Choice Of Adaptation Strategies Research Articles

Gender differences in adaptation and choice of adaptation strategies to climate change among mountainous farm households in Northeastern Vietnam

ABSTRACT This study examines the gender disparities in adaptation to climate change among small-scale farm households in Northeastern Vietnam. Our analysis is based on primary data collected through a random sample survey of 696 farm households across two mountainous provinces. Descriptive statistics and a multivariate probit model were employed to elucidate the gender differences in the adoption of and the factors influencing the choice of adaptation strategies. The findings reveal the disadvantaged position of female-headed households in terms of access to both economic and non-economic resources. Male household heads exhibited better awareness of climate change-related issues, while female household heads demonstrated a deeper perception of the risks posed by climate change to their livelihoods. Female-headed households were less likely to adopt adaptation strategies and tended to rely more on individual experiences and sharing with others, whereas male-headed households were more inclined to employ technically demanding strategies and measures aimed at reducing or preventing climate change impacts. The study identified a link between the factors contributing to the differences between the two household groups and their choice of adaptation strategies. Female household heads played a less prominent role in the household's adaptation decisions compared to male household heads. Conversely, the involvement of members within female-headed households had a greater influence on these decisions than in male-headed households. Moreover, the degree of decision-making power held by female members affected the choice of adaptation strategies in male-headed households but did not have a significant impact in female-headed households.

Understanding Climate Vulnerability and Adaptation among Farmers: A Micro-Level Study from the North Western Himalayas

Climate change poses serious threats to agriculture and horticulture, particularly in ecologically fragile and climate-sensitive regions such as the North Western Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir. This study investigates farmers’ perceptions of climate change and the adaptation strategies they employ in response. The region, marked by limited livelihood opportunities and high vulnerability to climatic extremes, remains underexplored with respect to localized climate resilience. To address this gap, an empirical study was conducted using primary data from 150 randomly selected respondents via a structured questionnaire, supplemented with secondary sources. Statistical tools such as ANOVA, chi-square tests, Spearman’s correlation, the Weighted Average Index (WAI), and the Adaptation Strategies Index (ASI) were employed. The results reveal a significant association between climate variability and farmers’ livelihoods. Major climatic stressors include erratic rainfall (WAI = 4.6), reduced snowfall (WAI = 4.1), and rising temperatures (WAI = 3.8), all of which have negatively affected agricultural productivity and farming calendars. In response, farmers are adopting adaptation practices such as mixed cropping (WAI = 4.6), crop diversification (WAI = 4.5), improved irrigation (WAI = 4.1), and enhanced post-harvest management (WAI = 4.5). However, several barriers—including limited financial resources, poor infrastructure, and weak institutional support—continue to constrain adaptive capacity. The study also identifies a strong positive correlation between deteriorating climatic conditions and rising poverty levels (ρ = 0.773, p = 0.000). Furthermore, farmers’ projections of future climate scenarios were significantly associated with their choice of adaptation strategies (Chi-square = 300.000, p = 0.000), underscoring the critical role of perception in shaping responses. These findings highlight the urgent need for policy interventions that integrate farmers’ insights into adaptation planning. Strategies such as climate-resilient crops, efficient irrigation systems, agricultural insurance, and strengthened institutional support are essential for building climate-resilient farming communities in the Himalayan region.

A Farm-Level Exploration of the Factors Influencing Climate Change Adaptation Strategies among Rice Farmers in Kerala, India

Based on primary data collected through a farm-level survey of 600 households of the major rice-producing districts in the identified agroclimatic zones of Kerala, India, the study employs a multivariate probit model to study the determinants of climate change adaptation strategies of rice farmers. The estimation of the correlation of error terms of selected climate adaptation strategies supports the suitability of multivariate probit model. The results of the model confirm that the farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies is significantly affected by factors such as age, gender, level of education, farm size, credit access, reliance on climate information, and access to agricultural extension services. The study further emphasizes the role of institutional factors through government policies such as improving accessibility to affordable credit and provision of reliable climate information, along with effective extension services that enhance the capabilities of farmers enabling them to adopt better climate change adaptation strategies.

