Chitosan-zinc Oxide Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of orange peel powder incorporated chitosan-zinc oxide (OPP@CS-ZnO) biopolymer nanocomposites

Synthesis and characterization of orange peel powder incorporated chitosan-zinc oxide (OPP@CS-ZnO) biopolymer nanocomposites

Organic–Inorganic Composite Antifouling Coatings with Complementary Bioactive Effects

Traditional antifouling coatings are toxic to marine life, which makes developing new environmentally friendly marine antifouling coatings imperative. Antifouling coatings that are nonadhesive and antimicrobial may provide an effective approach to achieving this goal. In this study, an organic–inorganic composite coating consisting of fluorinated polyurethane (FPU) and carboxymethyl chitosan–zinc oxide (CMC–ZnO) was prepared to achieve antifouling. The coating took advantage of the complementary bioactive effects of the low surface energy of FPU and the antimicrobial properties of CMC–ZnO. The coating showed good antifouling performance, with a survival rate for Escherichia coli of 3.15% and that for Staphylococcus aureus of 3.97% and an anti-protein adsorption rate of more than 90%. This study provides a simple method for preparing antifouling coatings using nonpolluting raw materials with minimal adverse effects on marine environments.

Enhancing physical characteristics and antibacterial efficacy of chitosan through investigation of microwave-assisted chemically formulated chitosan-coated ZnO and chitosan/ZnO physical composite

This study investigates the creation and analysis of chitosan-zinc oxide (CS-ZnO) nanocomposites, exploring their effectiveness in inhibiting bacteria. Two synthesis approaches, physical and chemical, were utilized. The CS-ZnO nanocomposites demonstrated strong antibacterial properties, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium. Chemically synthesized nanocomposites (CZ10 and CZ100) exhibited larger inhibition zones (16.4 mm and 18.7 mm) compared to physically prepared CS-Z5 and CS-Z20 (12.2 mm and 13.8 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, CZ nanocomposites displayed enhanced thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures of 281°C and 290°C, surpassing CS-Z5 and CS-Z20 (260°C and 258°C). The residual mass percentages at 800°C were significantly higher for CZ10 and CZ100 (58% and 61%) than for CS-Z5 and CS-Z20 (36% and 34%). UV–Visible spectroscopy revealed reduced band gaps in the CS-ZnO nanocomposites, indicating improved light absorption. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed uniform dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles within the chitosan matrix. In conclusion, this research underscores the impressive antimicrobial potential of CS-ZnO nanocomposites, especially against Gram-positive bacteria, and highlights their enhanced thermal stability. These findings hold promise for diverse applications in industries such as medicine, pharmaceuticals, and materials science, contributing to the development of sustainable materials with robust antimicrobial properties.

Impact of chitosan/metal oxide-based blends on the rheology, stability, and microstructures of oil-in-water emulsions

In this study, chitosan and metal oxides, specifically copper oxide, zinc oxide, and a combination of both, were used to prepare blends. These blends were utilized to stabilize 40 wt % oil-in-water emulsions with 1 wt % blend at pH 4. The results obtained from scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that the chitosan/zinc oxide (CS/ZnO) and chitosan/copper oxide/zinc oxide (CS/CuO/ZnO) combinations exhibited smooth, non-porous, and spherical surfaces in comparison to other systems. This behavior of CS/ZnO and CS/CuO/ZnO has improved the surface morphology of these blends.The CS/CuO emulsion exhibited significantly larger particles (11 μm, p < 0.001) and a higher creaming index (CI = 24%, 30 days of storage) compared to other emulsions. Additionally, the CS/ZnO emulsion had significantly higher viscosity and moduli (p < 0.01) at applied rates and frequencies compared to other emulsions, suggesting a predominantly elastic and compact structure in CS/ZnO emulsion.

Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial study of chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposite-coated superhydrophobic cotton fabric.

