Chlorite Surface Research Articles

Study on flotation separation of chlorite and kaolinite by modified fatty acid collector and its mechanism

The modified fatty acid collector α-bromododecanoic acid (α-BDDA) had a significant effect on the separation of chlorite and kaolinite. In this paper, the flotation separation of the independent lithium bearing mineral chlorite (cookeite) from the main gangue mineral kaolinite in clay-type lithium ore was studied. The results showed that when pH was 9, the concentration of CaCl2 was 1.64×10−4 mol/L, and the concentration of α-BDDA was 5.82×10−4 mol/L, the flotation separation effect of chlorite and kaolinite was the best, and the floating difference between them was 91.12 %. The flotation results of artificially mixed ore also proved that α-BDDA could realize the separation of chlorite and kaolinite. Adsorption amount analysis revealed that α-BDDA could adsorb both on chlorite and kaolinite, however, the amount of α-BDDA adsorbed on chlorite was much higher than that on kaolinite. Zeta potential analysis, FT-IR spectra analysis, and XPS analysis confirmed that α-BDDA could produce chemisorption on the surface of chlorite activated by CaCl2. The Al, Mg, Fe and Ca sites on chlorite could reacted with α-BDDA to form new chemical bonds. However, α-BDDA was adsorbed on kaolinite by weak physical adsorption, which was easily de-adsorbed by strong agitating or water washing.

Flotation separation mechanism of rutile and chlorite using CMC as depressant

In ores containing rutile, chlorite is the most common silicate gangue mineral. However, the flotation separation of rutile and chlorite has yet to be thoroughly studied. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used to depress chlorite when sodium oleate (NaOL) was used as the collector of rutile. The selective depression and its mechanism were investigated through micro-flotation experiments, zeta potential analyses, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and particle video microscopy (PVM). Single mineral flotation showed selective depression of chlorite by CMC appeared at pH 7, NaOL concentration of 20 mg/L, and CMC concentration of 10 mg/L, when 88.39 % recovery difference between rutile and chlorite was obtained. The most effective concentration of CMC for the artificially mixed ore test was 15 mg/L, resulting in rutile recoveries and grades of 87.78 % and 75.28 % respectively. The results of Zeta, FTIR, and XPS tests indicate that the adsorption of CMC on chlorite surface is attributed to chemical and hydrogen bonding interactions, wherein the OH– and COOH– groups in CMC interact with hydroxyl groups of Fe2+ and Al3+ complexes, thereby diminishing chlorite floatability and impeding subsequent NaOL adsorption. PVM image further elucidates that hydration-repulsion interaction potentials between CMC-absorbed chlorite particles and gas bubbles deter particle adhesion. This markedly reduces chlorite ore carryover on bubble surfaces while minimally impacting rutile. This study can provide a theoretical basis for separating rutile and other vein minerals under the NaOL system.

Application and mechanism of an efficient hydrophobic flocculant CPAM in the flocculation reverse flotation of hematite and microfine-grained chlorite

Chlorite is often associated with hematite and tends to form microfine particles during grinding, making it challenging to recover and separate from hematite through flotation. This study innovatively applies an ester-based cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) as a flocculant in a reverse flotation system using dodecylamine (DDA) as a collector, to flocculate and recover microfine-grained chlorite. The method achieves efficient separation between microfine chlorite and hematite. Laser particle size testing and optical microscopy show that CPAM significantly increases the apparent particle size of microfine chlorite, causing it to aggregate into flocs, while having a extremely weak effect on hematite flocculation. Further analysis using techniques like Zeta potential, contact angle measurement, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals CPAM's stronger adsorption affinity for chlorite compared to hematite. The ester groups in CPAM selectively form hydrogen bonds with chlorite's surface H atoms, enhancing its hydrophobicity. Particle-bubble attachment angle testing confirms that the flocculated chlorite flocs exhibit better floatability and higher efficiency in collision and adhesion with bubbles. Thus, CPAM serves as an efficient flocculant for reverse flotation separation of microfine chlorite and hematite.