Large Families: Aspects of Interpersonal Communication between Spouses and Strategies for Dealing with Marriage Conflicts

The article presents the results of a study of the characteristics of marital communication among spouses with many children in comparison with those with one child. It was found that in large families, the level of mutual understanding in communication is higher than that of spouses in single-parent families. Conflict competence, understood as the predominant choice of adaptive strategies in marital conflict, is higher in spouses with many children. They have better developed behaviors than one-child spouses aimed at analyzing difficulties, increa­sing self-esteem and self-control, maintaining or quickly restoring emotional intimacy. It is shown that the most common cause of marital conflicts in single-child families are finances, and in large families – child rearing and household arrangements. The three main causes of marital conflicts in both single-parent and large families include "husband/wife attention deficit", which indicates the high importance of the "psychotherapeutic" function of the family, providing emotional support by spouses to each other.

Farmers’ Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Cassava Production in Akoko South West Local Government Area, Ondo State

This study focused on the effect of farmers’ climate change adaptation strategies on cassava production in Akoko South West Local Government Area, Ondo State. A two-stage sampling procedure was used to select 120 respondents for the study. Data were collected through a well-structured and validated questionnaire and analysed using percentages and mean statistics. Findings from the study revealed that the major climate change events noticed in the study area were high temperature (96.7%), high humidity (86.7%) and reduction in rainfall days (83.3%). Similarly, reduced use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides ( =2.50) and planting different cassava varieties ( =2.23) were the major adaptation strategies used by the cassava farmers. Farming experience (97.5%) and wealth (96.7%) were the major factors that determined farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies. Consequently, the respondents strongly agreed that their adaptation strategies have led to the timely harvest of their cassava, ( =4.53). Furthermore, a significant relationship existed between the adaptation strategies employed by the farmers and cassava production (r= 0.46, p<0.01). The study concluded that the adaptation strategies adopted by the farmers impacted cassava production. It was recommended that the climate adaptation strategies identified should be harnessed by relevant stakeholders to mitigate the effect of climate change on cassava production.

Exploring Potential Adaptation Strategies for Smallholder Farmers to Climate Change: A Case Study at Abala Abaya, Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia

Background: The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events are expected to increase as a result of climate change, which will contribute to changes in precipitation and temperature, and therefore will affect food security. Research issues related to increasing the sustainability of the agricultural sector, eliminating climate risks in agriculture are coming to the fore. This is especially relevant in arid regions. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change in Abela Abaya, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Finding optimal practices adapted to random extreme events is fundamental for sustainable food production. In particular, the study attempted to understand the preferences of smallholder farmers in adaptation strategies to climate change in the study area; the main influencing factors determining the choice of adaptation strategies to climate change by smallholder farmers in the study area. Methods: To investigate this issue, qualitative and quantitative data were used within a descriptive research approach to assess potential adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change. Data on demographic, socio-economic, institutional, physical and psychological factors for adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers were collected through specially designed and pre-tested questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). Rural counties for the study were selected using simple random sampling due to the same agroecology. The multivariate probit (MVP) model was used as it is a type of correlated binary response regression model that allows for the simultaneous identification and assessment of the impact of a set of independent factors on each of the possible approaches. Five adaptation methods are identified as dependent variables for the Multi-Variate Probit. These include Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) practices, use of drought-tolerant varieties, adjustment of planting dates, use of agroforestry, and implementation of water harvesting. The following were selected as independent variables for the current study. Results: Most farmers (96.7%) acknowledge the ongoing climate change and are concerned that their agriculture will not suffer under the new conditions. This is justified by the fact that farmers confirm their observations regarding the increase in air temperature, the increase in the frequency of plant diseases and the decrease in precipitation. At the same time, only 36.2% of the surveyed farmers reported that society is aware of the possible risks associated with global warming and is trying to adapt agricultural activities to new climatic conditions. In particular, the current study revealed for the first time that smallholder farmers in Abela Abaya primarily prefer approaches such as soil and water conservation (71.6%), adjustment of planting dates (59.4%), and agroforestry (44.5%). Conclusion: The study identified the most influential factors on the adoption of adapted agricultural practices in a specific region of Abala Abaya (Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia), namely, household heads’ access to education, frequency of extension visits, access to climate information and land slope. Thus, decision makers can design and adopt appropriate programs based on the current results to preserve smallholder farming and maintain food security at the national level.

When feedback backfires: Knowledge of results can impair cognitive strategy choice.