Awareness of microbial infection, hygiene, and personal health has increased in recent years, particularly in light of the pervasive pandemic encountered by the global community. This has prompted the development of antibacterial and superhydrophobic cotton fabric to address the pressing challenge. In this investigation, we report bio-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized using Psidium guajava leaf extract and zinc acetate. Further, the chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite (CS-ZnO) was synthesized and subsequently deposited on cotton fabric (CF) via a facile and cost-effective pad-dry-cure method to produce CS-ZnO-CF. The ZnO NPs, CS-ZnO, and CS-ZnO CF were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDAX, TGA and AFM analysis. Additionally, we investigated the mechanical properties and water contact angle (WCA) of uncoated cotton (UCF) and CS-ZnO CF. The CS-ZnO-CF demonstrated good mechanical stability even after 50 abrasion cycles, good washing durability, and good super-hydrophobicity, with a high WCA (153.1°). The antibacterial study indicated that CS-ZnO and CS-ZnO-CF exhibited higher antibacterial activity than UCF against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. This study introduces a simple, environmentally friendly, and economically scalable method for producing multifunctional CS-ZnO CF, showcasing its potential for diverse applications.

Therapeutic Effect of Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Gentamicin in Wistar Rats

Background: Gentamicin (GM) is an antibiotic frequently used to treat severe gram-negative infections. However, due to nephrotoxicity, its clinical application is restricted. Several lines of evidence indicate that free radicals are important mediators of gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the potential antioxidant therapeutic value of ZnO-chitosan nanoparticles on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups (6 rats/group). All groups except group 1 were injected with gentamicin (100 mg/kg body weight i.p.) for eight days. On day 9, rats of groups 1 and 2 were administrated distilled water, and those of groups 3 and 4 were administrated 1/10 and 1/20 LD50 of ZnO-CS-NPs continuously for 30 days. Results: Treatment with ZnO-CS NPs caused a significant decrease in urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, chloride, microalbumin, and malondialdehyde levels; this was accompanied by a significant increase in kidney glutathione reduced, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase. Conclusion: The findings of the current study revealed that ZnO-CS NP ameliorated kidney injury against gentamicin induced-acute kidney injury in rats by its antioxidant properties.

Polyamidoamine Dendrimers Functionalized with ZnO-Chitosan Nanoparticles as an Efficient Surface for L-asparaginase Immobilization.

In this study, the third-generation polyamidoamine dendrimer was functionalized with a 5-amino-1H-tetrazole heterocycle to load the synthesis enzyme and its surface groups. Then, chitosan was attached to the dendrimer by a suitable linker, and finally, zinc oxide nanoparticles were inserted into dendrimer cavities to increase loading. FTIR, FESEM, TEM, and DLS analysis showed that this new dendrimer has specific branches, and ZnO nanoparticles were spread between the branches and connected with the branches and chitosan biopolymer. Also proved the presence of stabilized L-asparaginase enzyme and ZnO nanoparticles in the designed system. Furthermore, the extent of L-asparaginase enzyme loading and release was investigated in the laboratory with a dialysis bag. Examining the toxicity of the new third-generation polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimeric nanocarrier based on chitosan-zinc oxide biopolymer (PAMAM-G3@ZnO-Cs nanocarrier) on the Jurkat cell line (human acute lymphoblastic leukemia) at pH 7.4 showed that this nanocarrier effectively encapsulates the drug L-asparaginase and slowly releases it and also preventing the growth of cancer cells. The activity of the loaded enzyme in the nanocarrier and the free enzyme was calculated. During the investigations, it was found that the enzyme attached to the nanocarrier is more stable than the free enzyme at optimal pH and temperature and at high temperatures, acidic and basic pHs. Vmax and Km values were lower for loaded enzymes. The synthesized PAMAM-G3@ZnO-Cs nanocarrier can be a promising candidate in the pharmaceutical industry and medical science for cancer treatment due to its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, stability, and slow release of L-asparaginase.

