Nitric oxide is a selective pulmonary vasodilator. In recent years, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has garnered significant attention for its application in adult perioperative care. To standardize its application during the adult perioperative period, the Chinese Society of Anesthesiology of Chinese Medical Association, the Critical Care Branch of Beijing Perioperative Medicine Study Society, the Critical Care Medicine Branch of Beijing Medical Association, and National Alliance of Geriatric Anesthesiology have jointly developed the"Expert consensus on the clinical application of inhaled nitric oxide in the perioperative period of adult surgical procedures (2026 edition)"based on Chinese clinical practice and the latest research advances. This consensus document addresses key aspects of iNO use in the adult perioperative setting, including dosing range, clinical benefits, equipment setup, patient assessment, and safety monitoring. The consensus presents 11 recommendations, aiming to standardize and enhance clinical understanding and practical competency regarding iNO therapy among relevant disciplines. This document serves as a guidance reference for the clinical use of iNO in the perioperative management of adult surgical patients.

Abstract With limited public exhibitions and industrial collaborations, book/journal cover design emerged as a critical means for the creation and dissemination of modern art in Republican China (1911–1949). At the time, the need for good everyday design helped justify painting and drawing as essential to modernizing Chinese society. The new concept and practice of design (tu’an) enabled artists to evade the constraints in subject matter and style inherent in fine arts media, thus allowing them to innovate in the graphic medium. The periodical Gongxian, in print from 1927 to 1929, recruited both renowned avant-garde painters and little-known female designers to design the cover of nearly every issue. Gongxian registered the strategies and methods developed by China’s first generation of modern designers, who hoped to merge global visual trends with local inspirations. By examining the graphic treatment of the female nude motif, the adoption of archaeological material, and the typographic invention of Chinese script as a unique design vocabulary, this essay demonstrates how the designers localized transnational design and made modern art accessible to middle-class consumers in Shanghai. The case study demonstrates that cover art in China was not an extension of modernism that originated in painting and drawing, but the very site and driving force of modernism. The circumstances of modern design in China thus offer a better understanding of global modernism by rethinking the relationship between painting, print, and design.

Abstract The Schwinger effect, a non-perturbative mechanism for particle production in strong fields, plays a crucial role in understanding quantum vacuum decay and high-energy phenomena, including heavy-ion collisions (HIC). Although holographic QCD models have been widely used to study this effect, most treatments assume isotropy or consider only a single type of anisotropy, neglecting the interplay between spatial and magnetic anisotropies that arise in realistic HIC scenarios. A unified framework accounting for both anisotropies is needed to accurately model particle production.
We investigate the Schwinger effect in a twice anisotropic holographic QCD model incorporating both spatial and magnetic anisotropies. Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, we compute the total potential of a particle-antiparticle pair to quantify how these anisotropies influence pair production. Our results show that the magnetic field (parameterized by $c_B$ and $q_3$) enhances the Schwinger effect by lowering and narrowing the potential barrier, while increasing spatial anisotropy (controlled by $\nu$) suppresses the process by raising and widening the barrier.
These findings demonstrate that magnetic and spatial anisotropies exert competing effects on particle production, emphasizing the necessity of treating both concurrently in holographic models. 
This work advances the theoretical description of the Schwinger effect in anisotropic environments, with implications for understanding non-equilibrium dynamics in HIC and other strongly coupled systems. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are closely related to each other, and their bidirectional pathophysiological interactions significantly increase the risks of liver-related and extrahepatic adverse outcomes. Multidisciplinary management is essential to improve long-term outcomes and the overall quality of integrated care in individuals with T2DM and MASLD. The expert consensus "Chinese expert consensus on multidisciplinary management of type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (2026 edition)" was developed by multidisciplinary experts from Chinese Society of Health Management, Liver and Gallbladder Diseases Branch of China Association of Chinese Medicine and Liver Health Consortium in China (CHESS). By integrating expertise across specialties, a systematic and continuous care model can be established encompassing early screening, precision diagnosis, risk stratification, individualized interventions, and long-term management. Such an approach can optimize coordinated management strategies for T2DM and MASLD and improve quality of life and long-term survival.