A pre-adsorption system: The application of 8-hydroxyquinoline in the separation of specularite and chlorite

The conventional methods of separating closely related minerals like chlorite and specularite present challenges. This study delved into the pre-adsorption effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) in a reverse flotation system using dextrin as a depressant and dodecylamine as a collector through single mineral flotation experiments, contact angle tests, Zeta potential determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The aim was to facilitate reverse flotation by pre-introducing 8-HQ to create specific adsorption with Al/Mg elements on the chlorite surface, thereby enhancing chlorite's flotation ability. Single mineral flotation experiments demonstrated that 8-HQ effectively heightened the disparity in floatability between the two minerals. When 15 mg/L of 8-HQ was added at a pH of 8, chlorite recovered 82.15 percent, while specularite only produced 19.2 percent. Results from artificial mixed minerals substantiated the feasibility of single mineral flotation. Further investigation into adsorption mechanisms revealed that 8-HQ forms steric hindrance via chelation and hydrogen bonding, preventing dextrin from adhering to the metal elements on the chlorite surface. The inherent hydrophobicity also promotes the formation of DDA hydrophobic flocs. Conversely, there was no notable adsorption between 8-HQ and specularite. Specularite could be specifically depressed by dextrin, enabling the selective separation of the two minerals. Finally, a model depicting the potential adsorption of 8-HQ on the mineral surface was proposed.

Pre-adsorption effect of salicylhydroxamic acid on the separation performance and mechanism of chlorite and specularite

In this study, salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) was added before the depressant dextrin during flotation process as a pre-adsorbent to pre-adsorb chlorite subordinating elements (Al) and hinder the subsequent adsorption of depressants on chlorite, which utilizing reverse flotation to separate specularite from chlorite and reveal the mechanisms behind it. Single-mineral flotation test results indicated that dextrin and starch have comparable depression effect, while dextrin exhibits better selectivity towards specularite than starch. Chlorite's high floatability can be maintained under the same experimental conditions by adding 9 mg/L SHA and there is an effective separation achieved. Zeta potential data, FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that SHA forms four or five membered ring chelates with Al sites and a few Fe sites on the surface of chlorite through O-O bonding, which forms steric hindrance the adsorption of dextrin, and then forms electrostatic attraction with DDA to improve the floatability of chlorite. In addition, the active Fe sites on specularite surface were sufficiently depressed by dextrin, resulting in the selective separation of chlorite from specularite.

Inhibiting mechanisms and applications of novel Al-starch for ultrafine gangue minerals based on experimental and computational study

Ultrafine gangue minerals of calcite and chlorite seriously affect the flotation of valuable mineral, and its inhibition is difficult to achieve using conventional depressants. This study finds the Al-starch colloidal depressants can inhibit the flotation of ultrafine calcite and chlorite, which significantly increases the grade of valuable minerals in concentrates of actual ores. When the chemisorption of Al-starch is occurred on mineral surface, the zeta potential of calcite decreases whilst that of chlorite increases. With the treatment of Al-starch, the initial functional group peaks of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurement on the surface of calcite and chlorite are shifted, and the new O-Al functional group is generated. Meanwhile, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement peaks of O1 s atom is changed, and the Al2p atom peak is generated. Furthermore, the optimal structure of Al-starch is O1—Al—O6, and the optimal adsorptive configuration on calcite (104) surface, hydroxyl-terminated and silica-terminated chlorite (001) surface are (Og1 Og2)—Al—(Om1 Om2), (Og1 Og2)—Al—(Oh1 Oh2 Oh3) and Og2—Al—(Om1 Om2 Om3 Og4) with adsorptive energy of − 678.50 kJ/mol, − 353.49 kJ/mol and − 475.05 kJ/mol, respectively. During the adsorption, the 3 s and 3p orbitals of Al on Al-starch accept the 2 s and 2p electrons of O atom on mineral surface.

