Chloride Research Articles

Electrochemical Strips Modified with Zeolites Embedding Silver Clusters for Versatile (Bio)Systems.

Disposable biosensors provide high portability and advantageous response time, which are crucial in the next generation of analytical platforms. Herein, we report on zeolites embedding silver clusters as an electroactive material that enhances the electrode-analyte interaction in disposable electrochemical strips made of plastic or paper. The resulting analytical platform effectively immobilizes analytes and facilitates electron exchange transfer. Two detection mechanisms were explored in the electrodes decorated with zeolites embedding silver clusters. The oxidative-reductive character of zeolites embedding silver clusters was applied for chloride ion detection, which is suitable for environmental analysis. Additionally, the electrocatalytic activity of the composite was applied in glucose sensing in the presence of glucose oxidase, demonstrating the versatility of the composites for detecting molecules of a different nature (clinically or environmentally relevant) without further modification. Our approach contributes to the development of simple and low-cost modification procedures for integrating electroactive materials into miniaturized electrochemical sensors for portable platforms and point-of-care devices.

ClC-1 Inhibition as a Mechanism for Accelerating Skeletal Muscle Recovery After Neuromuscular Block in Rats

Neuromuscular blocking agents are used commonly to induce skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery. While muscle relaxation facilitates surgical procedures and tracheal intubation, adequate recovery of muscle function after surgery is required to support pulmonary function, and even mild residual neuromuscular block increases the risk of severe postoperative pulmonary complications. While recovery of muscle function after surgery involving neuromuscular blocking agents can be monitored and, in addition, be accelerated by use of current antagonists (reversal agents), there is a clear clinical need for a safe drug to antagonize all types of neuromuscular blocking agents. Here, we show that inhibition of the skeletal muscle-specific chloride ion (Cl-) channel, the ClC-1 channel, markedly accelerates recovery of both single contraction (twitch) and, important physiologically, sustained (tetanic) contractions in a rat model mimicking neuromuscular blocking agent-induced muscle block used during surgery. This suggests ClC-1 inhibition as a mechanism for fast and efficacious recovery of neuromuscular function induced by any neuromuscular blocking agents.

1-Ethoxy-3-[4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-aminium chloride

The title compound, C14H20NO5 +·Cl−, was prepared as a racemate of R,R- and S,S-enantiomers by reduction of the corresponding hydroxyiminoketone. In the crystal, layers are formed via hydrogen bridges of four ammonium groups to chloride ions; these lamellae are connected via interdigitated benzoic ester groups.

Structural and Solution Speciation Studies on fac-Tricarbonylrhenium(I) Complexes of 2,2'-Bipyridine Analogues.

In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of 12 novel rhenium(I) complexes with the general formula fac-[Re(CO)3(NN)X]n+ where (NN) is a 2,2'-bipyridine analogue ligand, X = Cl-, Br-, or H2O, and n = 0 or 1, focusing on their speciation in an aqueous solution. The prepared organorhenium complexes are stable in a wide pH range in an aqueous solution, and no release of the bidentate ligands or the carbonyl ligands was observed. The stability of the complexes in various biologically relevant matrices (cell culture medium and real blood serum) was also demonstrated. However, the simultaneous substitution of the halido ligand by water and slow hydrolysis of the ester bonds in the ligands were observed, affecting both the solubility and the lipophilicity of the compounds. The aqua complexes became more lipophilic in the presence of chloride ions, while the hydrophilicity increased significantly with time due to the hydrolysis of the ester bonds, which probably contributed to their weak pharmacological activity. The results also showed kinetically hindered aqueous solvation of the halido complexes and low chloride ion affinity of the aqua complexes. The deprotonation of the coordinated aqua ligand in the complexes occurs in the pH = 7-10 range, leading to significant formation (18-30%) of hydroxido species at pH = 7.4. The halido complexes showed somewhat higher cytotoxicity (IC50 = 60-99 μM) on human colon adenocarcinoma cancer cells (Colo205 and Colo320) than the corresponding aqua complexes (IC50 > 100 μM). In all cases, no antibacterial effect was observed (MIC > 100 μM), but some of the complexes showed moderate antiviral activity (IC50 ∼ 50 μM) on Herpes simplex virus 2.

