Chlorhexidine Mouthwash Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Mouthwash and Denture Cleanser in the Removal of Candida Albicans from Two Flexible Denture Base Materials – An In vitro Study

ABSTRACT Background: Poly-methyl methacrylate is the most common denture base material but has limitations. Flexible denture base materials, such as Lucitone FRS and Valplast, were introduced to address these issues. Denture success depends on preventing microbial attachment and easy cleaning. This study evaluates the efficacy of Clinsodent denture cleanser and 0.2% Chlorhexidine (Rexidine) mouthwash in removing Candida albicans from these materials. Methodology: Forty-eight specimens were subdivided into three groups, with eight in each. After inoculation with Candida albicans, samples were treated with distilled water (control), 0.2% Rexidine mouthwash, or Clinsodent cleanser. Colony counts were analyzed. Results: Rexidine mouthwash was more effective than Clinsodent. Valplast showed higher initial Candida growth, indicating Lucitone FRS is more resistant. Conclusion: 0.2% Rexidine mouthwash was superior in Candida removal, and Lucitone FRS exhibited greater resistance than Valplast.

Glutamine Mouthwash for Preventing Methotrexate-Induced Mucositis in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial.

To assess the efficacy of glutamine mouthwash versus standard oral hygiene protocol (SOHP) in reducing the overall incidence, duration and severity of oral mucositis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving High Dose Methotrexate (HDMTX). In this cross-over trial, children with ALL due to receive four courses of HDMTX (2g/m2/dose) (on days 8, 22, 36, and 50 of consolidation) were randomized to receive two consecutive courses of HDMTX with glutamine mouthwash plus SOHP, followed by two HDMTX courses with SOHP only; or vice-versa. Glutamine suspension was administered twice daily by swish and swallow technique, starting one day before the course of HDMTX and continued upto 7days or till mucositis persisted. SOHP comprised supervised brushing, chlorhexidine mouthwash, and clotrimazole mouth-paint. Severity of mucositis was graded using WHO grading and pain was assessed by Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. Sixty four courses of HDMTX were analyzed. The overall incidence of mucositis in the glutamine group was comparable to the SOHP group (71.8% vs 81.2%; P = 0.08). The glutamine group had a significantly lesser incidence of severe mucositis [3.1% vs 44%; RR (95% CI) 0.07 (0.01, 0.35); P < 0.001], shorter overall duration of mucositis [2 (0, 3) days vs 5 (3, 5) days, P < 0.001] and lower median (IQR) pain scores [4.5 (0, 6) Vs 8 (5.25, 8), P < 0.001]. Glutamine mouthwash is effective in reducing the incidence of severe mucositis and overall duration of mucositis and associated pain in children receiving HDMTX.

Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of 0.2% Tea Tree Oil Mouthwash in Prevention of Dental Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis

Background: Dental biofilm-induced gingivitis is a prevalent condition caused by dental plaque accumulation. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is a gold standard for plaque control but is associated with adverse effects such as tooth staining and altered taste. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and antimicrobial effectiveness of 0.2% tea tree oil mouthwash as a natural alternative to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Methods: A comparative study was conducted on 60 participants aged 18–60 years, divided into two groups: Group T (tea tree oil) and Group C (chlorhexidine), each comprising 30 participants. Clinical outcomes assessed included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on Probing (BOP), and microbiological Colony Forming Units (CFUs). Parameters were recorded at baseline, 7 days, and 28 days. Results: Group T exhibited significantly lower PI and BOP scores at 7 and 28 days compared to Group C (p &lt; 0.05). Both groups showed comparable reductions in CFU counts, indicating similar antimicrobial efficacy. Importantly, tea tree oil had fewer adverse effects, with no reports of tooth staining or altered taste, unlike chlorhexidine. Conclusion: Tea tree oil mouthwash demonstrated equivalent or superior clinical outcomes compared to chlorhexidine, with fewer side effects. It is a viable and well-tolerated alternative for managing plaque-induced gingivitis, supporting further research into its long-term use and efficacy.