Selective depression action of sesbania gum in flotation separation of specularite and chlorite

Specularite and chlorite have similar physical and chemical characteristics, making it challenging to separate from each other. To solve the dilemma, sesbania gum (SG) was firstly utilized as a depressant in the flotation process of specularite and chlorite. Flotation experiments were employed for investigation into the selective depression of SG on the two minerals. The results of single-mineral flotation displayed that SG selectively depressed specularite and floatability difference between the two minerals reached 57.0 percentage point. Artificial mixed mineral flotation experiments further verified the selective depression effect of SG on specularite. Characterization experiments including adsorption experiments, contact angle measurement, Zeta potential detection, FT-IR measurement and XPS analysis revealed the adsorption mechanism of SG on the surface of specularite. Overall, SG adsorbed selectively on the surface of specularite, but rarely on chlorite. In addition, SG acts with surface metal ions of specularite mainly through chemisorption to form metal complexes. Finally, the adsorption schematic diagram of SG on the surface of specularite and chlorite was presented.

Effect of Acidified Sodium Silicate on the Flotation Separation of Microfine Apatite from Chlorite in Seawater

In this work, selective flotation separation of microfine apatite and chlorite was achieved by using sodium oleate (NaOL) as a collector with a low dosage of acidified sodium silicate (ASS) as a depressant. The optimum ratio of sodium silicate to sulfuric acid for ASS was 5:3, and a good separation effect was also achieved in the mixed ore system. Compared to the deionized water system, the ions of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in seawater adsorbed on the surfaces of apatite and chlorite, which made the zeta potential of the two minerals shift positively. This presented a challenge to the selection of reagents for mineral separation. The addition of ASS changed the pH value of the pulp from weak alkalinity caused by seawater to weak acidity, which allowed the metal ions adsorbed on the mineral surface to desorb. Meanwhile, ASS can selectively adsorb on the desorbed chlorite surface in the form of Si(OH)4, which hindered the action of NaOL, leading to the depression of chlorite. NaOL adsorbed well on the desorbed surface of apatite and increased the apatite particle size from 27 μm to 229 μm, with a hydrophobic agglomeration effect, thus enhancing the flotation of microfine apatite.

The selective depression effect of sodium hexametaphosphate on the separation of chlorite and specularite

Flotation is the most known beneficiation method for the separation of complex and refractory iron ores. As a typical iron-containing silicates, it is difficult to separate chlorite from specularite, because of the similar surface physicochemical properties. In this study, the selective depression effect of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) was conducted via the cationic micro-flotation. The surface adsorption mechanism between SHMP and the two mineral surface was explored through surface adsorption amount tests, Zeta-potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The micro-flotation results indicated that SHMP could selectively depress around 90% of chlorite, while its effect on the floatability of specularite was negligible (<20% depressing). The surface adsorption amount tests, Zeta-potential measurements analysis demonstrated that SHMP selectively adsorb on chlorite surface while on the surface of specularite is feeble. The further surface adsorption analysis via FT-IR and XPS proved that SHMP selective adsorption occurred on the chlorite surface mainly by chemisorption mainly through the chelation reaction between O in the phosphate groups of SHMP molecular and metal ions on surface of chlorite.

Application of ultrasonic pre-treatment for flotation separation pyrrhotite from chlorite

The strengthen separation mechanism of pyrrhotite and chlorite by ultrasonic pre-treatment was revealed through ICP measurements, XPS measurements, SEM analyses, Zeta potential measurements, turbidity analyses, microscopic observation, adsorption capacity measurements, FTIR analyses and contact angle measurements. The results showed that ultrasonic pre-treatment can promote the dissolution of iron oxide particles on pyrrhotite surface and the desorption of iron ions adsorbed on chlorite surface in mixed minerals, which caused Zeta potential and point of zero charge(PZC) negatively shift on pyrrhotite/chlorite surface and convert mutual attraction energy to mutual repulsive energy, thus weaken the hetero-aggregation and enhance the separation between pyrrhotite and chlorite. Ultrasonic pre-treatment can optimize the adsorption capacity of butyl xanthate(BX) and the surface wettability on pyrrhotite surface, however, it has little effect on BX adsorption and wettability on chlorite surface, hence ultrasonic pre-treatment also can strengthen the separation of pyrrhotite from chlorite. Then the flotation experiment of artificial mixed pyrrhotite and chlorite was carried out, the results show that the recovery of pyrrhotite increases from 77.50 % to 81.72 % and the content of MgO decreases from 6.57 % to 5.74 % by the reaction of ultrasonic pre-treatment. Which further proof that ultrasonic pre-treatment can enhance the flotation separation of pyrrhotite from chlorite.

