Chisel Tools Research Articles

Experimental investigation into effects of natural stone properties on performance of a chisel tool

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to determine how the linear cutting experiments should be performed on natural stones to better understand the stone cutting and predict cutting performance parameters from easily obtainable rock properties. A compiled database including thirty-four different natural stone samples in metamorphic, sedimentary and igneous geological origins is used to investigate the relationships between specific energy, mean normal and cutting forces and eleven different macro and micro properties of natural stones collected from quarries around Turkey. Linear cutting tests are performed by a portable linear cutting machine with a simple chisel tool at four different depths of cut in unrelieved (non-interactive) cutting mode. The difference in this study from previous investigations is the wide variety of stone samples with different characteristics to better explain the cutting mechanisms of natural stones. The results indicate that Shore scleroscope hardness and texture coefficient can be used to predict cutting performance parameters of natural stones. Additionally, using shallower depths of cut in linear cutting tests could lead to a better explanation of specific energy of natural stones.

Agrotechnical Research Of Subsoil Chisel Tools

Abstract In the course of the comparative investigation, energetic and working-quality tests were carried out with three frequently used soil-loosening implement types in field-land conditions – such as wide blade, duck-foot and chisel undercutting (‘Paraplow’) type loosening elements. When evaluating the results of the test, we qualified the implement-tools with the help an arbitrarily defined constructional factor; in this way, an order of the tool constructions was determined.

Внутрипочвенное внесение жидких органических удобрений и оценка их доз

The subsoil injection of liquid manure in large application rates (up to 100 t/ha and above) using a chisel subsoiler with a hose system increases soil fertility and is environmentally safe. A chisel subsoiler can be equipped with fi ve or six chisel tools with fl at-cut openers (small, with a working width of 325 mm and large 800 mm) with a width of tine spacing in the transverse direction of 890 and 680 mm, respectively. The depth of the chisel tools is 20 to 40 cm. The operating speed of the unit is 0.7 to 1.4 m/s. To assess the possible amount of applied liquid manure, the authors have obtained a mathematical model determining the application rate of fertilizers depending on the design and technological parameters (the geometry and installation depth of chisel tools of various widths in the tool settings, the unit speed) and soil properties. It has been established that in the range of operating speeds of 0.5 to 0.8 m/s, the maximum application rate of liquid manure for a subsoiler with fi ve working tools with openings 0.8 m wide is 80 to 90 t/ha, with six working tools - 110 to 120 t/ha. The research results show that various options for the unit settings provide for the application of liquid manure at a rate of 40 to 120 t/ha in accordance with agrotechnical requirements and environmental friendliness of the technology.

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Purpose. Reduction of material costs for chisel tillage operations and fertilizer application by creating a competitive unit of domestic production. Methods. Analytical and experimental laboratory and field studies, standard test methods using the developed prototype unit. Results. A combined unit for chisel tillage with local application of mineral fertilizers was developed, tested and put into production, as well as separate technical means included in its design. Conclusions. A combined unit for chisel tillage and local application of fertilizers was developed, manufactured and tested, consisting of an universal seeding module MV-5 and a chisel tool Ch-3 with a working width of 3.0 m, which performs chisel tillage to a depth of 45 cm and application of fertilizers with a dose of up to 400 kg/ha in two horizons to a depth of 0 to 45 cm, levels and compacts the soil. During the tests of the unit with the set dose of fertilizer application of 150 kg/ha, the unevenness of their application on the working bodies was found to be 8.6 % and their placement at a depth of 15 and 30 cm. The depth of soil cultivation was 30 ± 2 cm, the average speed of the unit was 7.0 km/h, productivity – 1.8 ha/h, fuel consumption – 21.4 l/ha. Based on the results of the tests, the design documentation was adjusted. The unit and its components: the universal seeding module MV-5 and the chisel tool Ch-3 were put into production at the enterprise “Krasnianske JV Agromash”. Keywords: combined unit, seeding module, chisel tool, tillage, fertilization, testing.

