Chlorine Dioxide Research Articles

pH-dependent effects of chlorine dioxide on polyamide membranes: Performance, surface characterization, and degradation mechanisms

The novel simple single-cell procedure of the calibration of analytical methods for determining chlorine dioxide in the gas phase

Degradation of polypropylene random copolymer in aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide: Effect of crystalline structure and morphology

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the effectiveness of washing potatoes inoculated with Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and murine norovirus (MNV) through agitation with peroxyacetic acid (PAA) and chlorine dioxide. Potential cross‐contamination during simultaneous washing of inoculated and uninoculated potatoes and the effect of water reuse were also assessed. E. coli showed a reduction of 1.86–2.51 log colony‐forming units (CFU)/potato when treated with 40 ppm PAA and 1.98–2.97 log CFU/potato when treated with 80 ppm chlorine dioxide (ClO2), both for 1–5 min. L. monocytogenes showed a reduction of 2.59 log CFU/potato when treated with 120 ppm PAA for 1 min and 2.55 log CFU/potato when treated with 80 ppm ClO2 for 5 min. MNV showed a reduction of 2.28 log CFU/potato when treated with ≥40 ppm PAA for 5 min; however, no significant reduction was noted on treatment with ClO2. During tap water washing, cross‐contamination with E. coli and L. monocytogenes occurred at 3.01 and 3.22 log CFU/potato, respectively; however, MNV was not detected because of its higher LOD. PAA completely inhibited E. coli transfer (below the LOD), whereas ClO2 allowed limited transfer (0.83–1.30 log CFU/potato). However, L. monocytogenes transfer persisted in both treatments (2.74–3.46 log CFU/potato), showing only partial mitigation compared to tap water washing. Reuse of wash water significantly increased cross‐contamination with E. coli and L. monocytogenes (p < 0.05); however, MNV transfer was not observed under any condition. For eradicating other types of microorganisms, the concentration must be determined according to the characteristics of each microorganism.Practical ApplicationsThis study revealed that washing potatoes with disinfectants like PAA or ClO2 can reduce harmful bacteria and viruses. PAA was effective even at concentrations below the regulatory limits. Hence, it may help prevent cross‐contamination during bulk washing processes in food production facilities and kitchen environments.

ABSTRACTChilled sturgeon fillets are highly perishable, posing a significant challenge to their long‐distance transportation. This study aimed to identify the dominant spoilage bacteria in refrigerated sturgeon fillets and evaluate the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) treatment in inhibiting bacterial growth and preserving product quality. The results indicated that spoilage microorganisms proliferated rapidly during storage, with sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological parameters reaching critical thresholds by the 10th day. High‐throughput 16S rDNA sequencing revealed seven dominant spoilage bacteria: Rahnella aquatilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas jessenii, Citrobacter freundii, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Hafnia alvei, and Serratia fonticola. Among them, Pseudomonas jessenii was identified as the specific spoilage bacterium with significant spoilage activity. Using response surface methodology, the optimal ClO2 treatment parameters for inhibiting Pseudomonas jessenii were determined to be a ClO2 concentration of 36 μg/mL, a fillet thickness of 6 mm, and a soaking time of 17 min. The application of ClO2 effectively reduced spoilage bacterial loads, offering a promising strategy for extending the shelf life of chilled sturgeon fillets.

Microbial contamination is the main safety concern of sprouts and seeds are the major source. High concentrations of sanitizers (&gt;10,000 mg/kg) are recommended for effective sanitation. Microbubble (MB) was reported to elevate sanitizer efficacy. Hence, MBs combined with disinfectants, chlorine dioxide (ClO2, 500 ppm), and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW, 250 ppm), were used to inactivate Salmonella Typhimurium on alfalfa seeds. After fulfilling MBs for 10 min, alfalfa seeds were washed in 10 L of water for 10, 20, or 30 min. Compared with untreated seeds, S. Typhimurium reductions obtained by SAEW-MBs (SMBs) and ClO2-MBs (CMBs) for 20 min were 3.8 and 3.3 log CFU/g, respectively. Conversely, the 20 min treatments of SAEW and ClO2 only obtained reductions of 0.9 and 1.1 log CFU/g, respectively. More surface ruptures on the seeds treated with CMBs were observed under a scanning electron microscope compared with the ones treated by water and ClO2 only. No adverse effects on the seed germination rate and the weight yield of sprouts were observed when treated with CMBs for 20 min. An MB device with capacity of 100 L was assembled and achieved reductions of 3.9 and 3.2 log CFU/g of natural microbes and S. Typhimurium, respectively, after 20 min CMB washing. Additionally, an MB device at 250 L was assembled and achieved 3.0 log CFU/g reduction in natural microbes. This study demonstrated that MBs enhanced the efficacy of disinfectants and could be applied in industrial-scale operations.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29989.].