Response tests on the effects of particle size of waste glass sand and glass powder on the mechanical and durability performance of concrete

To investigate the effect of waste glass material particle sizes on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete, a two-phase experimental approach was conducted. First, comprehensive tests were performed to examine the effects of glass sand and glass powder of different particle sizes on concrete performance. Subsequently, based on the experimental results, an orthogonal test was designed to optimize the replacement amounts of composite particle sizes. The results indicated that an appropriate amount of glass sand can enhance the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, while excessive amounts or larger particle sizes may have adverse effects. The pozzolanic effect of glass powder also contributes to performance improvement, but the replacement rate should be limited to 20%. Under composite particle size conditions, the compressive, tensile, and shear strengths of concrete increased by 35.56%, 21.74%, and 13.79%, respectively, while durability significantly improved, with water absorption reduced by 20.73% and chloride ion permeability decreased by 63.10%. At a total replacement rate of 20%, the optimal proportions were determined to be 2.86% for 0.6 mm glass sand, 1.43% for 1.18 mm glass sand, 8.57% for 50–60 μm glass powder, and 7.14% for 60–70 μm glass powder. The incorporation of composite particle sizes improved the microstructure of concrete, thereby enhancing its mechanical and durability properties.

Effect of Chloride Solution on Liquid Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soil in Selected Sites in Erbil /North Iraq

This study is an attempt to investigate the effect of NaCl, CaCl2, KCl, and NH4Cl solutions with different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%) on the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of Sarbasty and Mamwastayan soil samples /Erbil Governorate. The soil samples' liquid and plastic limits were found by using the cone penetrometer method. The Results showed that the soil's liquid, plastic limits, and Plasticity index decreased with increasing salt solution concentration. Maximum reduction of liquid limit and plastic limit in Sarbasty was from 53.6 to 34.3 and in Mamwastayan from 35.9 to 27.2, both accomplished by adding a concentration of 7.5% of KCl and CaCl2 respectively. According to the Unified Soil Classification System, the Sarbasty soils were classified as high plasticity clay (CH), and Mamwastayan low plasticity clay (CL). After adding different concentrations of salt solution to the soil, the Sarbasty soil classification changed from CH to CL. Mineralogically these soils are composed of non-clay minerals of calcite and quartz and clay minerals consisting of Montmorillonite, Chlorite, swelling Chlorite, Kaolinite, Illite, Palygorskite, and Illite- Chlorite. Sarbasty soil was the most effective salt chloride solution than the Mamwastayan soil sample swelling.

A convenient reduction method for the detection of low concentration free available chlorine——utilizing sodium sulfite as a quencher

Chlorine, serving as the mainstream disinfectant, can react with dissolved organic matter (DOM) to form undeserved disinfection by-products (DBPs). Free available chlorine (FAC) concentration is crucial to ensure effective disinfection while minimizing the formation of toxic DBPs. In this study, we propose a convenient method using sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) to reduce oxidized chlorine in FAC. The molar concentration of reduced chloride ion (Cl−) was quantified directly by ion chromatography to reflect FAC concentration. Compared with common FAC detection techniques including DPD colorimetry, iodometric, and UV methods, this novel reduction method exhibits a lower detection limit and is more resistant to interference. Common water matrices, such as DOM and anions did not affect the method accuracy (< 3.6%). Furthermore, carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) like regulated trihalomethanes and halogenacetic acids, unregulated aromatic chlorophenols, did not interfere with the determination of FAC by using this reduction method. This lack of interference can be attributed to the low redox potential of Na2SO3, which does not readily react with these C-DBPs. However, nitrogenated DBPs (N-DBPs) like dichloroacetonitrile displayed slight interference (the effect of common dichloroacetonitrile concentration in water on FAC was less than 0.0007 μM). This suggests that this method is well-suited for determining FAC in chlorination processes where the C-DBPs predominated. Overall, the reduction method enables precise determination of FAC and proves valuable in assessing residual chlorine levels in both laboratory and real disinfected water samples dominated by C-DBPs.

