer in electrolytes featuring complex hydrogen-bond networks such as Ethaline. This mechanism provides new insights into electrolyte regulation of ORR and opens new avenues for the design of efficient electrocatalytic systems.

This study systematically investigated the solubility enhancement of 4-hydroxycoumarin (4HC), a poorly water-soluble pharmaceutical compound, in three novel acidic deep eutectic solvents (ADESs) prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) and acidic hydrogen bond donors encompassing propionic acid (Pro), acetic acid (Ace) and lactic acid (Lac). The solubility measurements were conducted Appling the shake-flask method at 298.15-313.15K. The ChCl/Pro system exhibited unprecedented more than 500-fold solubility improvement over the pure water, with solubility Increasing in the order: ChCl/Pro > ChCl/Ace > ChCl/Lac. Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) analysis confirmed hydrogen bonding and acidity as dominant dissolution factors. In addition,advanced thermodynamic models (Wilson, e-NRTL, UNIQUAC) accurately correlated experimental solubility data, with the Wilson model achieving ARD percentage values as low as 0.10%. Thermodynamic analysis revealed the dissolution process is endothermic and enthalpy-driven. MTT cytotoxicity assays on HT29 colon cancer cells demonstrated IC₅₀ values in the 20-100µg/mL range, with differential cytotoxicity correlated to solvent composition. These findings identify ChCl/Pro as the optimal ADES candidate (500-fold solubility enhancement, IC50 20-100µg/mL range) for preformulation development of 4HC, establishing a data-driven foundation for green solvent-based pharmaceutical applications.

The Effects of Developmental Ethanol Exposure & Postnatal Choline Supplementation on Long-Term Choline Metabolism.

This work examines molecular dynamics and interactions in ethylene glycol-choline chloride (EG-ChCl) mixtures across 0-33 mol % ChCl, spanning the true eutectic region near 17-20 mol % and the commonly used 1:2 formulation. We combine pulsed-field-gradient (PFG) diffusion, fast-field-cycling (FFC) relaxometry, temperature-dependent 13C T1, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) to disentangle local from macroscopic dynamics. PFG and FFC show that both translational and average rotational motions largely track the strong increase in viscosity with ChCl content, with ethylene glycol consistently diffusing faster than the choline cation and no global dynamical anomaly at the eutectic composition. More subtle, site-specific composition effects nevertheless emerge. The ratio of the diffusion coefficient of the hydroxyl group of choline to the diffusion coefficient of the methyl group of choline displays a shallow minimum in the 17-25 mol % region, indicating a modest change in how the hydroxyl-bearing end of choline samples the underlying translational motion relative to the methyl groups. 13C T1 analysis shows that rotational correlation times at 25 °C generally increase with ChCl, reflecting viscosity-coupled slowing, while the CH2-Nα site exhibits a small but reproducible deviation from this monotonic trend near the eutectic. NOESY spectra at similar compositions reveal enhanced cross-relaxation between EG and choline protons, consistent with increased headgroup-solvent contact density rather than a wholesale structural rearrangement. Overall, our multitechnique study demonstrates that EG-ChCl dynamics are predominantly viscosity-dominated, with the eutectic region acting as a subtle dynamical crossover where specific choline segments become maximally coupled to the hydrogen-bond network. These insights refine the structure-dynamics picture of choline-chloride DESs and provide practical guidance for tuning composition in electrochemical, separation, and catalytic applications.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride and phenol (CCPhe) have attracted increasing attention due to their tunable physicochemical properties and structural versatility. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed for CCPhe systems at molar ratios of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 with water contents ranging from 0 to 30%. Energetic, hydrogen-bond, dielectric, transport, and structural analyses were combined to establish a multiscale description of hydration effects. Hydration promotes a progressive redistribution of stabilization from chloride-phenol and choline-chloride interactions toward chloride-water interactions, accompanied by increased water-mediated hydrogen bonding and reduced hydrogen-bond lifetimes. The dielectric constant increases significantly with water content, reaching 15.93 for the 1:4 system at 30% hydration, while the infinite-system Kirkwood factor reveals enhanced cooperative dipolar correlations at high hydration levels. Diffusion coefficients increase by nearly an order of magnitude between dry and highly hydrated systems, indicating substantial mobility enhancement. Radial distribution functions show that hydration modifies the first solvation shell of choline through competitive coordination between chloride and water without altering the characteristic contact distance. These results demonstrate that controlled hydration acts as an effective tuning parameter in CCPhe systems, modulating energetic balance, hydrogen-bond connectivity, collective polarization, and molecular transport in a composition-dependent manner.