Chiral Cavity Research Articles

Enantiodifferentiating Photoisomerization of Cyclooctene Included and Sensitized by Aroyl-β-cyclodextrins: A Critical Enantioselectivity Control by Substituents

A series of 6-O-benzoyl-beta-cyclodextrins (CDs) with methyl, methoxy, methoxycarbonyl, and bromo substituent(s) at the ortho-, meta-, and/or para-position(s) were synthesized as chiral sensitizing hosts for the use in supramolecular enantiodifferentiating photoisomerization of (Z)-cyclooctene (1Z) to its chiral (E)-isomer (1E). The complex stability constants (K(S)) of the modified beta-CDs with 1Z in aqueous methanol solutions were highly sensitive to the substituent(s) introduced to the benzoate moiety, and the log K(S) values decreased linearly with slightly different slopes with increasing methanol content. The enantiomeric excess (ee) of 1E obtained upon photosensitization with these hosts was a critical function of the size and position of the substituent, varying from almost zero to 46% ee. This indicates that even an apparently small structural difference between methyl and methoxy can critically affect the enantiodifferentiating photoisomerization of a guest included in the chiral cavity, probably through manipulation of both the orientation of ground-state 1Z and the subsequent rotational relaxation of excited 1Z inside the chiral cavity.

Formation of chiral 2 1-helical columnar host system with phenylacetylene unit by using (1 R,2 S)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethanol

A tunable supramolecular phenylacetylene host system with a chiral channel-like cavity is developed by using (1 R,2 S)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethanol. This host system possesses a chiral 2 1-helical columnar structure; chiral cavities are constructed by the self-assembly of the 2 1-helical column, and guest molecules are included by varying the packing of this column.

Bis(diamido)‐Bridged Basket Resorcin[4]arenes as Enantioselective Receptors for Amino Acids and Amines (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 36/2007)

AbstractThe cover picture shows two low‐energy geometries of a new bis(diamido)‐bridged basket resorcin[4]arene, which features two (1R,2R)‐(+)‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine bridges in its structure. The first “drops” schematically show the geometry assumed by the molecule in chloroform solution, tentatively designated as the “folded wings” structure (bottom left); the top right structure represents the geometry adopted when the solvent is removed and is named the “open wings” structure. Stochastic dynamics simulations run at 300 K, which demonstrate the irreversible conversion of the latter structure into the former one, support the “folded wings” geometry as the most likely 3D structure of the basket resorcin[4]arene in chloroform. It can be shown by FT‐ICR mass spectrometry that such a receptor can selectively accommodate the enantiomers of amino acid derivatives and amphetamine in its chiral cavity. Details are discussed in the article by B. Botta, M. Speranza et al. on p. 5995 ff. The authors thank Dr. Giovanna Cancelliere and Dr. Deborah Subissati for their contribution in designing the cover page.

An inside job

A molecular sphere assembled from 12 metal ions and 24 organic ligands is lined with amino acids to generate chiral cavities reminiscent of those found in enzymes

On the Possibility That Cyclodextrins' Chiral Cavities Can Be Available on AOT n-Heptane Reverse Micelles. A UV−Visible and Induced Circular Dichroism Study

The formation of reverse micelles (RMs) of sodium 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) in n-heptane including two different beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) derivatives (hydroxypropyl-beta-CD, hp-beta-CD, and decenyl succinyl-beta-CD, Mod-beta-CD) is reported. Both cyclodextrins can be incorporated into AOT RMs in different zones within the aggregate, while beta-CD cannot. Using UV-vis and induced circular dichroism (ICD) spectroscopy and different achiral molecular probes (some azo dyes, p-nitroaniline and ferrocene), it was possible to determine that Mod-beta-CD is located with its cavity at the oil side of the AOT RM interface, while for hp-beta-CD the cavity is inside the RM water pool. Among the molecular probes used, methyl orange (MO) was the only one which gave the ICD signal when dissolved in the AOT RMs with hp-beta-CD, so a detailed study of MO behavior in homogeneous media was also performed to compare with the microheterogeneous media. The solvatochromic behavior of the dye depends not only on the polarity of the media but also on other specific solvent properties. A Kamlet-Taft analysis shows that the MO absorption spectrum shifts to longer wavelength with an increase in the solvent polarity-polarizability (pi*) and the hydrogen donor ability (alpha) of the medium. MO appears to be almost 3 times more sensitive to the pi* parameter than to the alpha parameter. In addition, from the MO absorption spectral changes with the hp-beta-CD concentration, the association equilibrium constants in pure water (K11W) and inside the RMs (K11RM) were computed. The results show that K11W is almost 10 times larger than the value inside the RMs. The latter can be explained considering that MO resides anchored to the RM interface through hydrogen bond interaction with the hydration bound water. This study shows for the first time that the cyclodextrin chiral cavity is available for a guest in an organic medium such as the RMs; therefore, we have created a potentially powerful nanoreactor with two different confined regions in the same aggregate: the polar core of the RMs and the chiral hydrophobic cavity of cyclodextrin.

