Employment Choices Research Articles

P362 Employment and life choices for PwCF in Wales – 10 years on

In 2013, we demonstrated that ppFEV1 and gender were associated with employment status in people with CF (PwCF) attending the All Wales Adult CF Centre (AWACFC). As life has changed for many PwCF, with a longer lifespan and the introduction of highly effective modulator therapies (HEMT) we wanted to assess the changes in education and employment status in our patient cohort since 2013.

Fine‐scale simulation of spatial population distribution by coupling GA–ABM and big data: A case study of Dongguan, China

AbstractCapturing spatial population distribution can offer useful information for urban planning to promote reasonable population distribution and allocate urban resource. Agent‐based model (ABM) based on the modeling idea of “bottom‐up” can offer the ability to simulate the complex individual behaviors that generate spatial population distribution. Previous ABMs were unable to be extended for simulation of spatial population distribution at a fine scale due to the shortage of fine characterization of the urban environment and the calibration of agents' behavior. This study filled these gaps by proposing a genetic algorithm‐ABM (GA–ABM) for fine‐scale simulation of spatial population distribution in a manufacturing metropolis. In this model, the employment and residential choice behaviors of agents were defined by the labor economic theory and discrete selection model. Multisource geospatial big data such as enterprise points‐of‐interest big data and building footprints data were used to finely characterize the labor market and urban environment to reflect the impact of agents' employment choices on their residential decision. Furthermore, the grid‐scale population investigation big data were combined with the GA to calibrate the agents' residential decision behaviors. The proposed model was used in Dongguan, the typical manufacturing metropolis in China. As a comparison, the expert‐experience‐based method‐ABM (EEBM–ABM) was also conducted by using the same data set. Through the comparison of the results produced by these two models, it was demonstrated that the model coefficient calibrated by GA could effectively reflect the agents' residential decisions. The calibrated GA–ABM is more capable than EEBM–ABM in simulating spatial population distribution in a manufacturing metropolis. Hence, the proposed model can be used to simulate spatial population distribution in a manufacturing metropolis which helps the urban planner to conduct scientific urban planning.

Gender Equity in the Distribution of Educational Resources in Higher Education in China

Since the expansion of college enrollment in 1999, the proportion of women in higher education has been increasing, and the gender structure of college students has become more balanced. However, even with the same higher education, male and female students will be treated differently due to gender differences. This article through gender differences in access to higher education, the gender stereotypes in higher education and the gender difference in graduate employment choices in China to figure out to what extent gender equity is in the distribution of educational resources in higher education in China. Female students face more obstacles and challenges than male students when pursuing higher education or looking for a job as a result of the traditional idea and stereotypes of females in society. In addition, the expectations and influences of families on their children, and physiological factors brought on by their gender also cause the situation. The allocation of resources for higher education is still disproportionately devoted to men.

Employment Big Data Analysis of Higher vocational colleges based on python -- A case study of civil and architectural majors

In recent years, with the increase of graduates, the impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic led to economic slowdown and other factors, the problem of difficult employment has attracted wide attention from all walks of life. This paper takes the employment data of civil engineering graduates of a vocational college as an example. Through data collection, data cleaning, data analysis, data visualization and other methods, it shows the employment rate of graduates, employment industry, matching degree between employment units and majors, salary level, geographical distribution and other information, so as to provide reference for students' career planning and employment choice. It also provides job market data support for universities and government departments. Finally, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to help students better plan their career development.

Moral distress among healthcare professionals during the Covid-19 pandemic: report of an institution-wide survey

BackgroundMoral distress occurs when professionals cannot carry out what they believe to be ethically appropriate actions because of constraints or barriers, possibly exacerbated by Covid-19.MethodsAn exploratory cross-sectional web-based survey was used to distribute the Measurement of Moral Distress for Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP) at a Covid-19 hospital in the United Arab Emirates.Results238 responses were eligible for analysis. The mean total score of MMD-HP was 79.18 (SD=87.75). Average scores were higher for physicians than nurses, with critical care professionals reporting a significantly higher mean score. The MMD-HP was also associated with intention to leave and employment choices.