Investigation of the corrosion behavior of 29NC alloy in LiCl-KCl melt at 500 oC depending on the content of Li2O and LiOH from 0 to 2 mol. %

Molten chloride salt electrolytes are promising for use as a working medium for the implementation of high-temperature technologies. Alkali metal chlorides are an aggressive environment in relation to structural materials. One of the possible methods of reducing the corrosion damage of a structural material is the method of oxygen passivation of the surface of a metal or alloy by introducing a certain amount of oxygen-containing additives into the melt. The article considers the effect of oxygen-containing impurities (lithium oxide and lithium hydroxide) on the corrosive behavior of a metal material — an alloy of the composition iron–cobalt–nickel. To assess the corrosion resistance of materials, gravimetric analysis, micro-X-ray spectral analysis (XRSA) of the surface and cross-section sections, and X-ray phase analysis (XRF) of the sample surface were used. The dependences of the corrosion rate of the material on the concentration of oxygen-containing additives Li2O and LiOH are presented. Based on the data set of gravimetric, MRSA and XRF data, it was found that 29NC alloy samples in the LiCl–KCl–nLi2O salt melt are not susceptible to corrosion, but in the LiCl–KCl–nLiOH melt, the speed of the 29NC alloy increases significantly due to the interaction of the LiOH additive with the most electronegative component of the alloy — iron.

Improvement of serum folate status in the US women of reproductive age with fortified iodised salt with folic acid (FISFA study).

Mandatory folic acid fortification of enriched grains has reduced neural tube defect prevalence in several countries. We examined salt as an additional vehicle for folic acid fortification. The primary objective was to examine the change in serum folate concentration after 1 month of consumption of fortified iodised salt with folic acid (FISFA) among women of reproductive age. The secondary objectives were to examine (1) the feasibility of implementing FISFA intervention and (2) the acceptability of FISFA. We conducted a pre–post intervention study (January–April 2023). Participants received a FISFA saltshaker with the study salt (1 g of sodium chloride salt fortified with 100 mcg of folic acid) to use instead of regular table salt for 1 month. Serum folate was measured using the Elecsys Folate-III immunoassay method at baseline and 1-month endpoint. Change in serum folate was assessed using a two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired samples. Metropolitan city, Southern USA. Non-pregnant, 18–40-year-old women who lived alone/with a partner. Thirty-two eligible women consented to participate, including eleven non-Hispanic-White, eleven non-Hispanic-Black and ten Hispanic. Post-intervention, there was a significant increase in median serum folate concentration of 1·40 nmol/l (IQR 0·74–2·05; P < 0·001) from 24·08 nmol/l to 25·96 nmol/l in an analytical sample of n 29. An increase was seen in 28/29 (93 %) participants. Feasibility: 100 % study consent and compliance. FISFA acceptability: 25 d average use; 1·28 g average daily intake; 96·7 % and 90 % reported taste and colour of FISFA as highly acceptable, respectively. FISFA is an effective approach to increasing serum folate concentrations among women of reproductive age. Findings should be replicated in a larger study.

Facile Preparation of Cross-Linked Moringa oleifera Seed Hulls Powder/Hydroxyapatite Framework Composite for Efficient Removal of Toluidine Blue and Methyl Violet 2B from Aqueous Solution

AbstractIn this study, adsorption of two cationic dyes, Toluidine Blue (TB) and Methyl violet 2B (MV 2B) from an aqueous solution was achieved by using multifunctional composite material. The formulation of the composite (MO@HA) was obtained by using Moringa oleifera seed hull powder, calcium chloride (CaCl2), and ammonium hydrogenophosphate (NH4)2HPO4 salts. Surface morphology, functional groups, specific surface area, and surface charge of the composite were explored using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET analysis, and point of zero charge (PZC), respectively. The composite material resulted in a structural change in the surface of the adsorbents, increased oxygen vacancies, enhancement of active sites, and a specific surface area of 735.55 m2 g−1. Different adsorption parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration were evaluated. The adsorption study showed that equilibrium was reached after 60 min, and the optimum adsorption pH for both dyes (TB and MV 2B) was 6. Langmuir, Freundlich, Liu, and Temkin were fitted to describe the adsorption isotherm, both TB and MV 2B had best correlation with Liu isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of TB and MV 2B were 341.488 and 182.453 mg g−1, respectively. Adsorption-desorption cycling studies on the adsorbent confirmed its regeneration and reusability after 5 cycles. A possible adsorption mechanism involving electrostatic interactions, n-π bonding, and hydrogen bonding was suggested. These findings highlight a new direction in the development of efficient and sustainable adsorbent in environmental remediation, specifically in the removal of dyes from aqueous solution.