Supramolecular Chirality in Coordination Chemistry

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

A Supramolecular Multiposition Rotary Device

Spinning tops: A supramolecular rotary device, reminiscent of a mechanical rotary switch, was engineered by a bottom-up approach. Self-assembly of a functionalized porphyrin molecule leads to the formation of a porous network that features chiral cavities. These serve as hosts for molecular guests, which can be induced to rotate either thermally or by using the scanning tunneling microscopy tip (see images).

Effects of Backbone and Side Chain on the Molecular Environments of Chiral Cavities in Polysaccharide-Based Biopolymers

The effects of the backbone and side chain on the molecular environments in the chiral cavities of three commercially important polysaccharide-based chiral sorbents--cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC), amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (ADMPC), and amylose tris[(S)-alpha-methylbenzylcarbamate] (ASMBC)--are studied by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), 13C cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) and MAS solid-state NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) modeling. These sorbents are used widely in preparative-scale chiral separations. ATR-IR is used to determine how the H-bonding states of the C=O and NH groups of the polymer depend on the backbone and side chain. The changes in the polymer crystallinity are characterized with XRD. The changes in the polymer helicity and molecular mobility for polymer-coated silica beads (commercially called Chiralcel OD, Chirapak AD, and Chiralpak AS) are probed with 13C CP/MAS and MAS solid-state NMR. The IR wavenumbers and the NMR chemical shifts for the polymer backbone monomers and dimers and the side chains are predicted at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311+g(d,p) level of theory. It is concluded that the molecular environments of the C=O, NH, and phenyl groups show significant differences in intramolecular and intermolecular interactions and in the nanostructures of the chiral cavities of these biopolymers. These results have implications for understanding how the molecular environments of chiral cavities of these polymers affect their molecular recognition mechanisms.

Enantioseparation of Benazepril Intermediates by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography on Chiral CDMPC Column

A HPLC method was developed for resolutions of two benazepril intermediates. The separation was achieved on CDMPC. The influence of kinds of alcoholic modifiers, concentration of n‐butanol and column temperature was studied for the optimization of resolutions. The best separation was achieved using 10% n‐butanol as modifier and at 25°C with α‐value of 1.84 for BTB‐C and 1.34 for BTB. The chiral recognition mechanism of CDMPC was explored. Hydrogen‐bonding interaction and inclusion and fitness of solute in the chiral cavity significantly play an important role influencing the chiral separation, and the polarities of the alcohols have effect on the stereoselectivity too.

Chiral Macrocyclic Bis(oxazoline) CuI Complexes – Structure/Stereoselectivity Relationships in Catalytic Cyclopropanations

AbstractThe design and synthesis of 18 chiral macrocycles with built in C2‐symmetric bis(oxazoline) units is described and the catalytic properties of their copper(I) complexes in cyclopropanations of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate are assessed. The bridging of two homochiral centers in the bis(oxazoline) unit gives a macrocyclic ligand, which upon binding of CuI is transformed into a macrocyclic catalytic complex containing a chiral cavity. Such a complex represents a conceptually new type of supramolecular organometallic catalyst, possessing a chiral reaction cavity. A clear relationship between catalyst structures and the stereoselectivity outcome in the catalytic cyclopropanations has been established and it is demonstrated that both the enantioselectivity and the diastereoselectivity can be independently modified by variation of the ligand structural parameters. The CuI complex of the ligand 3b gave a trans/cis diastereomeric ratio of 94:6 (de = 88 %), representing the highest diastereoselectivity obtained to date for cyclopropanations catalyzed by the bis(oxazoline) class of complexes. An explanation of the observed relationship between stereochemical outcome and ligand structure is proposed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)

Molecular dynamics study of the conformational dynamics and energetics of some large‐ring cyclodextrins (CDn, n = 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29)

