Toxicological Effects of PM2.5-derived and PM2.5-relevant Mixture of Chlorinated Paraffins on A549/THP-1 Co-culture Cells.

Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in sediments from the Pearl River Delta, China: Occurrence, sources, and risks.

Geographical patterns, sources, and ecological risks of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in mulching cultivated soils across China.

Short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in novel plant-based foods – Occurrence, patterns and food safety assessment

Occurrence and sources of organic contaminants of emerging concern in indoor dust: A global perspective.

This study systematically assessed the dietary exposure risks of short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) through chicken consumption in China, where these persistent organic pollutants are widely produced and used. As an important component of the Chinese diet, chicken was selected as the research matrix due to its high lipid content and potential for chlorinated paraffin bio-accumulation, while available data on these contaminants in market-sold chicken remains limited. We collected 126 representative commercial chicken samples from eight major provinces and municipalities across China and conducted precise analysis using two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ECNI/MS). The probabilistic exposure assessment was performed through Monte Carlo simulation, and health risks were characterized using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. The results revealed mean concentrations of 95.8 ng/g wet weight (range: 9.5–1542.4 ng/g ww) for SCCPs and 156.6 ng/g ww (range: 20.0–1517.9 ng/g ww) for MCCPs in chicken samples, with Jiangsu Province exhibiting significantly higher contamination levels compared to other regions (p < 0.001). The estimated mean dietary exposures through chicken consumption were 32.8 ng/kg bw/d for SCCPs and 52.6 ng/kg bw/d for MCCPs in the general Chinese population. Notably, children aged 3–6 years and the Consumer only showed the highest exposure levels. All calculated MOE values substantially exceeded the risk threshold of 1000, indicating no significant health concerns from current exposure to SCCPs and MCCPs through chicken consumption in China.

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants that pose potential human health risks through dietary exposure. In this study, we analyzed CPs in 55 chicken egg samples collected from five regions across China. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) were detected using a two-dimensional gas chromatograph coupled with an electron-capture negative-ionization mass spectrometer. Dietary exposure risks were assessed using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach based on the food consumption data of Chinese residents from 2018 to 2020. The average concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in all samples were 28.4 ng/g wet weight (ww) and 176.5 ng/g ww, respectively. The congener profiles of SCCPs and MCCPs were similar across different regions, with C10-11 Cl6-7 as the dominant homologs. For MCCPs, the average contributions of C14-CP, C15-CP, C16-CP, and C17-CP were 25%, 21%, 27%, and 27%, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for the entire population was 18.3 ng/kg body weight (bw)/d for SCCPs and 118.3 ng/kg bw/d for MCCPs. In the consumer-only group, the average exposure levels of SCCPs and MCCPs were 27.8 ng/kg bw/d and 174.1 ng/kg bw/d, respectively. This preliminary risk assessment indicates that there is no health risk to the Chinese population from exposure to CP through consumption of chicken eggs.

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), widely used in plastics, metalworking fluids, coatings, and lubricants, have raised growing environmental concerns due to their persistence, long-range transport potential, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Both short-and median-chain...

Land application of wastewater residuals introduces hydrophobic contaminants into soils, where high organic matter (OM) is widely assumed to ensure contaminant immobilization. We tested this assumption in greenhouse mesocosms using an organic-rich soil (50% OM, 50% sand) receiving selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) from biosolids or effluent. The soil's composition allowed us to test the conflict between high potential for contaminant sorption (to OM) and high hydraulic conductivity (from sand). Despite high soil retention of contaminants (>70%), response curves indicated significant leaching from both sources with up to 11.5% of a short-chain CP (SCCP) being mobilized. While phytoaccumulation was minimal (BAFdw < 1), earthworms accumulated high loads (BAFdw up to 23), suggesting a potent trophic transfer pathway. Both mobility and bioaccumulation were source-dependent. For instance, effluent-irrigated soils showed more than 6-fold greater medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) leaching (6.7% vs ∼1%) and higher bioavailability than biosolids-amended soils. These findings suggest hydraulic flux can override the sequestration capacity of organic-rich soils, highlighting the limitations of OM's role as an effective sink under dynamic, nonequilibrium conditions. The study provides critical data urging a re-evaluation of risk assessment models for land-applied wastes.