Evaluation of the effect of two conventional and one herbal mouthwash on the modulus of elasticity of three orthodontic wires: an in vitro study.

Background During fixed appliance therapy, maintaining good oral hygiene is crucial; however, certain mouthwashes can negatively impact orthodontic treatment by altering the mechanical properties of archwires. The study investigated the impact of conventional mouthwashes on orthodontic archwires' Modulus of Elasticity (MoE). Methods It was an in vitro study that tested MoE of stainless steel (SS), nickel-titanium (NiTi), and β-titanium (β-Ti) archwires after immersing them in chlorhexidine (CHX), sodium fluoride (NaF), and HiORA mouthwashes along with distilled water (control) for one minute daily over three months. The wires were then subjected to a three-point bending test to measure their flexural modulus of elasticity (MoE) while applying loading and unloading forces at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm deflections. Statistical analysis included two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s Post Hoc test at significant α≤0.05. Results NaF reduced MoE for SS (loading 172.99 ± 7.71 GPa, unloading 148.88 ± 14.65 GPa), NiTi (Loading: 48.42 ± 6.13 GPa, unloading 30.60 ± 4.29 GPa), β-Ti wires (unloading 79.51 ± 1.62 GPa) than Control (loading 185.35 ± 8.06 GPa, unloading 199.78 ± 9.49 GPa) with p&lt;0.05. CHX mouthwash reduced SS (loading -158.58 ± 4.47 GPa, unloading-138.54 ± 6.12 GPa), NiTi (unloading 37.05 ± 2.58 GPa), β-Ti (unloading 81.58 ± 7.94 GPa) with p&lt;0.05. HiORA showed no significant differences in MoE for SS (loading 190.28 ± 7.54 GPa, unloading 185.58 ± 5.35 GPa), NiTi (loading 58.85 ± 2.39, unloading 37.05 ± 2.58), or β-Ti archwire (loading 89.92 ± 2.20, unloading 104.22 ± 5.00) compared to the controls with p&lt;0.05. Conclusion HiORA herbal mouthwash is safe for NiTi, SS, and β-Ti archwires at all stages. Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash should be prescribed briefly to prevent MoE degradation in NiTi and β-Ti archwires. NaF-based rinses should be cautiously used and monitored in SS, NiTi, and β-Ti archwires patients.

Prevalence of oral lesions in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment: a cross- sectional observational study

Orthodontic treatment, while beneficial for improving dental alignment and function, can pose various oral health challenges, including the development of oral lesions. These lesions may result from the mechanical forces exerted by orthodontic appliances, poor oral hygiene, or trauma to soft tissues. Understanding the prevalence and types of oral lesions in orthodontic patients is essential for developing strategies to prevent and manage these conditions. The study seeks to explore the correlation between these factors and the occurrence of oral lesions, highlighting the need for regular monitoring and preventive measures during orthodontic treatment to ensure optimal oral health. Furthermore, this research highlights the critical need for regular monitoring of oral health during orthodontic treatment and the importance of patient education regarding proper oral hygiene techniques and the management of appliance-related irritation. Preventive measures, such as routine professional cleanings and the use of adjunctive products such as chlorhexidine mouthwash, usage of dental floss, educating with appropriate brushing technique, recommending the usage orthodontic waxes and accompanied dietary counselling may help in reduction of the incidence of these lesions.