Winter wheat stable yield formation depending on the cultivation technology in the arid zone of the Central Ciscaucasia

The problem of rational tillage has always been relevant. Many indicators of soil fertility and the growth and development of plants depend on its rationality. In the experiments that were carried out in the arid zone of the Central Ciscaucasia, the object of the study was winter wheat, cultivated according to the predecessors of corn for grain. The subject of research is zero and traditional technology of crop cultivation. Soil cultivation was carried out according to the traditional technology - after harvesting the predecessor, the 6x4 PM is disked to a depth of 12-14 cm, then non-moldboard tillage with a PCh-4 chisel tool to a depth of 20-22 cm. As weeds appear, PS-4 is cultivated, sowing is carried out with a Bystritsa. Zero technology includes: spraying crops with herbicides using a John Deere sprayer and sowing with a Gerardi G 24 seeder. As a result, it was found that the cultivation of crops using zero technology contributes to obtaining friendly and timely shoots. The 0-20 cm layer contained 26.1 mm of moisture with zero technology and 10.9 mm with traditional technology, this is especially true in dry years. The water resistance of the soil structure in the no-till option is characterized as excellent, to a greater extent this is due to the accumulation of plant residues. The yield obtained on the zero option is significantly higher in comparison with the traditional technology of winter wheat cultivation.

Durability increasing by developing a conceptual model for the chisel tool working bodies rational structuring

There are three main zones with different functional purposes in any tillage machines working bodies design. The technological process being performed determines the functionality of these zones. The first zone is the working area of the nose part, its main task is to destroy the processed material and to apply the main working body into its layers. The second zone is the transition zone, it is an intermediate part of the working body that connects the working area of the working body and the zone responsible for attaching the working body to the tine of the tillage implement. The third zone is the area of the working body attachment. Depending on the functional purpose, the zones of the working organs perceive different external loads. The paper proposes a stepwise hardening technology, which made it possible to carry out the entire complex of technological operations from one volumetric workpiece heating, which allows to reduce the labor intensity of multi-stage heat treatment and the cost of the working body manufacturing. Technologically, it is as follows, the working bodies’ workpieces are placed in fixing frames with special holes, where their wedge-shaped part is recessed. Analysis and experimental verification showed that the heat reserve accumulated in the main part of the working body when heated in the furnace is sufficient for the bainite transformation to occur during intermittently cyclic cooling of the chisel cutting part.

Practical aspects of the implementation of the resource conservation system at various stages of soil cultivation and sowing in the difficult soil and climatic conditions of Central Ukraine

Purpose. Justification of constructions of agricultural machines intended for the implementation of systems of soil protection and energy-saving technologies in the soil and climatic conditions of Central Ukraine. Methods. Analytical and monographic. Results. The results of multi-year field studies of the implementation of traditional and resource-saving technologies in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine are analyzed. It was determined that the system of soil cultivation in a specific farm should be chosen in accordance with the structure of crops, taking into account the biological requirements of cultivated crops, the topography of the fields, the physical and mechanical properties of the soil, the presence and depth of the layer of high compaction. It is also necessary to evaluate the economic expediency of farm expenses for different tillage options for each field for crop rotation. The work proves the necessity of introducing into production the following tillage and seeding machines developed by scientists of the National Technical University: a roller-shredder of harvest residues with optimized parameters of a cylindrical drum, a family of multi-layer soil looseners, chisel tools for high-quality no-till soil cultivation with various physical and mechanical properties, elastic supports of cultivator paws with adjustment of vibration characteristics depending on the type and condition of the soil, optimal design of the section for direct sowing of grain crops with local application of liquid fertilizers. The implementation of the proposed technique in the technological processes of growing agricultural crops should become the basis for the introduction of soil protection and energy-saving. Conclusions. The proposed technique for the technological processes of growing agricultural crops for the introduction of soil protection and energy-saving technologies allows you to reduce fuel consumption by more than half, from 79.5 l/ha under traditional technologies to 39 l/ha under the developed improved farming system built on the principles of No-Till, and the device for applying liquid fertilizers as part of the modernized section of the Terra Nova 1714 planter allows this operation to be carried out simultaneously with sowing to a depth that is 10–20 mm greater than the depth of the seed placement. Keywords: resource conservation system, tillage, shredder roller, soil loosener, chisel tool, elastic rack.