Preparation of gallotannin loaded chitosan/zinc oxide nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of organic dye and antibacterial applications

Chitosan functionalization is a growing field of interest to enhance the unique characteristics of metal oxide nanoparticles. In this study, a facile synthesis method has been used to develop a gallotannin loaded chitosan/zinc oxide (CS/ZnO) nanocomposite. Initially, white color formation confirmed the formation, and physico-chemical natures of the prepared nanocomposite were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Crystalline of CS amorphous phase and ZnO patterns were demonstrated by XRD. FTIR revealed the presence of CS and gallotannin bio-active groups in the formed nanocomposite. Electron microscopy study exhibited that the produced nanocomposite had an agglomerated sheets like morphology with an average size of 50–130 nm. Further, the produced nanocomposite was evaluated for methylene blue (MB) degradation activity from aqueous solution. After 30 min of irradiation, the efficiency of nanocomposite degradation was found to be 96.64 %. Moreover, prepared nanocomposite showed a potential and concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against S. aureus. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that prepared nanocomposite can be used as an excellent photocatalyst as well as a bactericidal agent in industrial and clinical sectors.

Comparison of antibacterial properties between chitosan stabilized silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles immobilized on white silica beads

Most preparation of both silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) was relatively complicated. We proved a more straightforward method not only in the nanoparticle synthesis but also in their immobilization on the solid support. Since both the metal nanoparticles have antibacterial activities, comparing the efficacy and the preparation cost is still interesting to explore. TEM images show both colloidal chitosan stabilized-Ag NPs and ZnO NPs have dispersed and nano-size particles. The immobilized Ag NPs and ZnO NPs on white silica beads (SiG chi-Ag NPs and SiG chi-ZnO NPs) were successfully fabricated with appropriate techniques and suitable characteristics for antibacterial air filter materials. The colloidal and the immobilized metal NPs have high antibacterial properties against Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. The inhibition zone diameter of SiG chi-ZnO NPs and SiG chi-Ag NPs against S. aureus and E. coli were relatively similar but needed about ten times more weight zinc than silver to kill the bacteria at a similar inhibition zone size. Silver is ten times more expensive than zinc, but it is relatively simpler to prepare SiG chi-Ag NPs than to formulate SiG chi-ZnO NPs. The cytotoxicity of silver is more than ten times higher compared to zinc cytotoxicity. Therefore, it was reasonable to substitute silver with zinc nanoparticles for antibacterial air filter material.

Improving the quality of grapes by coating chitosan–zinc oxide nanoparticles

The current work aimed to improve the grape nutritional quality, by coating applications through the combined treatment of chitosan–zinc oxide nanoparticles and essential oil. Four coating syntheses have been prepared. The control was prepared with the addition of distilled water, 1% glycerol, and 0.5% acetic acid, the second treatment chitosan (CS) was prepared by mixing 1 g chitosan powder with 0.5% acetic acid solution, 1% glycerol, and stirred for 12 hours at a temperature of 40 °C, the third treatment CS-ZNO was prepared with 1% zinc oxide nanoparticles and CS mother solution, while the fourth treatment (CS-ZNO-EO) synthesis was prepared to blend CS-ZNO with 1% essential bergamot oil (BO). Several physical, chemical and biological parameters evaluation was carried out on grapes every (0, 4, 7, 14, and 16 days). The study findings revealed that the berry abscission index was positively affected by CS-NZO and CS-NZO-EO treatments, which presented lower values of 2.58% and 1.77% respectively. The inhibitory effects were increased during the whole shelf life to reach 3.62–5.47 Log CFU/Berry at the end of the storage period, nevertheless of the orders of the various treatments. The maximum decrease in microbial contamination (3.62 Log CFU/Berry) was observed in the CS-NZO-EO treated samples on the 16th day. Though, the lowest soluble solid content (SSC) value was established by the control that was the worst to reach 12.11% towards the end of the storage period. In the same trend, CS-NZO and CS treatments recorded similar values of 13.5% and 12.78%, respectively. The lowest value for titratable acidity (TA) was detected for the control samples on the 16th day of storage 0.32 g/100 g citric acid. The highest TA value was established for CS-NZO-EO and CS treatments that reported 0.46 g/100 g and 0.45 g/100 g citric acid, respectively. The value of catalase enzyme activity (CAT) reached the bottom 21.55 U/g after 16 days for control samples. CS-NZO increased again between 14 and16 days to achieve the highest value of 39.74 U/g; while the CAT activity of grape samples coated with single CS or CS-NZO-EO detected increases on the 16th day to reach 38.47 and 32.74 U/g, respectively. Further studies on combined treatment therapy are needed to optimize the applications of the protective coating of foods in the food industry.