Comparison of the Effect of Chlorhexidine Mouthwash and Combined Mouthwash (4 drugs) in Preventing and Managing Oral Mucositis in Neutropenic Patients Admitted to the Pediatric Oncology Department: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Given the lack of comprehensive studies comparing the effects of chlorhexidine and combined mouthwashes in preventing oral mucositis in our country, particularly in Yazd province, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of combined mouthwash versus chlorhexidine mouthwash in preventing oral mucositis in neutropenic patients. Materials and Methods: This study was a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted on children undergoing chemotherapy at Shahid Sadoughi Hospital. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups of 30: one group received combined mouthwash containing diphenhydramine, nystatin, aluminum-magnesium hydroxide, and lidocaine (group 1), while the other group received a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash (group 2). The interventions were administered orally at least twice daily for one month. Results: The frequency of pain intensity and mucositis in the two groups was similar on the 14th and 28th days (100% of patients were free from pain and mucositis). Additionally, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of pain intensity and frequency of mucositis on the 7th and 21th days (p &gt; 0.05). On the 7th day, the frequency of grade 1 mucositis was 3.4% in group 1 and 3.3% in group 2, with no statistically significant difference in the severity of mucositis between the two groups (p = 0.981). On the 21th day, the frequency of grade 3 mucositis was 3.4% in group 1 and 0% in group 2; however, there was no statistically significant difference in the severity of mucositis between the two groups on the 21th day (p = 0.305). Conclusion: Although there was no statistical difference in reducing pain severity, mucositis frequency, or mucositis grade between the two groups, chlorhexidine was found to be more effective and satisfactory in practice. Therefore, considering its lower cost, chlorhexidine is recommended as a cost-effective option for the treatment of oral mucositis.

Preliminary cytotoxicity assessment of Jaftex vs. chlorhexidine mouthwashes on human gingival fibroblasts and oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background and objectivesJaftex is a new herbal mouthwash that consists of the aqueous extract of Jaft oak, thymus, and the aqueous extract of Satureja Bachtiarica. Its cytotoxicity remains unknown.MethodsThe sample size was determined as 180 specimens as 3 specimens for each of the 60 different combinations of 2 mouthwashes, 2 cell lines, 3 exposure times (24, 48, 72 h), and 5 mouthwash doses. Also, there were 36 positive and negative controls. Jaftex 1% and chlorhexidine 0.2% were sterilized and diluted 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, and 1:32 of the original concentration. Each drug dilution was made available in triplicate. OCC and HuGu cells were exposed to these concentrations at 37 °C for 24 h (n = 60), 48 h (n = 60), and 72 h (n = 60). The optical densities (ODs) were measured for each of the 180 experimental specimens and 36 positive and negative specimens. Also the IC50 was calculated. The results were analyzed (α = 0.05).ResultsThe viability was much higher in the case of Jaftex compared with CHX. The viability was higher in OCC compared to HuGu. All pairwise comparisons between each two dosages were significant (all P values ≤ 0.013) in a way that by reducing the dosage, the viability increased.ConclusionsThe toxicity of Jaftex was significantly lower than that of chlorhexidine. Also, the toxicity of both mouthwashes against the HuGu cell line was higher than the OCC-18 cell line. During 24, 48, and 72 h, the mouthwash toxicity increased significantly.

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Thanatin Recombinant Peptide against Some Oral Bacteria: A Novel Approach against Bacterial Pathogens in Dentistry.

This study investigated the antimicrobial properties of the thanatin peptide against oral bacteria associated with dental caries and endodontic failures. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects of this peptide on human gingival fibroblast cells (HGFCs) were assessed. The antimicrobial property of thanatin was tested on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, and Enterococcus faecalis, using the microbroth dilu-tion method. The 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouthwash was used as the control group. Additionally, the cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay. The results were presented descriptively and ana-lyzed via one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests. Thanatin demonstrated the strongest bacteriostatic effect (MIC) against S. salivarius, meas-uring 4.68 μg/ml, which is approximately double that of S. mutans and S. oralis, with concentrations of 9.37 and 8.75 μg/ml, respectively. The highest bactericidal activity (MBC) of thanatin was noted in S. salivarius and S. oralis at 9.37 μg/ml. The antibacterial effects of thanatin against evaluated bacteria were several times lower than those of Chlorhexidine. The cytotoxicity assessment indicated that over 70% and 60% of the HGFCs remained viable after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Although thanatin exhibited significantly higher biocompatibility, its antimicrobial ef-fectiveness against the tested oral bacteria was inferior to that of 0.2% Chlorhexidine.