The research aims to identify the specific nature of the translatorial interpretation of A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “Guilty Without Guilt” (1883) in Chen Jiaping’s Chinese adaptation “The Innocent” (1952). The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the specific characteristics of the material and the absence of systemic works in modern literary studies based on a receptive and comparative-contrastive analysis of the perception of “Guilty Without Guilt” in China. For the first time, the article reveals the transformation of the play’s system of images, poetics, and ideological and aesthetic emphases during its domestication, taking into account the historical, cultural, and literary context. The paper examines the interpretation of the character system within the Chinese cultural context – focusing primarily on the key figures of Neznamov and Murov, as well as secondary characters – the specific treatment of the “power of money” theme, and the fundamental ideological and aesthetic differences between the finales of the original and the adaptation. The results show that Chen Jiaping sought to bring the text closer to the national reader by shifting the focus from the moral and psychological experiences of the original to a sharp critique of social inequality and colonial pressure. The play acquires an accusatory pathos and becomes an instrument of revolutionary agitation, reflecting the pressing issues of mid-20th-century Chinese society.

Abstract Investigating the electromagnetic characteristics of unconventional states may offer new insights into their internal structures. In particular, the magnetic moment attributes may serve as a crucial physical observable for differentiating exotic states with disparate configurations or spin-parity quantum numbers. As a promising avenue for research, encompassing both opportunities and challenges, an in-depth examination of the electromagnetic properties of exotic states is crucial for advancing our understanding of unconventional states. Motivated by this, in this study, the magnetic moments of $ \rm{I(J^{P})} = 1(1^{+})$ $Z_{\bar b c}$ tetraquark states are analyzed in the framework of QCD light-cone sum rules by considering the diquark-antidiquark approximation, designated as type $3_c \otimes \bar 3_c$. Although the tetraquark states examined in this study have nearly identical masses, their magnetic moment results exhibit noticeable discrepancies. This may facilitate the differentiation between quantum numbers associated with states with identical quark content. The results show that heavy quarks overcoming light quarks can determine both the sign and the magnitude of the magnetic moments of these tetraquark states. The numerical results obtained in this study suggest that the magnetic moments of $Z_{\bar b c}$ tetraquark states may reveal aspects of their underlying structure, which could distinguish between their spin-parity quantum numbers and their internal structure. The results obtained regarding the magnetic moments of the $Z_{\bar b c}$ tetraquark states may be checked within the context of different phenomenological approaches. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

Abstract The interference between amplitudes corresponding to different intermediate resonances plays an important role in generating large CP asymmetries in phase space in multi-body decays of bottom and charmed mesons. In this paper, we study the CP violation in the decay channel ${\overline{B}}^{0}\rightarrow K^{-}\pi^{+}\pi^{0}$ in phase space region where the intermediate resonances $\overline{K}^{*}(892)^{0}$ and ${\overline{K}^{*}_{0}(700)}$ dominate. The Forward-Backward Asymmetry (FBA) and the CP asymmetry induced by FBA (FB-CPA), which are closely related to the interference effects between the two aforementioned resonances, are especially investigated. The non-trivial correlation between FBA and FB-CPA is analyzed. The analysis indicates that the FB-CPAs around the resonance $\overline{K}^{*}(892)^{0}$ can be as large as about 35\%, which can be potentially accessible by Belle and Belle-II collaborations in the near future. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

Chinese seals are widely used in various fields within Chinese society as a tool for certifying legal documents. However, recognizing text on these seals presents challenges due to background text, high noise levels, and minimalistic image features. This paper introduces a hybrid model to address these difficulties in Chinese seal text recognition. Our model integrates preprocessing techniques tailored for real seals, a deep learning-based position correction model, a circular text unwrapping model, and OCR text recognition. First, we apply a color-based method to effectively remove the black background text on seals, eliminating redundant information while retaining crucial features for further analysis. Next, we introduce an innovative image denoising algorithm to significantly improve the system's robustness in processing noisy seal images. Additionally, we develop a deep learning-based angle prediction network and create synthetic datasets that mimic real seal scenes, enabling optimal seal image positioning for enhanced text flattening and recognition, thus boosting overall system performance. Finally, polar coordinate transformation is employed to convert the circular seal into a rectangular image for more efficient text recognition. Experimental results indicate that our proposed methods effectively enhance the accuracy of seal text recognition.

Abstract Within the framework of nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization, we investigate the relativistic corrections to the production of a pair of $B_c$ family mesons in $e^+e^-$ annihilation. The study covers center-of-mass energies from the production threshold up to $2m_Z$, considering both the photon and $Z^0$-boson propagated processes. We find that the relativistic corrections are significant, with the corresponding $K$ factors of approximately 0.6. The azimuthal asymmetry, angular distribution, and transverse momentum distribution are also presented. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.