Oral biofilms contribute to apical periodontitis, a major cause of tooth loss. This study evaluated the potential of an on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide solution, “matching transformation system” (MA-T), as a safer alternative to conventional root canal irrigants. The antibacterial activity of MA-T was assessed against mono-species biofilms (Enterococcus faecalis, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum), polymicrobial biofilms derived from human supragingival plaque, and an in vitro infected root canal model using E. faecalis. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated using viable cell counting and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to quantify the reduction in bacterial load. Biofilm mass was assessed by crystal violet (CV) staining. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by treating rat osteoblasts and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts with MA-T or NaOCl, followed by assessment of ATP levels and morphological integrity. MA-T eradicated planktonic bacteria, inhibited biofilm formation, and significantly reduced viable bacteria in established biofilms without affecting the total amount of biofilm biomass time-dependently. The infected root canal model showed a substantial decrease in bacterial load. Compared with NaOCl, MA-T-treated cells retained higher ATP levels and normal morphology. MA-T could be a promising root canal irrigant offering effective disinfection and superior biocompatibility, making it a potential alternative to traditional root canal irrigants as NaOCl.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-20131-5.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of fluoride-free mouthwashes against Scardovia wiggsiae, a key bacterium associated with fluoride-resistant dental caries. The investigation focused on bacterial growth inhibition, planktonic cell viability, and biofilm formation. Methods Twelve commercially available fluoride-free mouthwashes with various active ingredients, including hydrogen peroxide, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), essential oils, and organic extracts, were tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were conducted to determine bacterial growth inhibition and killing potential. Planktonic cell viability and biofilm formation assays were performed at three dilutions (1:3, 1:6, and 1:12) using a 16-h culture of S. wiggsiae. Optical density (OD) values were measured at 595 nm for planktonic cells and 490 nm for biofilms. Results Significant variability was observed in bacterial inhibition among mouthwashes. Hydrogen peroxide- and CPC-based formulations demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity, significantly reducing bacterial growth, planktonic viability, and biofilm formation. Essential oil-based formulations exhibited moderate antimicrobial effects, with reduced efficacy at higher dilutions. Organic-based mouthwashes showed limited inhibition, while formulations containing zinc chloride and stabilised chlorine dioxide demonstrated the weakest effects. Conclusion Hydrogen peroxide- and CPC-containing mouthwashes exhibited the highest antimicrobial potential against S. wiggsiae and may serve as effective fluoride-free alternatives for high-risk populations. Essential oil-based formulations provided moderate benefits, whereas zinc chloride and chlorine dioxide showed minimal efficacy. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate antimicrobial agents for biofilm control and caries prevention. Further in vivo studies are necessary to validate long-term effectiveness in clinical settings.

Assessment of regulated and unregulated disinfection byproduct formation using chlorine dioxide pre-oxidation in pilot studies and data-driven modeling.

Comparative formation and structural elucidation of diclofenac transformation products by chlorine and chlorine dioxide in the presence of aquatic humic substances (AHS) using LC-MS/MS

In-package release of gaseous chlorine dioxide for improving the safety and shelf-life of grape tomatoes

A low-cost mitigation system for ammonia removal from broiler house exhaust air.

Catalyzation of chlorine dioxide by manganese dioxide for efficient PAHs removal in industrial soil: New insight from relative reactive oxygen species generation

Blue light-assisted chlorine dioxide treatment: An innovative technology for enhancing the shelf-life and quality of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

Gaseous chlorine dioxide improves Keitt mango quality during postharvest ripening: enhancing sugar accumulation, terpenoid biosynthesis, and storage performance

The ‘Akizuki’ pear has become increasingly popular in China in recent years. However, the ‘Akizuki’ pear often suffers from severe rot diseases during the postharvest storage period. Those during storage have not been thoroughly elucidated In this study, fungal pathogens causing postharvest decay of ‘Akizuki’ pear were identified through multi-gene phylogenetic analysis, followed by assessment of the antifungal efficacy of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) at varying concentrations. A total of 18 strains were isolated and identified as pathogens by Koch postulates. The isolated pathogens were taxonomically identified by combining morphological characterization of hyphae/spores with multi-gene phylogeny (ITS, β-tub, tef1). The results revealed that isolates A1-A11 were identified as Alternaria alternata, D1-D3 as Diaporthe eres, P1 as Penicillium citrinum, and P2-P4 as Penicillium expansum. The strain with the strongest pathogenicity in each genus was selected as the representative strain for subsequent control experiments. ClO2 significantly inhibited the development of the D. eres, A. alternata, and P. expansum by suppressing mycelial growth and disrupting cell membrane structure of pathogens, in which the EC50 values were 35.56 mg/L, 24.71 mg/L, and 41.98 mg/L, respectively, showing comparable antifungal activity to conventional fungicides. This has clarified the occurrence and control of postharvest decay diseases of ‘Akizuki’ pear fruit and provided more options for the practical applications in postharvest disease control of pear fruits.

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is used for disinfection and preoxidation in water treatment, often as an alternative to free available chlorine (FAC) to reduce the formation of halogenated byproducts. However, the latest research has shown that FAC can be formed as a secondary oxidant in the ClO2 reaction with activated aromatic compounds, such as phenols. In this study, the reaction of ClO2 with aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycles (NCHs) is investigated as another possible FAC precursor. Six-membered aromatic NCHs showed low reactivity (rate constants <10-3 M-1 s-1) while five-membered rings, namely pyrrole and imidazole, were more reactive. Pyrrole reacted with a rate constant of (1.18 ± 0.3) × 103 M-1 s-1 and formed 7 to 45% FAC depending on the ClO2 to pyrrole ratios. The imidazole reaction was pH-dependent since its anionic species (pKa = 14.4) rate constant was (2.08 ± 1.4) × 106 M-1 s-1. However, the reaction at pH 7 is relatively slow (6.7 × 10-2 M-1 s-1). Imidazole also showed 37% FAC formation. Nucleobases, adenine, guanine, as well as the pharmaceutical dexmedetomidine, have imidazole moieties and show a very similar reaction rate constant, FAC yield, and ClO2 consumption in their reaction with ClO2, pointing out the relevance of aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycles in ClO2 application.

Effectiveness of Silver Dihydrogen Citrate (SDC) and Chlorine Dioxide Gas (ClO2) as Sanitation Strategies for Picking Bags and Storage Bins at Tree Fruit Production Facilities.

Achieving optimal inactivation of Aspergillus niger via combined KrCl excimer lamp (222 nm) and NH2Cl: Mechanistic analysis.