Frequently, problems can be solved in more than one way. In modern computerised environments, more ways than ever exist. Naturally, human problem solvers do not always decide for the best-performing strategy available. One underlying reason might be the inability to continuously and correctly monitor each strategy's performance. Here, we supported some of our participants' monitoring ability by providing written feedback regarding their speed and accuracy. Specifically, participants engaged in an object comparison task, which they were asked to solve with one of two strategies: an internal strategy (mental rotation) or an extended strategy (manual rotation). After receiving no feedback (30 participants), trialwise feedback (30 participants), or blockwise feedback (30 participants) in these no choice trials, all participants were asked to estimate their performance with both strategies and were then allowed to freely choose between strategies in choice trials. Results indicated that written feedback improves explicit performance estimates. However, results also indicated that such increased awareness does not guarantee improved strategy choice and that attending to written feedback might tamper with more adaptive ways inform the choice. Thus, we advise against prematurely implementing written feedback. While it might support adaptive strategy choice in certain environments, it did not in the present setup. We encourage further research that improves the understanding of how we monitor the performance of different cognitive strategies. Such understanding will help create interventions that support human problem solvers in making better choices in the future.

Adapting Harvests: A Comprehensive Study of Farmers’ Perceptions, Adaptation Strategies, and Climatic Trends in Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

Understanding farmers’ perceptions, attitudes, and adaptation strategies toward climate change is important for developing effective policies that support agricultural development and food security in rural communities. This study aimed to understand climatic trends over the past two decades (2003–2022), farmers’ perceptions, and adaptation strategies regarding climate change in Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan. The Mann–Kendall trend test identified a significant decrease in average minimum temperature (τ = −0.357, p < 0.05) and an increase in rainfall patterns (τ = 0.337, p < 0.05). A mixed-method approach is employed, utilizing a survey of 180 randomly selected farmers, focus group discussions, and climate data analysis. Ordinal and binary logistic regression models were used to analyze the influence of sociodemographic factors on farmers’ perceptions of climate change and their choice of adaptation strategies. The results indicate that farmers primarily rely on religious beliefs/prayers (65.6%) to cope with climate change, followed by seeking off-farm jobs (50%) and changing fertilizer use (42.2%). The result of the binary logistic regression indicates that among the different demographic characteristics, education, and land size significantly influence farmers’ decisions in taking adaptation measures against climate change. This study emphasizes the need for climate policies that integrate farmer knowledge with meteorological data and sociodemographic analysis to ensure a sustainable agricultural sector in Pakistan. Further research is necessary to explore more effective adaptation methods.

Choices of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Variability and Its Determinants: Evidence from Farm Households of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia

Climate variability and change is a serious threat to the livelihoods of rural communities because they are very sensitive to such changes. This study identified farmers’ choice of and factors determining adaptation strategies to climate variability and change in Benishangul Gumuz regional state, western Ethiopia which is harshly affected by climate change stresses. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 395 sample households through interviewed using field-based questionnaires and focus group discussions. Relevant secondary data were also obtained from Benishangul Gumuz region Agriculture and Natural resource Bureau, national meteorological agency and different reports. Descriptive statistics were used to describe farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change. Multivariate probit model was estimated to identify the factors determining households’ choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. The results of the model pointed out that the likelihood of households to adopt soil and water conservation practice, crop diversity, small scale irrigation, improved crop varieties, agrochemical applications and adjusting planting date were 64.7%, 70.4%, 65.5%, 64.2%, 63.6% and 58.9% respectively. The results also indicated that the joint likelihood of using all adaptation strategies was only 2.13% and the joint likelihood of failure to adopt all of the adaptation strategies was 2.82%. Moreover, Multivariate probit model confirmed that age, sex, education status, family size, dependency ratio, total land holding, farming experience, credit access, frequency of extension contacts, distance to the market, total livestock holding, farm income and off/non-farm income have a statistically significant impact on climate adaptation strategies. Therefore, policy makers should focus on towards supporting improved extension service, facilitating the availability of credit especially to adaptation technologies, improving farmers farm income earning opportunities, improving their literacy status, and improving their access to markets.