Hydrogen-assisted facile synthesis of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan stabilized zinc oxide nanoparticles and its influence on the quality of Solanum lycopersicum L

The climacteric nature of tomatoes results in the rapid deterioration of the fruit which in turn reduces the shelf-life. Herein, the role of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan zinc oxide nanoparticles (NTMC-ZnONPs) and the additive advantage in the quality and/or shelf-life extension of post-harvested tomato fruits was investigated. NTMC-ZnONPs was synthesized through green reduction of zinc salt in the presence of clean hydrogen gas and water-soluble N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan as a stabilizing agent. The UV–Vis spectroscopic measurement shows that NTMC-ZnONPs exhibit a strong surface plasmon resonance at 360 nm which is true for ZnONPs. The detailed characterization of NTMC-ZnONPs confirmed the formation of ZnONPs with an average particle size of 37.6 nm. Furthermore, varied concentrations of NTMC-ZnONPs were applied by dipping unblemished tomato fruit in the solution of NTMC-ZnONPs for 60 s and thereafter stored in a plastic container. Physicochemical quality parameter data of the NTMC-ZnONPs-treated tomato fruit were collected, namely: color, total suspended solids (TSS), vitamin C, lycopene, pH, β-carotene, shelf life, and firmness. NTMC-ZnONPs were found to significantly improve the fruit firmness, color, β-carotene content, shelf-life, and taste of tomato fruit while the TSS was found to increase as ripening progresses. Therefore, this study ascertains the applicability and/or suitability of green NTMC-ZnONPs in the enhancement of fruit quality when coated with NTMC-ZnONPs during storage.

Foliar application of chitosan zinc oxide nanoparticles on wheatproductivity and water use efficiency under deficit irrigation water

Foliar application of chitosan zinc oxide nanoparticles on wheatproductivity and water use efficiency under deficit irrigation water

Adsorption modelling and fixed-bed column study on milk processing industry wastewater treatment using chitosan zinc-oxide nano-adsorbent-coated sandfilter bed.

This study aims to develop a chitosan-zinc oxide nano-adsorbent-coated sand (CZOCS) filter bed for getting rid of milk processing industry wastewater (MPIW) in a safe way. Chitosan zinc oxide nano-adsorbent (CZnO) of 88.35 ± 2.89 d.nm size was used to coat naturally available sand through a calcination process at 200°C for a heating rate of 5°C/min. The characteristics of the diffraction peaks and functional groups are attributed to the nature of CZnO loading on the sand surface. The increase in breakthrough and exhaustion times is caused by the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of influent having more time to interact with the adsorbent as bed height increases, resulting in higher reduction efficiencies. Lower bed heights (10cm) which saturate faster than higher bed heights (40cm) result in a shorter mass transfer time. Adsorption capacity at the 95% column exhaustion point increased from 611.04 to 1089.63mg/g for BOD and from 4512.29 to 5600.81mg/g for COD. Different kinds of kinetic models have been used to forecast breakthrough curves employing experimental data. Statistical and error function parameters were used to choose the best-fit model. Among the modelsinvestigated, the Thomas model was shown to be the best-fit with the highest R-square values of 0.9942 and 0.9939. The CZOCS has high reusability and could be used for up to six cycles of organic pollutant adsorption. Aside from that, novel CZOCS could be used to clean real MPIW, andmaking it one of the most promising adsorbents.