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF GINGER AND BLUE PEA HERBAL FORMULATION BASED MOUTHWASH - AN IN VITRO STUDY

INTRODUCTION: Herbal mouthwash made from natural sources is used in periodontal therapy controlling bleeding, inflammation. The efficacy of herbal mouthwash is effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis when compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash. Clitoria ternatea ( blue pea) to be an effective natural remedy for a variety of ailments. Aim of the study is to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of ginger and blue pea based herbal mouth wash.

Effect of the Darolac® (Oralis SB®) Probiotic Formulation on Oral Health: A Narrative Review.

Gingivitis and periodontitis are prevalent periodontal conditions associated with dysbiosis of the oral cavity, which leads to inflammation and bleeding of gums, loss of tooth attachment, and degradation of the underlying bone structure. The standard adjunctive treatment for periodontal conditions, chlorhexidine mouthwash, is effective but is associated with several side effects. Probiotics have been explored as an alternative solution that promotes oral health by restoring homeostasis in the oral cavity. This review presents a summary of clinical trials using the Darolac® (Oralis SB®) probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus acidophilus Rosell®-52, Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosell®-11, Bifidobacterium longum Rosell®-175 and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-1079) as a mouthwash to support the maintenance of oral health or the restoration of its balance. In reviewed studies, Darolac® is compared to a placebo or other common solutions for periodontal conditions, including chlorhexidine mouthwash. Studies show that Darolac® is as effective or even superior to other available solutions, which supports its use as an effective adjuvant to oral health. The effects of Darolac® on the reduction in oral pathogens and markers of oral dysbiosis are reviewed, and the association between periodontitis, inflammation, and systemic diseases, as well as their implications and the use of probiotics in the periodontal field, are discussed.

Evaluation of the effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum extracts on gene expression of Streptococcus mutans in patients with dental caries

Abstract. Al-Amili ML, Al-Jobori KM. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum extracts on gene expression of Streptococcus mutans in patients with dental caries. Biodiversitas 26: 418-423. Dental caries, primarily associated with Streptococcus mutans, is among the most widespread diseases, particularly in developing regions such as Iraq. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) are plants with significant economic value and antibacterial properties that potentially serve as alternatives to chemically synthesized antibiofilm agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of G. glabra and S. aromaticum extracts against S. mutans and to compare their effects with those of antibiotics, mouthwashes, and toothpaste through gene expression analysis of gtfB and gtfD using RT-qPCR. In total, it did not include the methodology or provide details about the Sub-MIC because it was published separately as a second research study in another journal.100 specimens were collected from patients clinically diagnosed by dental physicians at the Hay Al-Hussein Specialized Center in Maysan City, Iraq. RNA was extracted from dentinal lesion specimens and reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to analyze the expression of the gtfB and gtfD genes using the housekeeping gene 16S rRNA as an internal control. The analysis assessed the effects of licorice extract, clove extract, combined extracts, chlorhexidine mouthwash at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC), and lacalut toothpaste on S. mutans. RT-qPCR results revealed that clove extract significantly reduced the expression of gtfB compared to other treatments, with fold changes of 0.178, 0.454, and 0.191. Licorice extract notably suppressed gtfD expression, with fold changes of 0.215, 0.390, and 0.003 for isolates 74, 80, and 46, respectively. These findings suggest that the plant extracts inhibited specific biofilm-related genes without necessarily reducing the overall bacterial growth. Therefore, these natural extracts can be developed as innovative natural anti-plaque agents.