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ADAPTIVE MECHANISM FOR FORMATION OF THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF AN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE

The article explores the process of development and implementation of an adaptive mechanism for the formation of the industrial enterprise financial and economic potential, which consists in ensuring an increase in its level in the long term by substantiating and implementing adaptive economic decisions accordingly selected priorities, considering changes in the internal and external conditions of the functioning of targeted, systemic development based on adequate counteraction to the specific challenges of the modern business environment. An adaptive mechanism has been formed based on a thorough assessment of potential factors of the external and internal environment, taking into account factors of instability and increased competition, implemented in a combination of local components: diagnostics and assessment of the level of financial and economic potential in the current and future periods, the influence of factors of a changing external and internal environment, adoption decisions on the formation and implementation of adaptive economic measures depending on the adaptation strategy option, analysis of the effectiveness of strategic alternatives. A methodological approach to optimizing the process of making economic decisions on the choice of strategic alternatives is proposed, the main result of testing which is the choice of a strategic alternative based on the formation of a matrix of situations of the level of influence of threats from the external and internal environment and the level of financial and economic potential, which acts as a criterion for making decisions on the choice of adaptation strategy, providing flexibility in the management of an industrial enterprise in the context of constant changes in the global economic environment. A scientific and methodological approach has been developed to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of strategic alternatives for increasing the financial and economic potential of business entities, based on the formation of a list of adaptive economic measures depending on the strategy option, including scenario modeling based on conducting simulation experiments to take into account current and predicted conditions and threats, which allows timely corrective measures to be taken to eliminate both internal and negative influences of an unstable external environment.

Determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies against climate variability and change: Lessons from central Tanzania in Manyoni district

Determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies against climate variability and change: Lessons from central Tanzania in Manyoni district

Determinant of Farmers’ Choice of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Rural Areas of Ambo District, Ethiopia

An understanding of the factors that shape farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies is critical to developing adaptation policies. This paper investigates the determinants of the choice of adaptation strategies to climate change using data from farmers in rural areas of Ambo district, Ethiopia. We employed a multinomial logit model to identify the determinants of farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. The results indicate that agro-ecology, age, gender, education, household size, active labor force, livestock ownership, credit access, extension service access, farm income, and farmer-to-farmer extension positively influence farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies. On the contrary, distance to the farm and farm size are negatively related to farmers’ choices of adaptation strategies. The following implications are worthy of consideration for improving farmers’ adoption of adaptation options to offset the impact of climate change: investment in the educational system, strengthening the extension service, access to credit facilities, and the provision of recommended agricultural inputs.

Farmers' perceptions of permanent grasslands and their intentions to adapt to climate change influence their resilience strategy

Abstract Climate change will increase average temperatures and the frequency and intensity of summertime droughts; those shifts will in turn affect forage production in grassland-based livestock farms. Farmers will accordingly likely have to implement adaptation strategies to cope with the effects of climate change. We hypothesized that farmers' resilience strategies would depend on (i) their intention to adapt to climate change, which partly results from previous climate risk exposure, (ii) how they perceive the values and disvalues of multi-species permanent grasslands (PGs), and (iii) that both of the aforementioned factors would vary according to the geographical context of each farm. We carried out 15 semi-structured interviews with dairy cattle farmers in the French Massif Central; the farms were distributed along a range of climatic and topographic conditions. We used (i) the Model of Proactive Private Adaptation to Climate Change to analyze farmers' individual process of adaptation, (ii) the Integrated Nature Futures Framework to analyze farmers' perception of multi-species PGs, and (iii) text analysis to identify the farmers' adaptation strategies. Nine of the farmers felt that they were already adapted to climate change or that they had a plan in place to implement new adaptations in the future. We observed straightforward relationships between these farmers' perception of PGs and their choice of adaptation strategy; those relationships varied, however, with the geographical context of each farm. Farmers in the northern Massif Central and southern uplands highlighted the values of PGs and considered PGs to be central to their adaption strategies. Conversely, farmers in the southern lowlands mostly referred to the disvalues of PGs; they based their adaptation strategies on temporary grasslands and forage crops. Three of the farmers believed that climate change posed a significant risk, but they foresaw little room to maneuver. Despite acknowledging the values of PGs, those individuals did not intend to use PGs to adapt to climate change. The final three farmers did not intend to adapt to climate change; their reasoning stemmed from either a mindset of fatalism or their acknowledged desire to retire soon. Extreme events such as the summertime drought of 2003 and human factors such as intergenerational transmission of farm can accordingly facilitate or inhibit climate change-related adaptation. It is accordingly important to take into account both socio-psychological and environmental factors when analyzing how grassland-based farmers transition to more climate change-resilient systems.