Molecular dynamics simulations in water solution were performed on six large-ring cyclodextrins (LR-CDs) with a degree of polymerization 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29. The AMBER parm99 force field and explicit water molecules (TIP3P) were used in the simulations. The present research was aimed at further extending our knowledge on the structural dynamics and the energetics of this new class of compounds that may eventually provide chiral cavities suitable for formation of inclusion complexes with small molecules, and, accordingly, to serve as host structures for chiral recognition. The study focused on several representatives flanking CD26-the largest LR-CD for which X-ray data is available. Both the monitoring of the structural variations during the simulations as well as the analyses of energy balances are indicative for high flexibility of the macrorings. Slight differences of the overall preferred shapes were detected with diminishing the size of the macromolecules from CD29 to CD24. An elongated cavity (CD28) or a double parallel strand in different specific representations are the dominating motifs in the LR-CDs studied: with loops at the two ends (CD25, CD28, CD29), with a loop at one end (CD25), twisted (CD26, CD27) or twisted with an open portion in the middle (CD24), helical (CD24, CD25), or linking two loops from one of their sides (CD27). Two loops connected by an arc (CD28, CD29) and a cavity with the shape of an extended rectangular (CD24, CD28) appear preferentially during the conformational interconversions of the two larger CDs, whereas helical motifs are present in the smaller macrorings: an extended helix with ends linked by an arc (CD24), helical turn and helical portion (CD26, CD27). A triple propeller conformation or three symmetrical loops of almost equal size were also detected for CD26 and CD29, respectively. The present results further support the hypothesis for the existence of more than one cavity in large-ring cyclodextrins and suggest preferred conformations in water solution for the LR-CDs with degree of polymerization from 24 to 29.

Synthesis and Structural and Photoswitchable Properties of Novel Chiral Host Molecules: Axis Chiral 2,2‘-Dihydroxy-1,1‘-binaphthyl-Appended stiff-Stilbene1

Novel photoswitchable chiral hosts having an axis chiral 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl (BINOL)-appended stiff-stilbene, trans-(R,R)- and -(S,S)-1, were synthesized by palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and low-valence titanium-catalyzed McMurry coupling as key steps, and they were fully characterized by various NMR spectral techniques. The enantiomers of trans-1 showed almost complete mirror images in the CD spectra, where two split Cotton effects (exciton coupling) were observed in the beta-transitions of the naphthyl chromophore at 222 and 235 nm, but no Cotton effect was observed in the stiff-stilbene chromophore at 365 nm. The structures of (R)-10 and trans-(R,R)-1 were confirmed by X-ray structural analysis. The optimized structure of cis-1 by MO calculations has a wide chiral cavity of 7-8 A in diameter, whereas trans-1 cannot form an intramolecular cavity based on the X-ray data. Irradiation of (R,R)-trans-1 with black light (lambda = 365 nm) in CH3CN or benzene at 23 degrees C led to the conversion to the corresponding cis-isomer, as was monitored by 1H NMR, UV-vis, and CD spectra. At the photostationary state, the cis-1/trans-1 ratio was 86/14 in benzene or 75/25 in CH3CN. On the other hand, irradiation of the cis-1/trans-1 (75/25) mixture in CH3CN with an ultra-high-pressure Hg lamp at 23 degrees C (lambda = 410 nm) led to the photostationary state, where the cis-1/trans-1 ratio was estimated to be 9/91 on the basis of the 1H NMR spectra. The cis-trans and trans-cis interconversions could be repeated 10 times without decomposition of the C=C double bond. Thus, a new type of photoswitchable molecule has been developed, and trans-1 and cis-1 were quite durable under irradiation conditions. The guest binding properties of the BINOL moieties of trans- and cis-(R,R)-1 with F-, Cl-, and H2PO4- were examined by 1H NMR titration in CDCl3. Similar interaction with F- and Cl- was observed in trans-1 (host/guest = 1/1, Kassoc = (1.0 +/- 0.13) x 103 for F- and (4.6 +/- 0.72) x 102 M-1 for Cl-) and cis-1 (host/guest = 1/1, Kassoc = (1.0 +/- 0.13) x 103 for F- and (5.9 +/- 0.69) x 10 M-1 for Cl-), but H2PO4- interacted differently: the cis-isomer formed the 1/1 complex (Kassoc = (9.38 +/- 2.67) x 10 M-1), whereas multistep equilibrium was expected for the trans-isomer.

Chiral channel-like cavity which is tunable via changes in 21-column packing structure

A complex with a chiral channel-like cavity which can incorporate various n-alkyl alcohols and reversibly discharge and adsorb them, was successfully formed by combining chiral 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine ((1S,2S)-1) and biphenylacetic acid (2).