Occupation Choice in the Rural Labor Market from the Córdoba Department in Colombia

This article aims to establish if the rural labor market of the Department of Córdoba holds structural problems that encourage members of the rural labor force to search for other work alternatives in the urban area, by identifying factors related to supply conditions, such as human capital, age, home location area [dominion], gender, and others that affect the choice of the kind of work. A multinomial Logit econometric model was estimated to achieve this purpose, using statistical information from the Great Integrated Household Survey (GIHS) carried out by DANE from the third quarter of 2019, whereby the employment choice of men and women in rural and urban areas was analyzed among four categories, i.e. low manual (1), high manual (2), low non-manual (3), and high non-manual (4). Results reveal that the estimated model shows a good fit and that the education, gender, and domain variables are statistically significant with confidence levels greater than 95%. Similarly, figures of the marginal effects, which reveal changes in probabilities of choosing one job or another, may be evidence of the little consolidation that the rural labor market has to motivate its inhabitants to choose countryside activities, allowing to conclude that the migration phenomenon from the countryside to the city is largely explained by the search for better jobs, thus revealing the structural problems of the rural labor market in the Cordoba Department.

Salary, flexibility or career opportunity? A choice experiment on gender specific job preferences.

Using the evaluation of hypothetical job offers in a discrete choice experiment, we analyse which characteristics of employment positions are relevant to men and women when deciding between job offers. Thereby, we investigate whether preferences for work arrangements are gender specific. The analysis shows that on average, women have a stronger preference for part-time work than men, and that the career prospect of a job is more important to men than to women. Furthermore, we use heterogeneity within genders to study whether gender specific preference patterns result from gendered considerations of family formation. We find that certain men and women, especially those who plan to have children and have traditional intentions about the division of labor in the household, evaluate work relationships more strongly according to gender roles than others. This analysis of hypothetical employment choices provides valuable insight into the preference structure of men and women, which proves to be heterogeneous within and between genders.

How Digital Skills Affect Rural Labor Employment Choices? Evidence from Rural China

Expanding employment channels for rural households is a crucial means of enhancing the income of rural residents and enhancing the quality of rural employment. This study examines the impact of digital skills on rural laborers’ employment choices and explores the underlying mechanisms by using data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) spanning 2014–2018. By employing various models, including the Probit, IV, mediated effects, and propensity-score-matching methods, the study reveals that digital skills have a significant impact on rural laborers’ employment choices. Specifically, digital skills increase rural labor’s employment opportunities in nonfarm and employed employment while reducing the proportion of informal employment. Additionally, the analysis indicates that the main channels through which digital skills influence rural labor’s employment choices are human and social capital. A heterogeneity analysis further reveals that work-study and social-entertainment skills have a more significant effect on rural laborers’ nonfarm and employed employment opportunities while inhibiting informal employment. Hence, to enhance the quality of future rural employment, the government must encourage rural workers to enhance their digital literacy and digital application skills while improving digital infrastructure.

PSYCHO-SOCIO FACETS OF HONOUR KILLING

Honor based violence including the crime of honour killing has been occurring in most part of the world, from the middle East, Asia, Europe and the most developed country like USA. Through this research paper the researcher has tried to examine various psycho-socio aspects of honour killing. The current paper is an effort to evaluate the literature currently accessible and available on the subject of honour killing, but with a difference that evaluation has been done from psycho-socio-cultural angle. For this purpose researcher has relied upon reports from media, various renounced research papers. Herein, the scholar has made an attempt as how the crime of honour killing co-relates with several psychological aspects such as honour, culture, morality, attitude and belief? These aspects are the main bone of contention between both the individual and the family. There are multiple reasons for honour killing, a few to be put down here are, own choice of spouse, education and employment, dress code and extra marital relationship. Out of these sexuality is the main cause. Researcher has tried to define honour killing and its various forms. Researcher have tried to find out, as why perpetrators execute murder in the name of honour killing even when some other psychological factor such as sentiments, feelings, emotions and humanity are stronger that psychological factors which indicates honour killing. As to why society follows the cultural and social measures dictated by khap panchayat, rather than adhering to so many laws enactment by legislation and judiciary, which are easily accessible to them? Honour killing causes panic and commotion in society, creates instability in social life and takes away many lives and also a hindrance in national development.