Evaluation of Sustainability of Mechanical Properties of polypropylene Suture Materials exposed to chlorhexidine mouthwash during post operative Periodontal care

INTRODUCTION: Mechanical properties of suture materials play an important role in clinical outcomes of periodontal surgery, thus any changes in these properties might influence the surgical wound healing. As there are various factors that can alter the physical and mechanical properties of suture materials when present in the oral cavity, sustainability of the properties is of much importance

Comparison of the Side Effects of Chlorhexidine and Honey Mouthwash among Dental Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Gingivitis, primarily caused by bacterial plaque buildup, was managed through mechanical removal, though this requires consistency. Chemical agents like chlorhexidine mouthwash were effective but have notable side effects. Honey, with its antibacterial properties, offers a potential alternative with fewer adverse effects. Objective: To compare the side effects of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate and 10% honey mouthwash to determine which offers a safer and more comfortable option for oral hygiene in young adults. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted from June 2020 to December 2020 to compare the side effects of two oral care solutions, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate and 10% honey mouthwash, among young adults. Sixty subjects were recruited from the Department of Periodontology at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. The primary focus of the study was to observe and document any side effects associated with each mouthwash during and after three weeks of usage for plaque removal and gingival health. Results: The study revealed that participants in Group A (chlorhexidine) reported a higher incidence of adverse effects, including a pronounced bad taste, numbness in the mouth, and noticeable tooth discoloration. In contrast, Group B (honey) participants generally reported a pleasant taste, with significantly fewer and milder side effects. Conclusions: Honey mouthwash offers a more comfortable user experience with fewer negative side effects, including a pleasant taste. This makes it a promising alternative for individuals seeking an effective and gentle approach to maintaining oral health.

The effect of chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque accumulation in fixed orthodontic appliance users

Background: The use of fixed orthodontic appliances can affect oral health as it may hinder proper tooth brushing and limit areas of the teeth with low saliva flow, increasing the likelihood of bacterial attachment and biofilm (plaque) formation. The use of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash is one way to reduce plaque accumulation in the oral cavity. Objective: The aim of this article is to assess the impact and mechanism of CHX mouthwash on the oral health of users of fixed orthodontic appliances, particularly in terms of plaque accumulation. Results: Ten articles met the criteria and were used as secondary data in this article. The research types varied from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cross-sectional studies, to literature and systematic reviews. Users of fixed orthodontic appliances are at high risk for plaque formation, even with regular tooth brushing. CHX mouthwash can significantly reduce the number of bacterial colonies responsible for plaque formation in orthodontic users. Conclusion: CHX mouthwash is considered an effective material to reduce plaque in users of fixed orthodontic appliances. However, the dosage of CHX should be carefully considered to minimize side effects.

Evaluating the effects of chlorhexidine and vitamin c mouthwash on oral health in non-surgical periodontal therapy: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the most commonly used mouthwash with proven antiplaque and antibacterial activity. The aim is to evaluate the effect of vitamin C (VitC) in CHX mouthwash on plaque accumulation and gingivitis, and to compare it with CHX alone mouthwash and antiseptic phenol-containing mouthwashes. This study conducted as a multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind, parallel design clinical study. Sixty patients were included, randomly divided into three groups. 1. Antiseptic phenol agent (P, Phenol), 2. Antiseptic bisbiguanide agent CHX-only (CHX) and 3. Antiseptic bisbiguanide agent CHX + VitC mouthwash (CHX + VitC). The study assessed oral hygiene and periodontal health status, followed by scaling and root planning (SRP) and subsequent polishing. After using the mouthwash for 60 s twice daily along 14 days, patients recalled for evaluation of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and staining. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the differences formed between groups and Tukey multiple comparison analysis was used to determine groups that showed the differences. Statistical significance was determined using a p-value threshold of 0.05. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding baseline PI, GI and BOP (p > 0.05). Changes at 14th day in PI, GI and BOP in all groups were similar and no significant differences were observed (p > 0.05). Regarding ‘all surfaces’, staining density of two mouthwashes containing CHX was significantly higher than that of P mouthwash. CHX, CHX + VitC, and P mouthwashes appeared to exhibit comparable effects as oral hygiene adjuncts to periodontal mechanical treatment, with the exception of staining, which was more noticeable in the CHX groups compared to the P group. Adding vitamin C did not enhance the effects of CHx alone.