A Chitosan Zinc-Oxide Nano-adsorbent Coated with Sand Filter Bed: Characterization and Efficiency Evaluation for Treating Milk Processing Industry Wastewater

A Chitosan Zinc-Oxide Nano-adsorbent Coated with Sand Filter Bed: Characterization and Efficiency Evaluation for Treating Milk Processing Industry Wastewater

Statistical physics modeling and evaluation of adsorption properties of chitosan-zinc oxide nanocomposites for the removal of an anionic dye

The development of rapid methods to synthesize cost-effective adsorbents for the dye removal is an emerging and relevant topic in the field of wastewater purification. This study focuses on the preparation of zinc-oxide nanoparticles (NPs) impregnated chitosan (CS@ZnO) nanocomposite beads via mechanical stirring (MS) and microwave-assisted (MA) routes. The beads were characterized and utilized for the removal of Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) dye. Results showed that the CS@ZnO-MA beads provided the best adsorption capacities for EBT removal (40.9 ± 0.83 mg g−1) at pH 3.5. The best composite (CS@ZnO-MA) can be regenerated 5 times without significantly affecting its adsorption properties and can remove 71 % of EBT dye from a multi-pollutant solution. The novelty of this study relies on the facile preparation and impregnation of the biopolymer with metal-oxide NPs, which render high adsorption capacity, mechanical strength and high specific surface area of the CS to contribute in the removal of dye molecules from textile wastewater. An enhanced statistical physics model revealed that the adsorption mechanism of EBT dye molecules on these composites was multimolecular. The study indicates an effective synthesis route that can be implemented to prepare new adsorbents using CS at a large-scale for water treatment.

Chitosan-ZnO nanocomposite coating for inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface and within white brined cheese.

Several types of cheeses including white brined cheese have been linked to listeriosis outbreaks worldwide. This study aimed to (i) investigate the in vitro inhibitory activity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) at concentrations of 0.0125-0.1% against three Listeria monocytogenes strains at 10 or 37°C, (ii) evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of chitosan-based coating containing 1.0% ZnO NPs against L. monocytogenes on the surface or inside vacuum-packaged white brined cheese at 4 or 10°C, and iii) determine the migration of ZnO NPs from the surface to the interior of cheeses using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs was higher at 37°C than at 10°C. The initial numbers (4.0 log CFU/ml) of two L. monocytogenes strains were reduced below detectable levels, while the third strain was reduced by 1.2 log CFU/ml at 37°C. At 10°C, the initial L. monocytogenes numbers were reduced by 0.4-1.9 log CFU/ml. Chitosan coating containing 1.0% ZnO NPs reduced L. monocytogenes numbers by 1.5 and 3.7 log CFU/g on the surface or by 0.9 and 1.5 log CFU/g in the interior of vacuum-packed cheese stored at 10 or 4°C, respectively. The EDX results showed that ZnO NP levels remained constant on the cheese surface with no indication of migration into the cheese matrix at the end of storage. Practical Application: Chitosan and ZnO are antimicrobial agents and their combination in edible coatings has the potential for inactivating foodborne pathogens. Chitosan coating containing ZnO NPs can be used as an effective active packaging material to reduce numbers of L. monocytogenes in white brined cheese.