CAM Planning for Automatic Support Removal with Robotic Chiseling

In this paper, a new CAM planning strategy for removal of support structures is presented. Since such a task is usual in post-processing of parts fabricated with additive manufacturing, the developed approach is about a toolpath planning algorithm suitable for generic robotic cells that can be equipped with a chiseling holder. The 6-axis toolpath generation was used to define spatial paths of the tool tip and proper orientation of the chisel tool. The chisel can be orientated with a certain angle to the machined surface ensuring a gouge-free and collision-free positioning. Removability of different support structures was experimentally validated.

Influence of Traditional Wood Surface Modification Methods on Changes in Aesthetic and Resistance Properties

For ages, furniture makers have been using various methods to accelerate the natural process of wood aging, in order to achieve a more sophisticated colour and to provide a uniform appearance for furniture parts replaced during restoration. Nowadays, wood aging is popular due to its aesthetic value associated with naturally aged wood, which can be enjoyed in conjunction with favourable mechanical properties of contemporary wood. Methods of wood surface modification used in wood aging can be divided into mechanical ones, consisting in changing the structure of wooden surfaces (eg. sanding, brushing, paint rubbing or structuring with chisel or other tools) and chemical ones, involving the use of chemical substances to change the colour of wood (eg. greying; application of lye, paint or wood stain; and ammonia fuming). The purpose of our study was to determine the influence of traditional wood modification techniques used in furniture-making − such as: structuring, whitewashing, rubbing, greying, dyeing with potassium permanganate solution and ammonia fuming − on the aesthetic and resistance properties of wooden surfaces (colour, gloss, roughness, abrasion resistance and resistance to scratches). Tests were performed on wood species most frequently used in Poland to produce artificially weathered wood: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and common oak (Quercus Sp).

Archaeological and experimental studies of splintered pieces in the Central Asian Upper Paleolithic

In Paleolithic archaeology, there are two dichotomous perspectives on so-called splintered pieces, or pieces esquillees, in which, depending upon archaeological context and the availability and quality of lithic of raw material, such pieces are considered bipolar cores or tools for processing organic materials. Here, we discuss for the first time functionality, reduction models, and modes of using Upper Paleolithic pieces esquillees from two Central Asian regions: the Tian Shan Mountains of eastern Uzbekistan and the Yenisey Valley of Siberian Russia. By applying attributive, experimental, scar-pattern, and use-wear analyses, we determined that these artifacts derived from two widely separated regions are tools for processing hard organic materials, which were rotated often during use. Reconstructed reduction sequences indicate that the morphological appearance of the implements was affected by the working processes associated with contact between the hammer and the organic material being processed. Our results demonstrate that the formation of the chisel or wedge is not significantly affected by the raw material of the blank, the type of hammer utilized, or the nature of the material being processed. To the contrary, chisel tools from the two regions demonstrated the same reduction processes affecting their lengths and widths due to having been employed in similar physical operations. On the other hand, pieces esquillees from the two study regions demonstrated the same reduction processes in length and width due to the application of similar work operations, which seems applicable to all splintered pieces used as tools.

Палеолитическая стоянка-мастерская Акбулатово-3 в горной части р. Белой (Башкортостан)

The discovery of the pre-Mousterian monument, dating back to the Middle Pleistocene era, in the mountain-forest zone of the Southern Urals is of great interest both for archaeology, in particular, considering the problem of time and ways of setting on the territory, and for geology, taking into account the dating of the terraces of river valleys in the mountainous part of the region. The site-workshop Akbulatovo-3 is confined to the cover deposits of the III floodplain terrace of the Belaya river, 15 m above the modern level of the river, including pebble and clastic material from quartzite in the deposits of brownish-brown loam of periglacial type of the late Risian time. The collection of items from quartzite (447 items) is represented by a variety of cores: cuboid, orthogonal, sub-cone, and biplatformed. The tools were made both by bifacial processing and on flakes, less often on amorphous plate-like chips. Among them, there are “Acheulean” forms – choppers, peaks, simple scrapers, and “Upper Paleolithic” ones – scrapers, burins, punctures, carvers, and chisel tools. Such a combination of archaic types of tools and cores with “progressive” forms of tools and cores, characteristic of the Moustier and Upper Paleolithic gives grounds to attribute the complex to the end of the Acheulean era or to the beginning of the Moustier. A similar monument, combining the Acheulean types of tools and cores with the Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic ones, was discovered on Lake Turogoyak in the Chelyabinsk region – the site Naves (Island of Vera 6a) at the porphyrite exits. This allows the authors to attribute them to a single technological tradition, called the “Akbulatov type of industry”.