Impact of chlorine dioxide and chlorhexidine mouthwashes on friction and surface roughness of orthodontic stainless steel wires: an in-vitro comparative study.

Good oral hygiene measures are important for successful orthodontic treatment. They involve various types of mouthwashes which have been reported to cause alteration of mechanical properties of archwires. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a new kind of chlorine-dioxide-containing mouthwash on the mechanical properties and surface morphology of stainless steel orthodontic archwires against the already prevalent chlorhexidine mouthwash in the market. Group A - Chlorhexidine mouthwash 0.2% (study), Group B - Chlorine Dioxide mouthwash (study), and Group C - Artificial Saliva (control). 42 specimens of 5 cm long 19x25 inch SS archwires were immersed in each group equally. Post immersion, the frictional force was analyzed in the universal testing machine for each group using custom-made acrylic jigs for 10 specimens. The remaining 4 specimens from each group were sent for surface morphology evaluation using an atomic force microscope. Friction resistance evaluation for the archwires revealed a mean friction of 0.011 ± 0.0056 in Group A, 0.015 ± 0.0052 in Group B, and 0.010 ± 0.0067 in Group C. Results suggested that the static friction of Group C (control group) was found to be the least when compared with the experimental groups, although not producing statistically significant values. Surface roughness of archwires compared at a 10μm range revealed a mean roughness of 19.38 ± 0.82 in Group A, 25.39 ± 7.01 in Group B, and 16.65 ± 3.07 in Group C which shows there wasn't any statistically significant difference in the mean roughness midst the three sets. Chlorine dioxide and Chlorhexidine mouthwashes caused an increase in the frictional resistance of the archwires when compared to the control group. When measured at a range of 10μm the mean surface roughness did not differ across the control and the experimental groups.

Effectiveness of Fenugreek as an Adjuvant in the Management of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fenugreek as an adjuvant in managing oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), specifically leukoplakia, lichen planus, and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Twenty-one participants prediagnosed with OPMDs were randomly divided into a study group (SG) and a control group (CG), with 10 participants in SG and 11 in CG, respectively. The SG received 2 gm of fenugreek as an adjuvant with standard systemic treatments tailored to the respective lesions: intralesional injection of vitamin A 1,00,000 IU (Aquasol A) and topical application of triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% (Kenacort) for 2 months for leukoplakia. Subjects with oral lichen planus were administered prednisolone 5 mg/day (Wysolone), chlorhexidine mouthwash 0.2% (Peridex), and Zincovit once daily for 8 weeks. For subjects with OSMF, one capsule of SM Fibro once daily for 12 weeks along with dexamethasone 1.5 mL (Decadron) was given, and hyaluronidase 1,500 IU (Hynidase) with 0.5 mL lignocaine HCL (Xylocaine) was injected intralesionally biweekly and mouth exercise was advised for 2 months; control group received only the standard treatment. Sociodemographic data were collected, and clinical assessments, evaluating size and shape for leukoplakia, erythema, and burning sensation for oral lichen planus, and mouth opening, cheek flexibility, and burning sensation for OSMF were assessed from baseline through 2 months. Data collected were organized in Excel and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0. The SG and CG had 10 and 11 participants, with 4 in each group for leukoplakia, 2 participants in SG and 3 in CG for lichen planus, and 4 participants for OSMF in each group, respectively. Most participants presented with leukoplakia under 2 cm on the buccal mucosa bilaterally, with no significant changes in size or shape postintervention. For lichen planus, mild erythema and burning sensation were noted, but there were no significant differences within or between groups postintervention. A mild burning sensation, a statistically significant improvement in mouth opening was observed in SG (p < 0.051) when compared with CG after 8 weeks postintervention in OSMF. Also, significant improvement in cheek flexibility was noted from baseline to the fourth follow-up in SG post intervention. However, there were no differences between groups during the follow-up period. The findings from this trial suggest that SG showed significant improvement in OSMF than CG, whereas the improvements in leukoplakia and lichen planus remained same in both groups. Fenugreek, being a cost-effective and affordable agent known for its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiulcerative properties, could be used as an adjuvant for its management in OPMDs. How to cite this article: Balasundaram N, Narayanan MBA, Arul Antony LS, et al. Effectiveness of Fenugreek as an Adjuvant in the Management of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(10):921-929.

