Chitosan Group Research Articles

Effect of processing conditions on the physical-chemical and mechanical properties of chitosan-alginate polyelectrolyte complex films for potential wound dressing application.

The combination of chitosan and alginate leads to the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) that have been mainly used for applications such as wound dressings in biomedical areas. However, processing conditions can affect the resulting complex structure, influencing the final material properties. This work aims to evaluate the influence of processing conditions on the physical-chemical and mechanical properties of chitosan-alginate PEC films for wound dressing applications. The study was carried out using a Box-Behnken design, with controlled variables including pH, agitation speed, amounts of crosslinker and plasticizer, and the type of acid used in chitosan solubilization. Response variables were thickness, liquid absorption capacity, water vapor barrier, and mechanical properties, which are important characteristics in defining the applicability of dressings. All studied factors, as well as their interactions, showed significant effects on the properties of interest. The mathematical models obtained for the studied properties did not have a predictive character but rather a qualitative one, providing a good insight into the behavior of these materials regarding the modification of the evaluated experimental conditions, which strongly influence the characteristics of chitosan-alginate PEC films. Additional swelling and FTIR analyses performed for a selected sub-set of samples confirmed, respectively: (i) the high equilibrium values and stability at the equilibrium of the films regarding liquid absorption for both water and PBS; (ii) no degradation of the chitosan and alginate functional groups or loss of interaction between them under the considered processing conditions.

Enhanced Intracellular IR780 Delivery by Acidity-Triggered PEG-Detachable Hybrid Nanoparticles to Augment Photodynamic and Photothermal Combination Therapy for Melanoma Treatment.

The PEGylation of drug-carrying nanoparticles has often been used to prolong blood circulation and improve drug deposition at tumor sites. Nevertheless, the PEG-rich hydrophilic surfaces retard the release of the payloads and internalization of therapeutic nanoparticles by cancer cells, thus lowering the anticancer efficacy. To boost the anticancer potency of the combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) against melanoma by conquering the PEG dilemma, herein, the hybrid PEGylated chitosan-covered polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles (PCPNs) with acidity-elicited PEG detachment ability were fabricated as carriers of IR780, a small-molecule photosensitizer used for PTT and PDT. The IR780@PCPNs displayed a uniform, solid-like spherical shape and sound colloidal stability. Under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the IR780@PCPNs showed prominent photothermal conversion efficiency (ca. 54.6%), robust photothermal stability, reduced IR780 photobleaching, sufficient singlet oxygen (1O2) production, and glutathione-depleting ability. Moreover, with the environmental pH being reduced from 7.4 to 5.0 at 37 °C, the decreased interactions between IR780 and PCPNs due to the increased protonation of phenolic hydroxyl residues within PDA and primary amine groups of chitosan accelerated the release of IR780 species from IR780@PCPNs. Importantly, the cellular uptake of IR780@PCPNs by B16F10 melanoma was remarkably promoted in a weakly acidic milieu upon PEG detachment driven by the disintegration of acid-labile benzoic imine. With NIR irradiation, the internalized IR780@PCPNs generated hyperthermia and 1O2 to damage mitochondria, thereby effectively inhibiting the proliferation of B16F10 cells. Collectively, our findings present a practical strategy for amplifying the anticancer efficacy of PTT combined with PDT using PEG-detachable IR780@PCPNs.

Adsorption performance and mechanism of a novel composite based on β-cyclodextrin polymer and chitosan: Selective and rapid removal of acid orange 7.

Adsorption performance and mechanism of a novel composite based on β-cyclodextrin polymer and chitosan: Selective and rapid removal of acid orange 7.

Chitosan microporous foam filled 3D printed polylactic acid-pearl macroporous scaffold: Dual-scale porous structure, biological and mechanical properties.

Chitosan microporous foam filled 3D printed polylactic acid-pearl macroporous scaffold: Dual-scale porous structure, biological and mechanical properties.