Justification of the constructive scheme and traction resistance of chisel tools with the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers

Justification of the constructive scheme and traction resistance of chisel tools with the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers

Influence of methods of basic tillage on the dynamics of productive moisture reserves in spring barley crops in the conditions of the northern Steppe of Ukraine

The yield of spring barley significantly depends on the reserves of soil moisture, which ensures the implementation of all important life processes, including seed germination and rooting of seedlings, transpiration, thermoregulation and supply of nutrients to the plant. The productivity of spring barley is directly proportional to its moisture content. With sufficient soil moisture, favorable conditions for the growth and development of field crops, and ultimately increases their yield. In the northern steppe, high productivity of spring barley, provided timely and full germination, is formed due to moisture reserves accumulated in the deep layers of the soil during the autumn-winter period of the year. The purpose of the study was to study the influence of the methods of basic tillage on the accumulation and dynamics of soil moisture in spring barley crops and the level of its yield. Experimental studies were performed during 2004–2015 in a stationary field experiment at the Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The presence of wavy nanorelief during chiselling, as well as plant remains on the ridges contributed to a significant reduction in wind speed in the aboveground layer. Snowfall was concentrated in the depressions and was reliably protected from blowing. Due to this, the height of the snow cover here, according to our data, was the highest and amounted to – 14.3 cm, and as a result faster thawing of the soil and better accumulation of water. At the same time, the intensity of wet accumulation during the autumn-winter period when treated with chisel tools outweighed the options of shelf plowing by an average of 17.9 mm, and disking – 9.2 mm. The increased assimilation of cold precipitation during chiselling can also be associated with strip loosening of the soil in the furrows, which is typical for chisel units. It is established that in the northern steppe the use of canning (chisel) with a differentiated tillage system for spring barley increases the accumulation of moisture by 91.0–179.0 m2/ha in the autumn-winter period due to plant residues that retain more snow, especially in warm snowless winters. It is proved that the use of a fine mulching system of tillage, despite the reduction of grain yield, contributes to a more economical consumption of moisture per unit of crop in 1.1–1.2 times when growing spring barley. It was found that the use of annual shelf and differentiated tillage on average over the years of research provides the maximum level of yield, and the minimization of tillage in most years led to its reduction by 0.22–0.55 t/ha. The use of chiseling in a differentiated tillage system is most effective in dry years and even outweighs plowing due to the greater accumulation of productive moisture due to the presence of a significant portion of post-harvest residues of the predecessor that retain moisture under the mulch. Key words: spring barley, tillage, soil moisture, fertilizers, disking, yield.

The struggle against the weed creeping, when growing winter wheat

The results of research on the control of bitterness creeping in the link of crop rotation pure steam – winter wheat by mechanical means are presented. To do this, we used a deep three-tiered soil reclamation treatment with the help of an innovative modular working body "Rancho", on which 6 flat-cutting blades are installed instead of the blade. This treatment with a chisel tool allows for simultaneous continuous pruning of the roots of creeper mustard at a depth of 35-40 cm to grind them in the arable horizon to the size of 10-15 cm. in the research, seven variants of different systems of basic processing and spring-summer care for clean steam were studied. The types used were black with autumn main processing, and early with spring main processing, steam. The smallest amount and air-dry weight of creeper bittern in winter wheat crops on sites was observed in variants with autumn treatment with a rack “Rancho” at 0.40 m + spring-summer care for black steam in the form of cultivations with pointed paws and additional treatment with a rack “Rancho” at 0.40 m in early June. The highest yield of winter wheat, respectively, was also observed in this variant.