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles and chlorhexidine mouthwashes on the colonization of microflora and oral health during orthodontic treatment: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Fixed orthodontic appliances facilitate microbial adhesion and plaque accumulation. Although chlorhexidine has proven to be the most effective antiplaque and antigingivitis agent, it has several side effects. The present study aims to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles (SNP) and Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on reducing the microbial count and improving oral health during fixed orthodontic treatment. 4-arm parallel, placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial with an allocation ratio of 1:1:1:1. Microbial count of Streptococcus spp., Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Gingival Bleeding Index and Pocket Probing Depth were evaluated in 80 orthodontic patients at T0 (Pretreatment), T1 (four weeks after bonding) and T2 (four weeks after mouthwash prescription). Then patients were randomized into four groups: G1) NanOlife (containing SNP), G2) Chlorhex (containing 0.2% chlorhexidine), G3) Placebo, and G4) negative control (no mouthwash prescription) (n=20 each group). The effects of orthodontic treatment and mouthwashes were analyzed statistically. The microbial count and all the four indices increased between T0 and T1 (P<0.05). They decreased below the baseline levels in Gp2, and back to baseline levels in Gp1 at T2 (P<0.05), except Gingival Bleeding index and Pocket Probing Depth. Both mouthwashes showed significantly improved therapeutic effects compared to placebo and negative control. Although SNP mouthwash was effective in the reduction of all the assessed parameters, it could not decrease them to the baseline levels, suggesting its limited efficacy. CHX mouthwash proved to be extremely effective by decreasing the microbial count, plaque index and gingival index below the baseline level.

Evaluating the effect of virgin coconut oil pulling on viral load, bacterial load and inflammatory mediator levels in chronic periodontitis - A clinical study.

Evaluating the effect of virgin coconut oil pulling on viral load, bacterial load and inflammatory mediator levels in chronic periodontitis - A clinical study.

Effectiveness of mouthwashes to reduce the SARS-COV-2 load in saliva of adults with diagnosis of COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

COVID-19 still represents a threat to public health. In this sense, antiseptic mouthwashes have been suggested to reduce cross-contamination and community transmission. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of povidone-iodine (PVP-I), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwashes in reducing SARS-COV-2 viral load in the saliva of adults diagnosed with COVID-19. After the systematic search in five electronic databases, 16 clinical trials published until June 2023 were analyzed. Of these, 6 were included in the meta-analysis. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was reported with its corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). An overall SMD of 0.51 (95%CI: -0.29 to 1.32; I² = 46.0%; p = 0.047) was found. For CPC, the combined effect found in the studies was not significant (SMD = -0.07; 95%CI: -0.42 to 0.28; I² = 0.0%; p = 0.373); the same occurred for CHX (SMD = 0.50; 95%CI: -43.32 to 44.32; I² = 0.0%; p = 1.000). However, PVP-I showed a more consistent profile with a significant combined effect (SMD = 4.15; 95%CI: 2.11 to 6.18) and negligible heterogeneity (I² = 0.0%; p = 0.908). The findings indicate a non-significant effect of mouthwashes on reducing viral load when all types were evaluated together. Separately, only PVP-I showed a significant reduction in viral load with a low level of certainty of evidence, while for CPC and CHX the reduction was not significant, with a low and very low level of certainty of evidence, respectively. Key words:SARS-CoV-2, mouthwashes, povidone-iodine, cetylpyridinium, chlorhexidine.