Determinants of Livestock Smallholder Farmer's Choice of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa

Globally, climate change is a major challenge facing farmers. This phenomenon threatens the sustainability of smallholder farmers in rural communities who depend solely on agriculture. Farmers are known to take suitable steps to adapt when they observe change and adjust their farming practices to cope with climate change. However, livestock farmers' response to climate change is very low due to insufficient scientific and context-based evidence. Hence, this paper sought to investigate the determinants of livestock small-scale farmers' choices and adaptive strategies in response to the effects of climate change in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. The study used a cross-sectional research design to collect data from 220 livestock farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire. The study used multinomial logistic regression to analyse the data. Empirical results reveal that access to weather forecasts and extension services, farmers' perception of climate change, level of education, age of the household head, distance to input markets, member of farm organisation, income from livestock sales, and livestock holding affect livestock farming decision for climate change adaptation. Therefore, the study recommends that the government improve farmers' access to accurate and timely agro-meteorological forecasts, capacity building, and technical support for income diversification through improved provision of agricultural extension services.

Affordances of fractions and decimals for arithmetic.

Rational numbers are represented by multiple notations: fractions, decimals, and percentages. Whereas previous studies have investigated affordances of these notations for representing different types of information (DeWolf et al., 2015; Tian et al., 2020), the present study investigated their affordances for solving different types of arithmetic problems. We hypothesized that decimals afford addition better than fractions do and that fractions afford multiplication better than decimals do. This hypothesis was tested in two experiments with university students (Ns = 77 and 80). When solving fraction and decimal arithmetic problems, participants converted addition problems from fraction to decimal form more than vice versa, and converted multiplication problems from decimal to fraction form more than vice versa, thus revealing preferences favoring decimals for addition and fractions for multiplication. Accuracies paralleled these revealed preferences: Addition accuracy was higher with decimals than fractions, whereas multiplication accuracy was higher with fractions than decimals. Variations in notation preferences as a function of the types of operands involved (e.g., equal vs. unequal denominator fractions) were more consistent with an explanation based on adaptive strategy choice (Siegler, 1996) than with one based on semantic interpretations associated with each notation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Gendered perceptions and adaptations to climate change in Ghana: what factors influence the choice of an adaptation strategy?

Climate change poses a significant threat to various sectors, including agriculture, affecting men and women unevenly. Although gender-based perceptions of climate change have been studied, there remains a gap in understanding how these perceptions influence the adoption of adaptation strategies among men and women smallholder farmers in the production of leguminous crops in sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the gender differences in the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies among bean and cowpea farmers in Ghana. The findings revealed that socioeconomic and institutional factors significantly influenced the choice of adaptation strategies, with notable differences between men and women. Higher levels of education, farming experience, marital status, access to credit, and education determined the choice of adaptation strategies. On the other hand, women farmers, despite having lower levels of formal education, showed a higher utilization of extension services, possibly due to targeted efforts to reach out to more women farmers. Larger households were less likely to adopt mixed cropping and changing cropping patterns, while married individuals were less likely to use crop rotation. Training and access to credit significantly increased the likelihood of adopting crop rotation, changing cropping patterns, and using improved seeds. The study also found that [f]armers perceptions of the impacts of dry spells and delayed onset of rains influenced the use of climate change adaptation strategies. Furthermore, farmers who participated in climate change planning were more likely to use diverse adaptation strategies, underscoring the importance of a locally focused, inclusive planning process. However, gender differences were observed in the determinants of the use of these strategies. For instance, while access to extension services was found to be more influential for women, men’s decisions were more influenced by their marital status, access to credit, and education. Policy makers and local institutions need to encourage and facilitate farmers’ involvement in climate change planning processes to enable designing of effective, context-relevant, inclusive, and sustainable climate change adaptation strategies. Distinct differences in the factors underlying the use of adaptation strategies by men and women demand creation of and implementation of gender-sensitive programs that effectively reach and benefit both women and women.