A New Performance-Based Test for Assessing Chloride-Induced Reinforcement Corrosion Resistance of Geopolymer Mortars.

The widespread adoption of geopolymer concretes in the industry has been slow, mainly due to concerns over their long-term performance and durability. One of the main causes of concrete structures' deterioration is chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcement. The reinforcement corrosion process in concrete is composed of two main stages: the initiation phase, which is the amount of time required for chloride ions to reach the reinforcement, and the propagation phase, which is the active phase of corrosion. The inherent complexities associated with the properties of precursors and type of activators, and with the multi-physics processes, in which different transfer mechanisms (moisture, chloride, oxygen, and charge transfer) are involved and interact with each other, have been a major obstacle to predicting the durability of reinforced alkali-activated concretes in chloride environments. Alternatively, the durability of alkali-activated concretes can be assessed through testing. However, the performance-based tests that are currently available, such as the rapid chloride permeability test, the migration test or the bulk diffusion test, are only focusing on the initiation phase of the corrosion process. As a result, existing testing protocols do not capture every aspect of the material performance, which could potentially lead to misleading conclusions, particularly when involving an electrical potential to reduce the testing time. In this paper, a new performance-based test is proposed for assessing the performance of alkali-activated concretes in chloride environments, accounting for both the initiation and propagation phases of the corrosion process. The test is designed to be simple and to be completed within a reasonable time without involving any electrical potential.

Role of Graphite Electrodes for Removal of Persistent Contaminants in Electrochemical Systems with Chloride Salts as an Electrolyte: A Case Study of Disappearance of an Azo Dye

Role of Graphite Electrodes for Removal of Persistent Contaminants in Electrochemical Systems with Chloride Salts as an Electrolyte: A Case Study of Disappearance of an Azo Dye

Isothermal compressibility and water self-diffusion coefficient in supercooled salt aqueous solutions using the Madrid-2019 model

The isothermal compressibility and self-diffusion coefficient of water in Li + , Na + , K + , Mg 2 + and Ca 2 + chloride and sulfate salts aqueous solutions is calculated by means of molecular simulations using the Madrid-2019 force-field, that uses TIP4P/2005 model for water and assigns scaled charges for ions. Our simulations predict that the isothermal compressibilities of these salts retain the anomalous behaviour of water, i.e. compressibility increases as temperature decreases, contrary to the behaviour of normal liquids. A maximum in the isothermal compressibility, analogous to that of pure water, is observed for some of the salt solutions. For the 1 m NaCl solution, simulations are performed at several pressures up to 1000 bar to estimate the location of the second critical point. We estimate that the liquid-liquid critical point is located at 190 K and 1000 bar, i.e. it is shifted to slightly higher temperatures and lower pressures with respect to the most accurate estimation of its location in pure TIP4P/2005 water (172 K and 1861 bar). Regarding the self-diffusion of water, all salts increase water mobility in the very supercooled regime (at temperatures within 200–230 K), with K 2 SO 4 producing the largest increase in water mobility, while MgCl 2 and MgSO 4 are the least effective in enhancing the self-diffusion coefficient of water.

Sweat‐powered, skin‐adhesive multimodal sensor for long‐term and real‐time sweat monitoring

AbstractThe importance of continuous healthcare management has significantly accelerated the development of wearable devices for monitoring health‐related physical and biochemical markers. Despite extensive research on wearable devices for physiological and biochemical monitoring, critical issues of power management and device/skin interfacial properties restrict the advancement of personalized healthcare and early disease detection. Here, we report a multimodal sweat monitoring device featuring a real‐time display and long‐term data analysis based on self‐powered format of sweat‐activated batteries (SABs). The polyvinyl alcohol‐sucrose (PVA‐Suc) hydrogel serves as the key component for the SAB, offering not only great long‐term adhesive properties for conformable wearability but also significant power generation capabilities. A maximum current density of 44.06 mA cm−2 and a maximum power density of 21.89 mW cm−2 can be realized for the hydrogel based SAB. The resulting device integrates an advanced colorimetric and electrochemical sensor array to measure pH levels, glucose concentrations, and chloride ion levels in human sweat, with data wirelessly transmitted by Near Field Communication. The self‐powering features and multiple mode sensing function offer sufficient power to support real‐time monitoring of metabolic biomarkers in sweat, with the ability to visually observe changes in the colorimetric sensors for long‐term data monitoring.