The inhibiting effect of Pb-starch on chlorite flotation and its adsorption configuration based on DFT computation

Chlorite is widely associated with the valuable oxidized minerals, and the inhibition of chlorite is an inevitable problem during flotation separation. This study finds the Pb-starch is the effective depressant for the chlorite flotation to selectively decrease the flotation rate and recovery. The zeta potential of chlorite surface also increases with the treatment with Pb-starch, which keeps increasing with the increase of lead nitrate dosage. Meanwhile, the FTIR spectra determine the effect of starch and Pb-starch is chemisorption, and the XPS measurement confirms the functional group of starch is hydroxy while that of Pb-starch is Pb-O group. Furthermore, the bulk cell structure of chlorite is optimized, including hydroxyl-terminated surface and silica-terminated surface. The adsorption configuration is established in terms of the DFT computation, and the optimal configuration with the lowest adsorption energy is the glucose-Pb2+ complex adsorbing on the silica-terminated surface through the three covalent bonds of Pb2+ and O atoms. The partial density of states of this configuration confirms the bonding of Pb2+ with O atoms is the hybrid of Pb6s, 6p and O2p, and the electronic property analysis confirms the Pb2+ ion provides empty orbits to accept the electrons from O atoms on the silica-terminated chlorite surface.

A novel fine gangue depressant: Metal ions-starch colloidal depressant and its effect on ultrafine chlorite

The flotation of chlorite is entrainment of foam under Pb-BHA collector systems, influencing the flotation indexes. And the entrainment of chlorite is an inevitable phenomenon without any depressant. In this study, flotation test reveals that the entrainment of fine chlorite significantly decreases the tungsten grade and the selective index, and metal ions-starch colloidal depressant can improve the tungsten grade of concentrate, whose selectivity is greater than that of caustic starch. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement confirms both caustic starch and metal ions-starch can chemisorb on the chlorite surface, which change repulsive interaction force to attractive interaction force, agglomerating chlorite to form the clusters and increase the size of chlorite particles. Furthermore, metal ions-starch cannot adsorb on the surface of scheelite and change the interaction force between chlorite and scheelite to make an agglomeration, whereas the caustic starch can. Meanwhile, the selectivity of metal ions-starch is better than that of caustic starch, mainly because the functional group of -CH2-O-Me is superior to that of hydroxy. Therefore, this study provides a new depressant to inhibit the entrainment of chlorite and achieve the improvement of grade on concentrate.

Enhancing the floatability of smithsonite mixed with silicate minerals by using a novel dispersant of cetylpyridinium bromide

Silicate minerals often coexist in nonferrous metal ores. In the flotation process, the fine clay particles are easy to slime-coating on the target mineral surface and lead to the deterioration of the flotation efficiency. In this study, the flotation behaviors of single smithsonite and its mixture with fine kaolin or chlorite were studied using octadecvlamine acetate (OCTA) as the collector. It was found that the single mineral of smithsonite had a high flotation recovery, while the mixed minerals of smithsonite with kaolin or chlorite possessed a poor processability. To eliminate the adverse effect of kaolin and chlorite on the floatability of smithsonite, a cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) was introduced in the flotation process as a novel dispersant. The micro-flotation results showed that the addition of CPB greatly improved the separation efficiency of smithsonite from the mixed ores. It was believed that the adsorption of CPB on the surface of kaolin and chlorite eliminated the hydrophobic attractive force between the smithsonite and clay particles and thus prevented the slime-coating of kaolin and chlorite on the smithsonite surface. As a result, the floatability of smithsonite mixed with kaolin or chlorite was greatly enhanced. This work deepens our understanding of the flotation process of nonferrous metal ores mixed with fine clay minerals, and provides a novel dispersant of CPB which is expected to be applied in the flotation separation of mixed ores.