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) disturb cellular energy metabolism in vitro, but their subcellular toxicity mechanisms are incompletely understood. This study employed mitochondrial metabolomics integrated with phenotypic assays to investigate the subcellular mechanisms of SCCP-induced energy metabolism inhibition. Exposure to SCCPs (0-100 μg/L) caused profound downregulation of ATP. Seahorse respirometry analyses revealed the dose-dependent inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and compensatory upregulation of glycolysis. Mitochondrial ultrastructural damage (swelling and cristae loss) and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential confirmed mitochondria as the primary targets of SCCPs. Mitochondrial metabolomics demonstrated that the suppression of the TCA cycle (depleted citrate, oxaloacetate) and OXPHOS (reduced NAD+, ATP/ADP; inhibited Complex V activity) is responsible for the downregulation of ATP. The conversion from phosphatidylcholines to lysophosphatidylcholines further verified mitochondrial membrane damage. Perturbations in nucleotide metabolism reflected impaired synthesis pathways for DNA/RNA. Critically, medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), proposed as SCCP substitutes, induced qualitatively similar mitochondrial damage (respiration inhibition, cristae disruption, and ΔΨm loss), challenging the presumed safety of MCCPs as alternatives. This study revealed the key mechanisms of SCCP induced energy metabolism inhibition at the subcellular level, underscoring the need for careful reconsideration of MCCP usage.

Hydroxylation and dechlorination of chlorinated paraffins by human cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and prediction of its metabolic sites.

Occurrence and risk of emerging short- and medium-chained chlorinated paraffins in the aquatic environment of a typical shallow lake and its inflow river estuaries in China.

Dietary intake is the major route of human exposure to fat-soluble and persistent chlorinated paraffins (CPs), which tend to accumulate in lipid-rich foods such as edible vegetable oils. This study investigated the levels of short-chain (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) in commercially available vegetable oils and assessed their potential health risks. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in 29 commercial edible vegetable oils were analyzed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC × GC-ECNI-MS). Dietary exposure levels were estimated through probabilistic assessment integrating analytical results with dietary consumption data from the Chinese Total Diet Study (2017–2020). The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was employed for risk characterization. The average concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs were 112 ng/g and 139 ng/g, respectively. The highest SCCP and MCCP concentration were found in sesame oil and peanut oil, respectively. Overall, MCCPs levels were generally higher than SCCPs. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of SCCPs and MCCPs were 56.06 and 73.63 ng/kg bw/d on average, with high consumers (P95) exposed to 180.91 and 230.49 ng/kg bw/d, respectively. Corresponding MOE at P95 were 1.27 × 104 for SCCPs and 1.56 × 105 for MCCPs. The current SCCPs and MCCPs dietary intake originated from edible vegetable oils did not pose a significant health risk. This study provides the first probabilistic exposure assessment of CPs in Chinese edible vegetable oils, offering current contamination profiles.

Chlorination level-dependent amplification of antibiotic resistance genes dissemination by chlorinated paraffins via ROS-mediated natural transformation.

Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of organic pollutants in global mangrove sediments.

Biomagnification of chlorinated paraffins in amphibians from an e-waste effected ecosystem, South China: evidence from quantitative fatty acid signature analysis.

Longitudinal multi-omics decipher chlorinated paraffin 52 disruption of gut-brain axis homeostasis in HFD-fed mice.

Determination of individual carbon chain homologue groups of polychlorinated alkanes in lipid-rich samples by gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), emerging persistent organic toxic pollutants, are widely used in industrial production as sizing agents and flame retardants. To assess their pollution distribution and risks in soils of Jiangmen Electronic Industrial Park, surface samples from the park and surroundings were collected and detected using gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectrometry-negative chemical ionization source. Results showed the concentrations of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) ranged from 144.4 to 1160ng/gdw and 90.5 to 1020ng/gdw, with chlorine contents of 60.8% ~ 62.8% and 56.7% ~ 58.2% respectively. The CPs contents varied significantly among different sampling points, with the highest concentration in canal-side soils. Hierarchical clustering grouped 20 samples into 4 clusters, with the homologue composition mainly C10Cl6-7, C13Cl7-8 and C14Cl7-9. Principal component analysis indicated that the toxic sources might be related to the production and use of commercial products such as CP-42 and CP-52. Risk assessment showed SCCPs RQ 0.0273 ~ 0.2199, covering low and medium risks; MCCPs RQ 0.0032 ~ 0.0364, covering low and extremely low risks. Human exposure assessment showed the CPs exposure of adults and children through soil ingestion and skin contact was lower than 10μg(kg·d)-1, indicating the toxic and health risks in Jiangmen Electronic Industrial Park were low.

From exposure to pathogenesis: A critical review of SCCPs-induced toxicity and potential molecular mechanisms.