Effect of Anions on Deformation of Gallium-Based Liquid Metal in Solution.

In this study, deformation behaviors of gallium-based liquid metals in acidified cupric sulfate or cupric chloride solutions with varying concentrations of chloride anion or sulfate anion were investigated to explore their potential applications in soft machines and electronics. Gallium-based liquid metals are known for their unique deformability, making them promising materials for various fields. Previous research has shown that deformation of the liquid metal can be achieved in the presence of acidified cupric or ferric salts. However, the specific influence of different anions on the deformation process remains unclear. Our findings indicate that the deformation rate of the liquid metal increases with higher concentrations of chloride ions and decreases with higher concentrations of sulfate ions in the solution. UV-vis absorbance spectra of the solutions were analyzed to identify the formation of hydrated cupric cations. It was observed that increasing the concentration of Cl- ions promotes the formation of cupric-chloro complexes, thereby reducing the concentration of hydrated cupric ions in the solution. Furthermore, the addition of sulfate ions to the solution enhances the ionic strength of the medium, leading to the dissociation of cupric-chloro complexes. Additionally, sulfate ions can form insoluble layers with gallium ions, which impede the deformation of the liquid metal. The deformation rate of the liquid metal was found to be inversely correlated with the concentration of cupric ions in the solution. These results provide valuable insights into the deformable behavior of gallium-based liquid metals and their potential applications in liquid metal-based soft robots. This study highlights the importance of understanding the role of different anions in the deformation process of liquid metals, shedding light on the design and optimization of soft machines and electronics utilizing these materials.

The screening effect of coarse aggregate on the air void structure and durability of air-entrained concrete

The control of air void structures introduced by air-entraining agents (AEAs) has long been a crucial problem. However, the mechanism through which the air void structure is refined by the extrusion of the slurry and the cutting of the aggregate remains insufficiently studied. This study aims to investigate the screening effect of coarse aggregate on the air void structure. The gradations of coarse aggregates were controlled by the fractal dimension (D). For casting air-entrained concrete, multiple continuously graded aggregates with D of 2.1, 2.3, 2.5 and 2.7 as well as two single graded aggregates with D=1.8 and 3.0 were used. Various parameters such as air content, air void structure, freeze-thaw durability, chloride ion permeability and water absorption were measured. Various air void structure parameters were compared to macroscopic properties. To evaluate the screening effect of coarse aggregate, the bubble rising and splitting behavior when passing through a single simulated aggregate (SA) and SA layer were observed. The findings indicate that finer and continuously graded coarse aggregates lead to higher air content and promoted air bubble trapped rate, which suggests a stronger screening effect. This results in a smaller bubble spacing coefficient and stronger frost resistance.

Experimental and numerical study on the chloride ions penetration in recycled aggregate concrete

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) offers a practical solution for improving resource efficiency and reducing environmental impact. Durability degradation in concrete structures is primarily caused by the corrosion of internal reinforcement due to chloride ion penetration. Thus, the resistance of RAC to chloride ion penetration is a crucial durability indicator. This study investigates the effects of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and mineral powder on RAC's chloride penetration resistance using rapid chloride ions migration (RCM) tests. Results show that increasing the RCA replacement ratio reduces its resistance to chloride ions penetration. The addition of slag improves resistance to chloride ions of RAC by up to 30 %, while fly ash addition shows an initial increase followed by a decline in resistance to chloride ions penetration of RAC. To address the variability in the spatial distribution and thickness of old mortar within RCA, a two-dimensional random aggregate model incorporating ellipsoids and internal polygons was developed. Five distinct phases were considered in the model: natural aggregate, new motar, old mortar, old interface transition zone (ITZ) between natural aggregate and old mortar, new ITZ between old mortar and new mortar. The model simulated the random placement of aggregates by randomizing geometric shapes, considering factors such as the RCA replacement ratio and particle size. COMSOL software was used to simulate chloride ions penetration in RAC with 30 % RCA, and the simulation model's accuracy was verified through ion chromatography. This study takes into account the random distribution of old mortar on the surfaces of RCA to provide a deeper investigation into chloride transport within RAC.