Increasing Wear Resistance of Chizel Tools Working Bodies Based on Improving the Metallographic Structure of Grey Cast Iron

The article concerns developing and implementing the technological principles for manufacturing the working bodies of chisel tools by casting grey cast iron with partial chilling of its working edges and surfaces interacting with the soil layer. High wear resistance of the working body is achieved by chilling its working part by means of a chill inserted into the mold, or by absence of coating in the corresponding zone of the mold. Severe overcooling of liquid cast iron contacting the chill or the metal surface of the mold causes crystallization of the meta-stable eutectics, and in the chilled part it acquires a ledeburite structure, the hardness being not lower than 64 HRC. At the same time, the bulk of the cast iron crystallizes in the stable system, forming austenitic-graphite eutectics and after complete cooling, it should have a pearlitic metal base, ensuring good machine ability of casting by cutting. Working surfaces and cutting edges of chisels are exposed to abrasive and chemical impacts of the soil, causing intense wear, the latter being the main reason for their failure. The utilization of the given technology will allow increasing service-life of the working bodies and improve the manufacturability, according to the criteria for labor intensity and casting mold making.

A Closer Look into Chip Shape/Size and Efficiency of Rock Cutting with a Simple Chisel Pick: A Laboratory Scale Investigation

Chip geometry can play a crucial role in understanding the rock cutting efficiency in mechanical excavation. In this study, the shape and size distribution of chips produced in laboratory scale rock cutting tests and their relationship with cutting geometry and rock cuttability were analyzed. For this purpose, a series of small-scale linear rock cutting tests (SSLRCT) were carried out with a simple chisel tool in unrelieved mode at cutting depth of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm to determine the cuttability of four rock types (sandstone, marl, salt, and coal) and two synthetic (dental plaster and concrete) specimens. The size distribution of all cuttings collected from the grooves in different samples was determined by sieve analysis. The results were used to create a comprehensive particle size analysis, including a Rosin–Rammler plot (d′), coarseness index (CI), median (d50) and Krumbein mean particle size (dMPS). Also, the chips remained on the 4-mesh sieve and greater were chosen for chip shape analysis. The results obtained from chip analysis indicated that 85.6% of selected chips were fragmented in very platy and very bladed shape. Also, the analysis results showed that an inverse exponential correlation exists between specific energy and particle size indicators including CI, dMPS, d50, and d′ as anticipated based on rock fragmentation and grinding theories. Furthermore, a strong inverse correlation was found between specific energy and representative chip volume. The findings highlight the relationship of rock cutting efficiency with chip shape and size.

Drilling performance of non-coaxial helical flank micro-drill with cross-shaped chisel edge

Cross-shaped chisel edge thinning is an effective method to improve the drilling performance of non-coaxial helical flank micro-drill. In order to study the effect of the cross-shaped chisel edge on drilling performance, the mathematical model of cross-shaped chisel edge is proposed. The rake angle, lip inclination angle, uncut chip thickness, and uncut chip width are calculated by MATLAB software. Finite element models of four kinds of micro-drills with a different thinned chisel edge are established using DEFORM-3D software, and micro-drilling simulations on 304 austenitic stainless steel are carried out. The simulation results show that with a decrease in chisel edge length, the drilling force, tool temperature, tool wear, and curl degree of the chip are clearly reduced. However, for micro-drill without chisel edge, the torque and tool temperature are larger than other micro-drills, and string chips are generated during the drilling process. Furthermore, the non-coaxial helical flank micro-drill with an optimal cross-shaped chisel edge is manufactured by a six-axis CNC grinding machine, and the measurement results indicate that the geometrical parameters meet the designed values. At last, the micro-drill with an optimal cross-shaped chisel edge has a satisfactory drilling performance by the micro-drilling experiment.

EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION OF STRIPTILL SOIL PROCESSING TECNOLOGY

This study explores the technology of chilling from the point of view of anthropogenic impact on soil. The influence of the arrangement of workers on technological rocessing is analyzed. The efficiency of resource-saving deep cultivation technology in production of row crops on example of sunflower growing in Volgograd region is estimated. We give technical and economic assessment of sunflower cultivation depending on the technological process of chilling. We defined a competitive technology of basic soil cultivation. Analysis of data obtained shows that the largest area of cross-section of the formation is produced when soil is treated with chisel tools as working organs are arranged such that they form a zone of continuous loosening, accordingly, it has the greatest anthropogenic impact. Field experiments also showed that deep loosening belts to a depth of 0.25...0.35 m, alternating with strips without treatment, are characterized by positive processes. Unprocessed areas become overcrowded (more than 1.3 g/cm3), so they create less favorable, in comparison with processed, conditions for the development of some species of perennial weeds. Studies have shown that, with the main soil-free tillage of the soil to a depth of 0.3 m, from the stubble of winter wheat, stubble conservation was consistent: 69.67% - over the treated band using striptill technology; 76.33% - on the processed strip by a chisel with a trail of 0.7 m; 68.67% for a chisel with a trail of 0.35 m. After the passage of the aggregates on the soil surface, all stubble remains within the requirements for SRT AIST 4.6-2010 (more than 60%). The use of striptill technology reduces fuel costs by 35.5% relative to the classical chiesel, and by 27.3% relative to the minimum technology. Accordingly, the cost of wages is reduced by 37.5% compared to the classical chisel and by 24.8% compared to the minimum chisel technology.

Investigation into the Effects of Textural Properties on Cuttability Performance of a Chisel Tool

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of textural properties of stones on cutting performance of a standard chisel tool. Therewithal, the relationships between textural properties and cutting performance parameters and physical and mechanical properties were statistically analyzed. For this purpose, physical and mechanical property tests and mineralogical and petrographic analyses were carried out on eighteen natural stone samples, which can be grouped into three fundamentally different geological origins, i.e., metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary. Then, texture coefficient analyses were performed on the samples. To determine the cuttability of the stones; the samples were cut with a portable linear cutting machine using a standard chisel tool at different depths of cut in unrelieved (non-interactive) cutting mode. The average and maximum forces (normal and cutting) and specific energy were measured, and the obtained values were correlated with texture coefficient, packing weighting, and grain size. With reference to the relation between depth of cut and cutting performance of the chisel tool for three types of natural stone groups, specific energy decreases with increasing depth of cut, and cutting forces increase in proportion to the depth of cut. The same is observed for the relationship between packing weighting and both of specific energy and cutter forces. On the other hand, specific energy and the forces decrease while grain size increases. Based on the findings of the present study, texture coefficient has strong correlation with specific energy. Generally, the lower depth of cut values in cutting tests shows higher and more reliable correlations with texture coefficient than the increased depth of cut. The results of cutting tests show also that, at a lower depth of cut (less than 1.5 mm), even stronger correlations can be observed between texture coefficient and cutting performance. Experimental studies indicate that cutting performance of chisel tools can be predicted based on texture coefficients of the natural stones.

BASIC TILLAGE BY MODERNIZED CHISEL TOOLS

The choice of the method of basic cultivation must be differentiated, considering zonal soil and climatic conditions and local peculiarities of the fields. Chisel tillage refers to soil conservation technologies, and chisel tools provide low-power and, if it is necessary, differential loosened soil, the accumulation, preservation and rational use of soil moisture that is relevant in the arid climate. The authors designed the combined chisel working implements RANCHO, ROPA, plow-cultivator. The traction resistances of the working tools were studied strain-gauge method. The unified equation of traction resistance chisel working was developed. The resistance of tine, chisel, additional equipment on the tine and the dynamics of the chiseling were introduced. The resistance of the chisel was determind by pressure from the soil on its surface. If the speed of machine-tractor aggregate will increase from 1 to 3 m/s then traction resistance of the working implements ROPA will rise by 26-29 percent, plow-cultivator - by 21-23 and classic mould-board plough - by 35 percent due to more significant influence of the dynamic component during moving mould-board plough in the undisturbed soil. The plowing work by the plow-cultivator in comparison with mould-board plough provides more depth of soil loosening (0.38 m when 0.15 m real tillage and 0.2 m in control variant) at comparable energy consumption.