High-efficiency flotation of smithsonite in the presence of fine chlorite by using dispersant of sodium lignosulfonate

In the flotation process of non-ferrous metal ores, fine silicate minerals often cover the surface of the useful ores and have a serious adverse impact on the floatability of the ores. In this study, the effect of fine chlorite on the flotation behavior of smithsonite was investigated with sodium oleate (NaOL) as the collector. The micro-flotation tests showed that the flotation recovery of smithsonite was greatly affected by the chlorite, which was attributed to the slime-coating of the fine chlorite on the smithsonite surface. To eliminate the influence of chlorite on the flotation of smithsonite, sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) was introduced as a dispersant. It was found that the addition of SLS considerably improved the flotation efficiency of smithsonite. Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization showed that SLS can adsorb on the surface of chlorite and prevent the further adsorption of NaOL so that the chlorite keeps a hydrophilic surface, avoiding the generation of hydrophobic attraction between chlorite and smithsonite and thereby attenuates or even eliminates the covering of chlorite on the smithsonite surface. Therefore, the dispersant of SLS significantly enhanced the flotation recovery of smithsonite in the presence of fine chlorite. The findings in this work indicate that the SLS as a novel dispersant might find its application in the flotation separation of nonferrous metal ores containing fine clay minerals.

Selective depression action of taurine in flotation separation of specularite and chlorite

Chlorite, as the most representative gangue mineral associated with specularite, of which the separation of these two minerals is difficult. This paper investigated the depression effect of taurine on specularite/chlorite separation via flotation experiments, adsorption tests, contact angle measurements, Zeta potential detection, FT-IR measurements, and XPS analyses. The results of single mineral flotation indicated that chlorite could be depressed selectively by taurine with the recovery of less than 30%, but the floatability of specularite remains high with recovery rate of 81.77% at pH 10. The artificial mixed mineral flotation results confirmed the effectiveness of taurine as a depressant. Surface adsorption, contact angle, and Zeta potential detection revealed taurine primarily adsorbs on the chlorite surface, which hampered the DDA’s subsequent adsorption and results in the chlorite’s poor floatability. The FT-IR spectra and XPS analyses provided further proof that taurine adsorbed on chlorite surface as an electron donor, and part of the electrons transferred from the sulfonic acid group of taurine to metal ions during the adsorption process. In addition, the hydrogen bond between amino-group of taurine and O ions in chlorite surface was also formed in the adsorption process. Finally, optimized adsorption configurations of taurine on chlorite surfaces were proposed.

Evaluation of pore-scale wettability in the tight sandstone reservoirs of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China

Wettability is a key factor influencing multiphase fluid distributions and flow behavior in the reservoirs. The microscopic characteristics of the mixed wettability which is a special wettability type are unclear in sandstone reservoirs. An integrated study of petrographic, petrophysical and pore-scales wettability by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) using the water condensation method were carried out on typical sandstone samples in the Chang-6 interval of Yanchang Formation, southeastern Ordos Basin, and the characteristics of mixed wettability were investigated. It shows that the oil-free sandstones are water-wet in general, while the oil-bearing sandstones are apparently mixed-wet. In the mixed-wet sandstones, the walls of different pores or even the same one pore display different wetting states. The mixed wetting nature of the tight sandstones was probably caused by the early phase oil charge. After oil charged into the reservoir, chlorite surfaces in contacting with pores adsorbed the polar compounds in the crude oil, and their wettability was altered locally from water-wet to oil-wet states. However, pore walls surrounded by quartz and feldspars mainly remained water-wet after oil charge.