The effect of chitosan supplementation on liver function, hepatic steatosis predictors, and metabolic indicators in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease with high complications. An increment in dietary fiber consumption is an approach to NAFLD management, and chitosan as dietary fiber can play a role in the management of NAFLD. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of chitosan supplementation on liver function, hepatic steatosis predictors, and metabolic indices in adults with NAFLD.MethodsSeventy-two adults with NAFLD were randomly assigned to consume either 1.5 g/day chitosan or placebo along with a low-calorie (− 500 kcal/day) diet for 8 weeks in a parallel, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Participants were assessed for dietary intake, physical activity, and anthropometric indices. Blood samples were taken to measure fasting blood sugar (FBS), cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL). Liver function indices including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were evaluated using blood samples as the primary outcomes. Fatty liver index (FLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) were calculated as hepatic steatosis predictors’ indices.ResultsAfter 8 weeks of study, 66 participants finished the study. In comparison with placebo, chitosan supplementation reduced weight (P = 0.041), waist circumference (P = 0.049), AST (P = 0.040), ALT (P = 0.001), and GGT (P = 0.028). Although the reduction of FBS, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, FLI, HSI, and TyG, and increment in HDL was higher in the chitosan group, the results were not significant (P > 0.05).ConclusionsEight-week supplementation with 1.5 g/day chitosan along with a low-calorie diet could possibly reduce weight, waist circumference, AST, ALT, and GGT, and ameliorate NAFLD. Further investigations are recommended.Trial registration The trial was registered at IRCT.ir as IRCT20140502017522N4 (March 2023).

Construction of water-soluble fluorescent probes supported by carboxymethyl chitosan

Construction of water-soluble fluorescent probes supported by carboxymethyl chitosan

Biodegradable chitosan-based films decorated with biosynthetic copper oxide nanoparticle for post-harvest tomato preservation.

Biodegradable chitosan-based films decorated with biosynthetic copper oxide nanoparticle for post-harvest tomato preservation.

Development of chitosan based oleogel using emulsion template approach: Characterization and application as fat-replacer in cookies.

Development of chitosan based oleogel using emulsion template approach: Characterization and application as fat-replacer in cookies.

Electrospun adsorbent membrane of PLA containing chitosan for toxic metal ions removal from aqueous solution: Effect of chitosan incorporation.

Electrospun adsorbent membrane of PLA containing chitosan for toxic metal ions removal from aqueous solution: Effect of chitosan incorporation.

Effect of adipose-derived stem cells exosomes cross-linked chitosan-αβ-glycerophosphate thermosensitive hydrogel on deep burn wounds.

Burn wound management is challenging, and while mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes show therapeutic potential, optimal delivery methods are unclear. To study chitosan (CS)-αβ-glycerophosphate (CS-αβ-GP) hydrogel crosslinked with adipose-derived stem cell exosomes (ASC-Exos) for healing deep burn injuries. Rats with deep burn injuries were divided into the CS + ASCs-Exos group, the ASCs-Exos group, the CS group, and the control group. The healing rates on days 4, 7, and 14 after treatment were analyzed using ImageJ software. On day 14, the tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1α, IL-10, transforming growth factor β, and epidermal growth factor. The mRNA levels of IL-1α, CD86, C-C motif chemokine ligand 22, and CD163 were evaluated through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The CS + ASC-Exos group exhibited enhanced healing, reduced lymphocyte infiltration, blood vessels, and muscle fiber distribution. Increased IL-10, transforming growth factor β, and epidermal growth factor and decreased tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1α, and IL-6 expression were observed. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed reduced IL-1α and CD86 and increased C-C motif chemokine ligand 22 and CD163 expression. Protein analysis showed downregulation of phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa Balpha and P65 in the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. ASC-Exos crosslinked with CS-αβ-GP hydrogel demonstrates superior effects in anti-inflammation, wound healing promotion, and promotion of M1 macrophage transformation to M2 macrophage by blocking the NF-κB pathway compared to ASC-Exos alone. Our research demonstrates that the ASC-Exos cross-linked CS-αβ-GP hydrogel represents an advanced therapeutic approach for treating deep burn wounds. It has anti-inflammatory effects, promotes wound healing, and facilitates the transition of M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages by blocking the NF-κB pathway.