Factors Influencing Farmers’ Choices of Responses to Climatic Stressors in Tanzania

The viability of food production by smallholder farmers in Tanzania's semi-arid regions is threatened by climate variability and change. This study's main goal was to comprehend the available options for farmers in Tanzania's Great Ruaha River Sub-Basin and the factors that influenced their decisions. We used both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Primary data were gathered through focus groups and household questionnaire surveys, while secondary data came from records collected by government organizations. A logistic regression analysis was undertaken so as to determine factors that influence smallholder farmers’ perceptions and choice of response measures during dry years. Smallholder farmers mostly relied on their prior knowledge and locally accessible resources when developing their response strategies. Findings indicate that climate awareness, gender, age, education level, village location, wealth rank, and farmer experience are factors that have a substantial impact on farmers' decisions regarding choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. Therefore, decision-makers at all levels of government, from local authorities to the national level, should play a crucial role in improving adaptation strategies appropriate for a given climatic shock on the research area. The study suggests that GRRB farmers increase their knowledge and understanding of climate change. In order to successfully adapt to climate change, farmers should also work to create associations that will operate as a forum for knowledge exchange about indigenous farming techniques.

Factors Affecting Adaptation Strategies of Small Holder Farmer’s to Climate Changes: Evidence from Dale Woreda in Sidama Regional State, Ethiopia

The objective of this study was to analyzing factors that affect smallholder farmers’ choice of adaptation strategy and identifies adaptation measures to climate change in Ethiopia using Dale Woreda as a case study. The data was collected from 359 sample households using a survey questionnaire and was analyzed using both descriptive statistics and econometric methods. Multinomial logit model (MNL) was used to identify factors influencing smallholder farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies to climate change and variability. The adaptation strategies considered in the MNL model were crop diversification, growing drought tolerant crop, soil and water management, early and late planting and small scale irrigation practice. The result from the multinomial logit analysis showed that sex, education, farm experience, family size, farm income, farm size, distance to the market, soil fertility, access to credit, access to climate information, and extension access were significant factors influencing smallholder farmers’ adaptation strategies. a unit increases in number of years of education could increase 8.1% of the likelihood of adopting crop diversification ,1.8% of the likelihood of adopting growing drought tolerant crop and 1.2% of the likelihood of early and late planting as adaptation measures. The basic barriers to climate change adaptation on the farmers’ side are lack of credit access, lack of knowledge, lack of support from government, shortage of farm land, lack of climate information and lack of climate related problem. Therefore, expanding extension service, improving the availability of credit and enhancing research on use of new crop diversification and distributing drought tolerant crop varieties and encouraging continuous climate training center, disseminating climate information by local language through social media and providing modern tool for soil and water management and small scale irrigation by government are more suited in three agro-ecological zones.

Heterogeneity of adaptation strategies to climate shocks: Evidence from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria

There is overwhelming evidence to suggest that climate shocks undermine food security and livelihood well-being of the climate-impacted Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Employing survey data collected from farming and fishing households in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, the study investigated the range of adaptation practices prevalent in the region, as well as factors influencing the adoption of these adaptation strategies. Five hundred and three (503) households (252 fishing households and 251 farming households) were selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Multinomial logit model was used to determine factors affecting the household choice of adaptation strategies. The results show that adaptation strategies adopted by farming households were livelihood diversification (78.5%), crop management (77.7%), and soil and water management (64.5%). Factors influencing their choice of adaptation strategies were age, gender, household size, education, extension, and farm size. The adaptation strategies employed by the fishing households were livelihood diversification (83.61%) and intensification [which include the use of improved fishing gears (80.33%), varying fishing locations (67.21%), and expanding area of fishing (40.98%)]. Uncovering the heterogeneity in adaptation and resilience aspects to climate shocks has immense practical significance, particularly in providing targeted assistance for the two livelihood groups’ adoption.

Women farmers and climate change: Empirical evidence from Burkina Faso

Abstract This study examines the factors influencing women farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies to reduce the negative impacts of climate change and the effects of these strategies on household income and food insecurity. A field survey was conducted among 426 women farmers in the Center-North region, which covers 7% of Burkina Faso territory. Descriptive statistics, a multinomial logit model, and a propensity score matching model were used to analyze the data collected. The results of the econometric analysis show that high domestic tasks, type of climate shocks experienced, membership in women’s group, and financial constraints are important determinants of adaptation decisions. Adaptation strategies are also found to have a positive impact on income and a negative impact on household food insecurity. These different findings highlight the need to prioritize flexible adaptation options to improve women farmers’ resilience to climate change, rather than generic solutions.