The formation mechanism of authigenic chlorite in tight sandstone and its effect on tight oil adsorption during hydrocarbon filling

Authigenic chlorite, which is frequently found in sandstone, has a controlling effect on the reservoirs in which tight oil is adsorbed during hydrocarbon filling. In this study, the content, occurrence state, timing, mechanism and influence of authigenic chlorite on the micro-occurrence states of tight oil were studied using Thin Section (TS), Fluorescent Thin Section (FTS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicate: (1) a spatial coupling between chlorite development, a brackish water delta front facies depositional environment, and biotite-rich arkosic sandstone. (2) Authigenic chlorite can be divided into three types: grain-coating chlorite, pore-lining chlorite, and rosette chlorite. Chlorite forms after early compaction but before other diagenetic phases, and growsviaprecipitation from pore waters that contain products released during the dissolution of volcanic rock fragments and biotites. Porewater is also pressure-released from feldspars and mudstone. (3) The micro-occurrence states of tight oil can be divided into five types: emulsion form, cluster form, throat form, thin-film form, and the isolated or agglomerated particle form. (4) During hydrocarbon filling, tight oil mainly occurs on the surface of grain-coating and pore-lining chlorite in the form of a thin film, the granular or agglomerated forms are mainly enriched within the intercrystalline pores within the authigenic chlorite, and the cluster forms are mainly enriched in dissolution pores. Isolated or agglomerated particles of tight oil primarily occur in the intercrystalline pores of the rosette chlorite. (5) The specific surface area and the authigenic chlorite’s adsorption potential of authigenic chlorite control the micro-occurrence of tight oil on the surface of the chlorite and in intercrystalline pores. The adsorption capacity of chlorite lies in the following order: pore-lining chlorite intercrystalline pores > rosette chlorite > chlorite in feldspar dissolution pores > pore-lining chlorite surface > grain-coating chlorite intercrystalline pores > grain-coating chlorite surface.

Understanding the differential depression of tetrasodium glutamate diacetate on the separation of specularite and chlorite: Experimental and DFT study

In this paper, tetrasodium glutamate diacetate (TGD) was applied as a depressant for cationic direct flotation separation of specularite and chlorite. The depression performance of TGD was compared with starch via microflotation experiments. The adsorption mechanism of TGD onto chlorite surface were investigated by surface charge measurements, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The microflotation results indicated that, compared with starch, TGD exhibited better depression performance with chlorite recovery of 16.73% and specularite recovery of 92.41% at pH 10. The mechanistic study demonstrated that TGD mainly chemisorbed on chlorite surface by OMg and bonds, from which OMg bonds were created preferentially. TGD could be an efficient depressant of chlorite in the specularite/chlorite separation.

The effect of polysaccharide depressant xanthan gum on the flotation of arsenopyrite from chlorite

The efficient separation of sulphide from low hardness minerals, especially hydrophobic gangue minerals, remains a practical challenge. The effect of the polysaccharide depressant xanthan gum on the depression of chlorite in arsenopyrite flotation was studied using potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) as the collector. In micro-flotation, xanthan gum showed a better depression performance on chlorite flotation than on arsenopyrite flotation. The selective depression mechanism of xanthan gum on arsenopyrite and chlorite surfaces was studied by adsorption tests, and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) analyses. The results indicated that xanthan gum could selectively adsorb on chlorite surfaces involving chemisorption, while it exhibited weak physical adsorption to arsenopyrite. The chemisorption of xanthan gum on the chlorite surface was based on the interaction between –COOH groups and metal (Mg) ions.

Investigation of the specularite/chlorite separation using chitosan as a novel depressant by direct flotation

Chlorite is one of the representative iron-bearing silicates gangue minerals existed in the specularite ores which the traditional depressants are incapable of action in specularite/chlorite separation flotation. An attempt was conducted for the separation of specularite/chlorite with chitosan as a novel depressant through microflotation tests, Zeta potential measurements, adsorption tests, FT-IR, and XPS analysis. The microflotation results show that chitosan selectively depresses chlorite while specularite still keeps in high floatability. Zeta potential measurements and adsorption tests indicate that chitosan mainly adsorbed on chlorite surface, hindering the subsequent adsorption of dodecan-1-amine and leading the hydrophobicity distinction. The FT-IR spectra of chlorite validate the adsorption of chitosan on chlorite. The results of XPS illustrate that electrons partially transferred from chitosan to the aluminum, iron, magnesium, silicon, and adjacent oxygen atoms of silicon atoms in chlorite during the adsorption process.