Therapeutic Potential of Chitosan Nasal Gel in Addressing Olfactory Dysfunction: A Clinical Trial and Mechanistic Study.

BackgroundOlfactory dysfunction significantly impacts daily life, affecting safety, appetite, and sensory enjoyment. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are essential for odor detection, but environmental exposure can lead to dysfunction. Regeneration of these neurons is crucial for maintaining olfactory function, and elevated calcium levels in nasal mucus are linked to this dysfunction.ObjectiveThe study evaluated chitosan nasal gel for persistent olfactory dysfunction lasting over 6 months, focusing on ORNs regeneration and reduced calcium levels in nasal mucus.MethodsA randomized, double-blind trial included 215 participants with persistent olfactory dysfunction lasting over 6 months. Participants were divided into two groups: 116 received nasal chitosan gel, and 99 received a control sodium chloride gel. Over 3 months, 11 participants in the chitosan group and 9 in the control group were lost to follow-up. Olfactory function was assessed with the Sniffin' Sticks test, and calcium levels were measured before and after treatment.ResultsPatients treated with chitosan nasal gel showed an increased composite threshold, discrimination, identification (TDI) score, indicating improved olfactory function. Discrimination and identification scores improved, while threshold scores showed no significant change. Notably, while the total TDI score improved by 4.55 points, it did not reach the threshold for clinical significance (5.5 points). Furthermore, chitosan nasal gel significantly reduced calcium levels in nasal secretions compared to the control group. No improvement was observed in the placebo group, likely due to the strict inclusion criteria targeting individuals with treatment-resistant olfactory dysfunction persisting over 6 months.ConclusionThis small-scale pilot study highlights the potential of chitosan nasal gel to improve specific domains of olfactory dysfunction and reduce nasal calcium levels. However, further studies with larger sample sizes, diverse populations, and longer follow-up periods are required to confirm these preliminary findings.

Comparative Assessment for the Effect of Variable Chelating Agents on Dentin Microhardness: An In Vitro Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the differential effects of various chelating agents on the microhardness of root canal dentin in an in vitro setting. Materials and Methods: This study utilized 36 single-rooted human premolars, divided into three groups (n = 12 each), and treated with sodium hypochlorite followed by one of three chelating agents: chitosan, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with carbamide peroxide, and EDTA alone (Edita liquid). Vickers microhardness testing was conducted pre- and post-treatment to assess changes in dentin hardness. Results: All groups exhibited a decrease in microhardness, with the EDTA and carbamide peroxide combination showing the most substantial reduction. The mean microhardness decreased significantly from 44.59 HV to 39.00 HV in this group (P < 0.001), while the chitosan group showed the least reduction, from 42.33 HV to 40.94 HV (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Chelating agents significantly affect dentin microhardness; thus, their selection should consider both cleaning efficacy and potential impacts on tooth structure.

Effect of root dentin pretreatment with different concentrations of chitosan on the push-out bond strength of fiber post using a self-adhesive resin cement

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the effect of root dentin pretreatment with different concentrations of chitosan on the push-out bond strength (PBS) of fiber post using a self-adhesive resin cement.MethodsAfter post-space preparation in 56 maxillary central incisors that underwent endodontic treatment and were filled with gutta-percha (Spident, Korea) and AH Plus resin sealer (Dentsply, USA), the teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 14) for pretreatment with 2.5% chitosan, 1% chitosan, 17% ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), and saline. Fiber posts were cemented into the root canals using Panavia SA resin cement. The teeth were then thermocycled (5°C-55°C, 5,000 cycles), and the roots were sectioned into coronal, middle, and apical thirds. The PBS was measured in a universal testing machine. The mode of failure was also determined under a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The PBS data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.ResultsThe mean PBS of 2.5% chitosan group was significantly higher than that of control group at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the root in the post-placement region. However, 2.5% chitosan group had a significant difference in PBS with the EDTA group only in the middle and coronal thirds (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with 1% chitosan and 17% EDTA did not significantly increase the PBS at any level from the root in the post-placement region. Cohesive failure was dominant in 2.5% chitosan group, while mixed failure had the highest frequency in other groups.ConclusionRoot dentin pretreatment with 2.5% chitosan improved the PBS of fiber post to root dentin by using a self-adhesive resin cement.

ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NON-ENZYMATIC GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR BASED ON SILVER NANOPARTICLE (AgNPs) STABILIZED WITH SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE (NaTPP) CROSS-LINKED CHITOSAN.

The development of non-enzymatic glucose biosensor has garnered significant attention the recent research. This interest arises primarily from the limitations associated with enzyme-based sensors, which, despite their remarkable sensitivity and selectivity, face challenges such as inadequate stability, complex enzyme immobilization process, and stringent operational conditions including optimal temperature, and issues with reproducibility. This study presents a cost-effective and biocompatible non-enzymatic glucose biosensor utilizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized with sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTTP) cross-linked chitosan. The AgNPs were synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), and Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis revealed the crystalline size of the AgNPs, while the SEM images indicated a spherical morphology with a non-uniform granular structure, which can be attributed to the bio mediated ionic gelation process. The FTIR spectrum displayed peaks between 1054-1645 cm-1, indicating the formation of phosphonate bond between the –NH3+ groups of chitosan and the –PO32- moieties of NaTTP during cross-linking process. The direct electron transfer and electro-catalytic properties of the AgNPs modified glassy carbon electrode (AgNPGCE) were examined through Potentiometric methods. The electro-catlytic oxidation of glucose at the AgNPGCE surface, along with the underlying mechanism of glucose oxidation, was elucidated through cyclic voltammetry. The AgNPGCE demonstrated superior electrochemical performance in response to glucose, exhibiting high sensitivity at +0.54 V.

The role of base types and concentration in the deacetylation process of manufacturing chitosan from green mussel shells (Perna viridis)

n the food industry, chitosan is useful as a preservative, edible film, heavy metal binder, and so on. Chitosan is produced by removing the acetyl groups in chitin using a strong base. Green mussel (Perna viridus) shells, which are waste from the fishing industry, have the potential to be utilized as raw materials for chitosan production because they are estimated to contain about 15-35% chitin. The deacetylation process was conducted using alkali at high temperatures, leading to the release of the acetyl group (CH3CHO-) from the chitin molecule. The choice of a strong base over an acid for deacetylation, particularly in the context of converting chitin to chitosan, is rooted in the mechanism of the reaction and the desired product properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the type and concentration of bases in the deacetylation process on the characteristics of chitosan produced from green mussel shells. The experimental design used was a completely randomized factorial design with two factors. The first factor was the strong base (NaOH, KOH, and a mixture of NaOH and KOH) used, while the second factor was the base concentration (40%, 50%, and 60%). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). The results revealed that the type and concentration of the base affected the yield, deacetylation degree, water content, ash content, nitrogen content, and solubility. The best treatment in this study was a KOH treatment with a concentration of 60%, resulting in a deacetylation degree of 78.95%, a yield of 3.20%, a moisture of 2.035, an ash content of 0.26%, a nitrogen content of 6.38%, and a solubility of 99.19%. Identification of chitosan functional groups was conducted on chitosan from the best treatment using FT-IR Spectrophotometer. From the results of FT-IR spectra analysis, the functional groups present in the sample were –OH, C-H, and N-H, which were the main functional groups of chitosan.

Study on an Injectable Chitosan-Lignin/Poloxamer Hydrogel Loaded with Platelet-Rich Plasma for Intrauterine Adhesion Treatment.