The Antimicrobial and Synergistic Strategies of Erythromycin Combined Synthesized Chitosan-Silver and Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanodrug on Oral Bacteria

Dental infections cause chronic diseases, such as periodontitis and dental caries, thereby leading to the tooth loss. Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficiencies of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with chitosan and erythromycin against several bacterial oral diseases have been, therefore, demonstrated. Silver nanoparticles (TVE-AgNPs) were compared with a commercial ZnONPs that conjugated with chitosan to form TVE-AgNPs-CS and ZnONPs-CS. The synergistic efficiency of TVE-AgNPs-CS or ZnONPs-CS combined with erythromycin against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) was estimated by broth micro-dilution assays, agar diffusion and biofilm formation. Herein, TVE-AgNPs were produced using Thymus vulgaris extract (TVE) and the peak obtained of TVE-AgNPs at 450 nm indicated the formation of TVE-AgNPs. Furthermore, results displayed the creation of spherical TVE-AgNPs with diameters a ranging from 10 to 24 nm. The FTIR analysis suggested that TVE contains reducing agents that consequently had a function in silver ions reduction and TVE-AgNPs formation. The minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of TVE-AgNPs-CS and ZnONPs-CS with erythromycin exhibited an MIC value of 4–8 and 8–16 μg mL−1, respectively. The inhibition ratio versus biofilm was evaluated to be 75, 77.7, and 65.5% for S. mutans, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa, respectively at TVE-AgNPs-CS/erythromycin concentration of 4 μg mL−1, while it was 91.6, 83.3, and 79.3% at ZnONPs-CS/erythromycin concentration of 8 μg mL−1. Our results provided an evidence of TVE-AgNPs-CS and ZnONPs-CS with erythromycin being antibacterial and antibiofilm agents against the tested bacteria. Also, they caused cell membrane damage of bacterial cells. Thus, ZnONPs-CS/erythromycin could be used in dental applications due to its non-toxicity profile and may be an important in the future development of more effective therapies for control of dental diseases.

Chitosan‐ZnO: An Efficient and Recyclable Polymer Incorporated Hybrid Nanocatalyst to Synthesize Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans and Pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidinones under Microwave Expedition

AbstractThe innovation of facile, efficient and mild procedures utilizing contemptible, conveniently separable and reusablesolid catalysts that overcome obstacles are invariably in demand. Hence, a straightforward one‐pot multicomponent reaction (MCR) and an expedient procedure for the synthesis of pyran annulated heterocycles 5 a–k and 6 l–v is developed using Chitosan‐Zinc oxide (CS‐ZnO) hybrid nanocatalyst. Use of aqueous medium is one of the major highlight of the present protocol. This protocol renders ease of operation, facile work up and magnified yields (90–95 %) as well as explores the use of modified polymeric substrates in the organic synthesis.

Antifouling performance of in situ synthesized chitosan-zinc oxide hydrogel film against alga M. aeruginosa

The undesirable settlement and growth of microalgae on submerged installations is a universal problem in water environment. Soft hydrogels are promising fouling-resistant materials due to the inherent surface properties. Herein, a kind of chitosan hydrogels with increasing zinc oxide (ZnO) mineral phase content were prepared by in situ sol–gel and solvent casting method, to prevent growth of algae Microcystis. aeruginosa. Incorporation with ZnO mineral phase improved mechanical property, water absorption, and stability of the obtained chitosan-zinc oxide (CS@ZnO) hydrogel films in Zn dose-dependent manner. The highest strength and growth inhibition (63.45 ± 8.93%) were observed by CS@ZnO-1.5 hydrogel films with the concentrations of 1.5% precursor in comparison with other hydrogel films. During this process, algal cell membrane was slightly damaged (24.5 ± 1.57%) and accompanied by significantly synthesis inhibition such as chlorophyll a (55.22 ± 2.72%) and total soluble protein (42.97 ± 1.66%). To sum up, synthesis inhibition of algal cell is the main mechanism of CS@ZnO hydrogel films inhibiting algal growth, which has the potential in antibiofouling application.

Statistical Physics Modeling and Evaluation of Adsorption Properties of Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites for the Removal of an Anionic Dye

Statistical Physics Modeling and Evaluation of Adsorption Properties of Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites for the Removal of an Anionic Dye