Supramolecular enantiodifferentiating photoisomerization of (Z,Z)-1,3-cyclooctadiene included and sensitized by naphthalene-modified cyclodextrins

Three naphthalene-modified cyclodextrins (CDs) 3–5 were synthesized as supramolecular chiral photosensitizing hosts for enantiodifferentiating photoisomerization of (Z,Z)-1,3-cyclooctadiene (1ZZ) to its E,Z-isomer (1EZ). In aqueous methanolic solutions, β-CD-based sensitizer 4 binds 1ZZ in its chiral cavity much more strongly than α- and γ-CD homologues 3 and 5. Accelerated, often static, fluorescence quenching of these naphthalene-modified CDs was observed upon inclusion of 1ZZ. The photoisomerization of 1ZZ mediated by 3–5 yielded enantiomeric 1EZ in modest yields. The enantiomeric excesses (ee’s) obtained with α- and β-CD-based sensitizers 3 and 4, both of which have relatively small cavities, are less sensitive to temperature, demonstrating the low-entropy nature of the α- and β-CD complexes. In contrast, increasing reaction temperature significantly diminished the product’s ee and even caused a switching of enantioselectivity upon photoisomerization sensitized by γ-CD-based 5, revealing that the entropy factor plays a crucial role in the wide cavity of γ-CD.

Cavity effect amplification in the recognition of dicarboxylic acids by initial ditopic H-bond formation followed by kinetic trapping

Di[dihydroxotin(IV)] Tröger's base bis-porphyrin 1, a host molecule with two internal and two external guest interaction sites, binds <or= 1 equivalent of dicarboxylic acid quantitatively within the chiral cavity, a regioselectivity amplified by initial ditopic H-bond formation, followed by kinetic trapping.

Controlled diastereoselectivity at the alkene-geometry through selective encapsulation: E-Zphotoisomerization of oxazolidinone-functionalized enecarbamates within hydrophobic nano-cavities

Photoisomerization of encapsulated Z-enecarbamates within the hydrophobic chiral cavities of gamma-CD showed higher diastereoselectivities in the photoproducts than those obtained in solution. The selective encapsulation of the enecarbamates and the following isomerization process are both diastereoselectively controlled by gamma-CD.

Di‐(R,R)‐1‐ [10‐(1‐hydroxy‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)‐9‐anthryl]‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl Muconate: A Highly Chiral Cavity for Enantiodiscrimination by NMR.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Macrocyclic Chiral Receptors toward Enantioselective Recognition of Naproxen

[structure: see text] A macrocyclic receptor based on a bischromenylurea and an alpha,alpha'-(o,o'-dialkyl)diphenyl-p-xylylenediamine spacer provides a C(2) chiral cavity to associate carboxylates by H-bonds. The extent of the selectivity obtained for the racemic receptor 2 and enantiomerically pure (S)-naproxen is 7.2:1. Steric repulsions close to the cavity are decisive for the chiral selectivity.

The Study of Separation and Thermodynamics of Adsorption of the Enantiomers of Ethofumasate on a Modified Cellulose

Cellulose and cellulose derivatives are biopolymers that are often used as stationary phases for the separation of enantiomers. Describing the mechanism of such separations is a difficult task due to the complexity of these phases. In the present study, direct enantiomeric resolution of ethofumesate has been achieved, using hexane as the mobile phase with various alcoholic modifiers on cellulose tri(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase (CDMPC CSP). The influence of the mobile phase composition and the column temperature on the chiral separation was studied. It was found that at a constant temperature and within a certain range of alcohol modifier concentration, the conformation of the polymeric phase, and the selective adsorption sites were not affected by alcohol modifier concentration. The type and the concentration of the alcoholic modifiers influenced the retention factor and the separation factor. Ethofumesate gained the best enantioseparation using sec‐butanol as alcoholic modifier at 25°C with α‐value 1.70. And the separation factor decreased with the increase of the column temperature. The van't Hoff plots were linear (R 2>0.96) for ethofumesate from 25°C to 50°C. That showed the enantioselective interactions do not change over the temperature range studied. Furthermore the values of ΔH° and ΔS° were both negative, which indicated an enthalpy‐driven separation. And the possible chiral recognition mechanism of the analyte and CDMPC was discussed. It was found that hydrogen bonding plays an important role on enantioseparation of CDMPC CSP. The inclusion and fitness of solute shape in the chiral cavity significantly contributed to the enantioseparation of solute.

Calix[3]amides—bowl-shaped cyclic trimers toward building block for molecular recognition: self-complementary dimeric structure in the crystal

Bowl-shaped cyclic trimers of aromatic amides were simply synthesized in high yield by condensation reaction of meta-substituted 3-(alkylamino)benzoic acid using dichlorotriphenylphosphorane. The cyclic amides exist in syn conformation, which has a small chiral cavity, and a pair of each enantiomeric conformer formed a dimeric structure in the crystal.