Modification of bamboo fiber for reinforcing cement-based composites and durability improvement

This study tackled the issue of inferior fiber-matrix adhesion in bamboo fiber (BF) reinforced cement-based composites, a critical factor impacting their performance and service life. Our approach introduces a novel application of silane coupling agents (SCAs) to improve the compatibility of BF with cement matrices. We utilized isocyanate propyl triethoxy silane (IPTS) in a pioneering manner, and used γ-glycidyl ether oxypropyl trimethoxysilane (KH560), respectively, to chemically modify the BFs. This modification strategy was designed to enhance the adhesion between BFs and the cement matrix through the SCAs' interaction with hydroxyl groups on the BF surface and their involvement in the cement hydration process. Our findings reveal that the modified BFs, when incorporated into cement composites, not only match the compressive strength of the control but also show a remarkable increase of over 20 % in flexural strength and over 30 % in tensile strength. Additionally, the modified BFs reduce drying shrinkage by more than 19 % after 90-day curing, and similarly significant reductions are observed in chloride ion penetration and freeze−thaw cycle failure rates. Notably, IPTS outperforms KH560 in enhancing mechanical strengths and durability, likely due to the formation of more siloxane bonds on the fiber surface, leading to stronger cement matrix interaction. This research presents a cost-effective method to improve the performance of BF/cement composites, paving the way for broader utilization of BFs in sustainable construction materials.

Cooperative Anion-π and C-H-Cl Interactions in Multifunctional Naphthalene-Based Receptors for Chloride Recognition: Cage-Size Modulation Through Substitution Patterns.

This study introduces a novel approach for chloride recognition utilizing multifunctional naphthalene-based receptors. By strategically modifying the substitution patterns on tetrafluoropyridines, a series of new receptors with customized cavities and enhanced binding capabilities were developed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental studies combining NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry confirmed the efficacy of these receptors in capturing chloride ions. The relative chloride affinity order determined experimentally is in agreement with DFT predictions. The synergistic effect of anion-π and C-H…Cl interactions, mediated by the TFP groups, played a crucial role in achieving high binding affinity. This work provides valuable insights for designing future anion receptors with improved performance.

Engineering texture and twins of Cu foils preparing by pulse electrodeposition and their properties

The controllable microstructure and the overall performance improvement of electrodeposited nano twinned Cu (nt-Cu) foil are crucial for the sustainable development of high energy density batteries and microelectronics technology. Although pulse electrodeposition (PED) and additives have been widely used in controlling nt-Cu foil, there is still a lack of research on the controllable microstructure of nt-Cu foil and its microstructure depended properties. In this study, nt-Cu foils with different orientations were prepared by adjusting the Toff time and additives during the PED process. The effects of these parameters on the microstructure and comprehensive properties of the nt-Cu foil were studied. The Toff time and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate sodium salt (MPS)-(chloride ions)Cl− (PEG-MPS-Cl−) additive changed the kinetic parameters of the electrochemical reaction and ultimately affected the reduction rate of Cu2+ and the overpotential of the deposition process. This modulation effectively regulated the nucleation and growth behavior of Cu atoms, thereby reducing the surface roughness of the nt-Cu foil, refining the grains, and forming nano-twins with different orientations. Due to the combined strengthening effect of grain refinement, dislocation, and texture orientation, (111) oriented nt-Cu foil demonstrated remarkable mechanical and frictional wear properties, whereas (220) oriented nt-Cu foil exhibited superior conductivity and corrosion resistance. These findings may offer promising prospects for the controllable design of engineering textures and nano-twin structures of high-performance nt-Cu foil by electrodeposition.