It is a great challenge to obtain an ideal hydrogel for the clinical treatment of intrauterine adhesion (IUA) disease. Here, a novel injectable chitosan-lignin/poloxamer hydrogel loaded with platelet-rich plasma (CL-PF127@PRP) was prepared by self-assembly at room temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheological analysis, and injectable writing were used to characterize the structure of the hydrogel. The results confirmed that the amino group of chitosan and the sulfonic group of sodium lignosulfonate were ionic-crosslinked by electrostatic attraction, which stabilized the three-dimensional structure of the PF127 hydrogel loaded with PRP, and PRP made the porous structure gradually become tight. Moreover, the CL-PF127@PRP hydrogel displayed good injectability and a solid state. The soaking experiment showed that the CL-PF127@PRP hydrogel had suitable degradation at pH = 7 and a good PRP release rate (PRP release 70% at 96 h). Cell experiments in vitro demonstrated that the CL-PF127@PRP hydrogel possessed good biocompatibility, an anti-inflammatory function, and pro-angiogenic activity. Furthermore, an animal experiment of skin wound and IUA confirmed that the skin wound closure rate of the CL-PF127@PRP hydrogel was over 50% on the seventh day. PRP improved the thickness of the endometrium and uterus receptivity, suggesting that the CL-PF127@PRP hydrogel offers great promise for the clinical treatment of IUA.

Genipin-enriched chitosan-Zein nanoparticles for improved curcumin encapsulation.

Genipin-enriched chitosan-Zein nanoparticles for improved curcumin encapsulation.

Doping dependency of chitosan and PAA controlled CdSe quantum dots for catalytic and bactericidal behavior by inhibiting DNA gyrase and DHFR through molecular docking.

Doping dependency of chitosan and PAA controlled CdSe quantum dots for catalytic and bactericidal behavior by inhibiting DNA gyrase and DHFR through molecular docking.

Recent Advancements in Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Wound Healing.

Chitosan is a positively charged natural polymer with several properties conducive to wound-healing applications, such as biodegradability, structural integrity, hydrophilicity, adhesiveness to tissue, and bacteriostatic potential. Along with other mechanical properties, some of the properties discussed in this review are antibacterial properties, mucoadhesive properties, biocompatibility, high fluid absorption capacity, and anti-inflammatory response. Chitosan forms stable complexes with oppositely charged polymers, arising from electrostatic interactions between (+) amino groups of chitosan and (-) groups of other polymers. These polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) can be manufactured using various materials and methods, which brings a diversity of formulations and properties that can be optimized for specific wound healing as well as other applications. For example, chitosan-based PEC can be made into dressings/films, hydrogels, and membranes. There are various pros and cons associated with manufacturing the dressings; for instance, a layer-by-layer casting technique can optimize the nanoparticle release and affect the mechanical strength due to the formation of a heterostructure. Furthermore, chitosan's molecular weight and degree of deacetylation, as well as the nature of the negatively charged biomaterial with which it is cross-linked, are major factors that govern the mechanical properties and biodegradation kinetics of the PEC dressing. The use of chitosan in wound care products is forecasted to drive the growth of the global chitosan market, which is expected to increase by approximately 14.3% within the next decade. This growth is driven by products such as chitoderm-containing ointments, which provide scaffolding for skin cell regeneration. Despite significant advancements, there remains a critical gap in translating chitosan-based biomaterials from research to clinical applications.

Synthesis and Study of Kinetics of CoFe2O4@SiO2‐Chitosan Adsorbents for Removal of Cadmium and Lead From Water

This work investigated CoFe2O4@SiO2‐chitosan magnetic nanocomposites functionalized with chitosan, which served as an efficient adsorbent for the separation of trace lead (Pb(II)) and cadmium (Cd(II)) in water. The percentage of contaminants extracted from the solution has been measured through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Furthermore, the pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic models, along with the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, were applied to evaluate the kinetic and equilibrium data for metal adsorption on adsorbents. The magnetic adsorbent demonstrated excellent magnetic properties and high Langmuir adsorption capacities of 255.10 mg/g for lead (Pb(II)) and 236.41 mg/g for cadmium (Cd(II)) ions. The second‐order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm exhibit the most precise adsorption data match. Results suggested that the coordinative interaction of amino groups in chitosan and metal ions was responsible for the occurrence of chemisorption. The adsorption efficiency after the first cycle for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions was 93% and 89%, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorbents exhibited outstanding reliability, excellent reusable values, and good application performance, with 82% and 79% for lead (Pb(II)) and cadmium (Cd(II)), respectively, after five cycles of adsorption.