A study of the anti-poverty effect of minimum wage in underdeveloped areas: based on the perspective of farmers’ employment choices and income

The minimum wage can play an active role in anti-poverty. The theoretical analysis and simulation find that a higher minimum wage can increase farmers’ employment intention and income, and has a more obvious effect on low-income farmers. Statistics from questionnaire surveys in three districts in the western China show that a higher minimum wage will promote farmers who leave behind in hometown to work in local enterprises. The minimum wage has both direct and indirect effects on the income of households with low awareness of increasing income, and both are positive. Further statistical analysis revealed that farmers in these areas have great needs for employment training and entrepreneurship support. So, if the government would support local enterprises, encourage entrepreneurship and supervise the implementation of minimum wage standards, this can provide support for anti-poverty initiatives.

Gendered late working life trajectories, family history and welfare regimes: evidence from SHARELIFE

Earlier employment choices based on family events in earlier life have an impact up until late working life, especially in welfare regimes that encourage the breadwinner-caretaker division. We investigate types of late employment patterns and how these are associated with earlier family events. We also test whether the association between early family history and late working life varies across five welfare regimes. Using retrospective life history data from SHARELIFE, our sample consists of 10,913 women and 10,614 men aged 65 years and older. Late working life trajectories are analyzed using gender-separate sequence analyses, which are summarized into eight groups applying cluster analyses. Using average marginal and interaction effects, we explain how the association between types of late working life, coresidential partnership history and parenthood history differs by welfare states. For instance, women’s late employment is either shaped by unpaid care or paid (full- or part-time) work but not both, whereas men’s late working life is mainly shaped by full-time work. Family history in earlier life is linked to unpaid care and part-time work—an association strongest in liberal and southern welfare regimes. However, among men earlier family events are linked to full-time work. Policymakers need gender-specific strategies to integrate workers into late working life. The implementation of new policies should aim to prevent these social inequalities in early life, as employment decisions caused by family history in earlier life stages—especially for women—tend to cumulate over the life course.

From professional aspirations to identity confirmation and transformation: The case of Japanese career women working for foreign subsidiaries in Japan

AbstractThis study investigates what attracts career‐oriented women to foreign subsidiaries and how they experience this work context. Based on 125 interviews with career‐oriented women in Japan, we find that their frequent choice of foreign employers is not only motivated byprofessional aspirationsbut also byidentity‐related aspirations. Japanese women who embraced an internationalist orientation experience aconfirmationof their identity by working for foreign subsidiaries; by contrast, those who still felt bound by traditional role expectations, undergo a liberating identitytransformation. Based on the perceptions of these particular employees, we develop recommendations for gender diversity management in foreign subsidiaries. We further argue that women, who are disadvantaged in the local employment context, often desire that foreign subsidiaries implementstandardizedhome countryhuman resource management practices, instead of adopting local practices. By focusing on the recruitment of highly qualified women, foreign subsidiaries may turn their liability of foreignness into a competitive advantage.

The Impact of Gender Inequality in Higher Education on Female Employment

Under the premise of Gender Stereotyping in education, the difference between males and females at the stage of higher education somewhat restricts the future employment development of females. Throughout this paper, it develops a series of studies on the future employment development of females around the gender inequality existing in the higher education stage. By reviewing existing literature and data, it examines the current situation of women in higher education and how it affects them. This paper analyses the impact on women's future employment choices by looking at the gender stereotypes of women in higher education, the curriculum and choices of higher education, and the representation and lack of gender equality in higher education. Therefore, this passage will discover the requirements of women’s educational expectations and the influence of factors on women’s employment, the consciousness of gender inequality through the teaching process of higher education, and the analysis and suggestions on the status quo of gender equality education in colleges.

The educational quality perception, professional interest, and career choices among hospitality postgraduate students.

Brain drain has become an important issue throughout the health service sector, with gender imbalance and employment discrimination leading to an increasing number of master's graduates opting to leave the profession. To explore this issue, the study examines the impact of both internal and external factors on the employment choices of postgraduate students, which starting from the core factor of the quality of higher education and combined with the professional interest as personal factor. The study adopts the questionnaire survey method to collect questionnaire data from 338 hospitality postgraduate students in China's institutions of higher education. The study adopts Multiple Linear Regression analysis to draw the following conclusions: 1) there is a significant influence of educational quality perception on career choice, the higher the level of educational quality perception, the stronger the students' willingness to choose this field for career development; 2) there is a significant effect of professional interest on career choice, the higher the student's level of interest in the major, the greater the willingness to choose this field for career development. 3) Identity mediates the relationship between educational quality perception (and professional interest) and career choice, which means that educational quality perception and professional interest can contribute to career decisions by promoting students' identity; 4) Future work self positively moderates the relationship between identity and career choice. The clearer the students' goals for their future job development, the stronger the effect of professional identity on career choice. The research conclusions have positive implications for higher education and career guidance for postgraduate students in hospitality management.

Millet Village Attappady, Kerala: Choice for Healthy Food Consumption, Food Security, Livelihood, Income and Employment

Millets are thought to be the first cereal grain used for household uses and are a significant component of the ancient healthy food system, particularly in the Attappady region

The effects of default nudges on promoting approval of welfare cuts: An exploration during COVID-19.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has created significant financial and operational challenges for some businesses. As a result, temporary welfare benefit reduction may be a tough but future-oriented choice for both employers and employees. The present study examined whether default nudges can be used to promote employees' approval of welfare-cutting policy while avoiding negative attitudes. Two online surveys were conducted during the first pandemic wave in China (February 2020). In the first study (N = 310), the participants were presented with a hypothetical welfare-cutting policy that used either an opt-in approach or an opt-out approach. We aimed to investigate how their approval and attitudes were different between two conditions. The results showed that the employees in the opt-out condition were more likely to accept the welfare-cutting policy than those in the opt-in condition, while participants' attitudes toward the policy employing opt-out approach were as negative as that employing opt-in approach. Study 2 (N = 1,519) involved a replication of Study 1 with two additional improved opt-out approaches (opt-out education and opt-out transparency). Compared with the opt-in approach and standard opt-out approach, the opt-out education approach both increased policy support and improved attitudes toward the welfare-cutting policy. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Development of a Forest Village Agriculture Farmer Dependence Model on Forest Resources for The Creation of Sustainable Economic Prosperity in The Banyumas Forest Area, Central Java Province, Indonesia

Communities that live close to forests heavily rely on the resources found there. In the KPH Banyumas setting of Central Java, the research aims to determine the likelihood of choosing to work in the forest for income and characterize the elements that impact the decision to work for forest farming and forest village agricultural farmers. The study’s findings suggest that, in the forest community, the choice of employment is influenced by the physical ability variable, but not by the risk or reward factors. The factors that impact the household income of Banyumas forest village farmers include age, labor hours, and the amount of land farmed. The number of dependents, education level, own land size, and non-forest family income factors all affect how dependent Banyumas forest village farmers are on forest resources. According to this research, it is also evident that the practice of purchasing and selling land leases that do not adhere to the regulations regarding the management period of forest areas for agricultural farmers’ businesses has prevented the forest village community institution from serving as an ideal institution for village farmers.

Employment choice of the floating population and influencing factors in China

Employment choice of the floating population and influencing factors in China

TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF FEMALE EMPLOYMENT IN JAPAN

In Japan, the declining birthrate and an aging population have made the labor supply by women very important. Numerous studies have analyzed the choice of women in having children or continuing to work. These studies provide very important insights into the employment choices of Japanese females. However, they mainly use micro data and focus only on specific time points. In this study, we investigate the effects of the average income, tax rate, and rate of advancement to university on employment behavior among Japanese women using time-series data. The results of multiple regression analyses suggest that male regular employment rate, average annual household income, female university advancement rate, and consumption tax rate have different effects on regular and non-regular employment rates of Japanese women. The male regular employment rate has positive effects on female regular employment rate, but it has no effect on female non-regular employment rate. The high household income seems to reduce the probability of women working as non-regular workers but does not seem to reduce the probability of them working as regular workers. The consumption tax rate has effects only on female non-regular employment rate. A high consumption tax rate promotes the female labor supply as non-regular workers.

Caught in the cultural preference net—Three generations of employment choices in six capitalist democracies, by Michael J.Camasso & RadhaJagannathan, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2021, 258 pages, hardback

Caught in the cultural preference net—Three generations of employment choices in six capitalist democracies, by Michael J.Camasso & RadhaJagannathan, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2021, 258 pages, hardback