ObjectivesThe integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare promises to revolutionize patient care, diagnostics, and treatment protocols. Collaborative efforts among healthcare systems, research institutions, and industry are pivotal to leveraging AI’s full potential. Understanding these dynamics is essential for addressing current challenges and shaping future AI development in healthcare. This study aims to characterize collaborative networks and stakeholders in AI healthcare initiatives, identify challenges and opportunities within these collaborations, and elucidate priorities for future AI research and development.MethodsThis study analyzed publicly available survey data previously collected by the Chinese Society of Radiology and the Chinese Medical Imaging AI Innovation Alliance. We performed secondary analysis of the national cross-sectional survey that was conducted in China with a total of 5,262 participants (5,142 clinicians and 120 research institution professionals), involving participants from three key groups: clinicians, institution professionals, and industry representatives. The survey explored diverse aspects including current AI usage in healthcare, collaboration dynamics, challenges encountered, and research and development priorities.ResultsFindings reveal high interest in AI among clinicians, with a significant gap between interest and actual engagement in development activities. Key findings include limited establishment of AI research departments and scarce interdisciplinary collaborations. Despite the willingness to share data, progress is hindered by concerns about data privacy and security, and lack of clear industry standards and legal guidelines. Future development interests focus on lesion screening, disease diagnosis, and enhancing clinical workflows.ConclusionThis study highlights an enthusiastic yet cautious approach toward AI in healthcare, characterized by significant barriers that impede effective collaboration and implementation. Recommendations emphasize the need for AI-specific education and training, secure data-sharing frameworks, establishment of clear industry standards, and formation of dedicated AI research departments.

ABSTRACT This article aims to intervene in the current trajectory of studying racism in China by centring decoloniality. In this article, I propose three theses which underscore why decolonising this field is of paramount importance. First, dominant consensus on racism in China downplays or ignores the critical juncture of nineteenth century colonisation and its impact on Chinese racial ideologies, despite many scholars presenting evidence of colonial modernity and its racial hierarchy in China. Second, scholars who deploy methodological nationalism isolate China from the external world, misrepresenting problems in China as China-only. Third, scholars misconstrued China-centrism as racial superiority, dismissing the Chinese own racialisations under White supremacy. These theoretical problems prevent scholars from pursuing a comprehensive theorisation in understanding the racialisation of people in China. This article pioneers in offering a cohesive frame of analysis that incorporates decolonial theory for understanding racism in Chinese society, inviting future studies to innovate with this framework in mind.

HER2-positive breast cancer is an aggressive subtype that benefits from targeted therapies. According to the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) guidelines and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the combination of trastuzumab (H) with pertuzumab (P) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy has become the standard treatment for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer in the neoadjuvant setting. Nevertheless, the long-term survival benefits of neoadjuvant dual HER2 blockade (P + H) remain unaddressed by comprehensive meta-analyses to date. This study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to directly compare the long-term efficacy of P + H vs. H (excluding trastuzumab-derived or similar drugs, such as T-DM1, T-DXd, and so on) in the neoadjuvant treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wan Fang, and VIP databases for relevant studies published up to June 1, 2025. RCTs with HER2-positive breast cancer patients who had not received breast cancer-related treatments previously were included. Treatment of P + H or H arms with chemotherapy combined with pertuzumab plus trastuzumab or trastuzumab as neoadjuvant treatment. The primary outcome was the event-free survival (EFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS), and secondary outcomes included total pathological complete response (tpCR), objective response rate (ORR), and grade ≥ 3 adverse effects (AEs). The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE. A total of six RCTs involving 803 patients were included. In long-term efficacy, the P + H arm showed significant improvements in 3-year EFS rate (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.16, p = 0.04), 5-year EFS rate (RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.20, p = 0.03), 5-year EFS (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.87, p = 0.009), 5-year DFS rate (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.99-1.20), and 5-year DFS (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35-0.84), compared to the H arm. In short-term efficacy, the P + H arm showed significant improvements in tpCR (RR 1.76, 95% CI 1.39-2.23, p < 0.001) and ORR (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09-1.27, p < 0.001) compared to the H arm. The outcome of 5-year DFS rate had moderate-quality evidence, and the outcome of 3-year EFS rate, 5-year EFS rate, 5-year EFS (HR), 5-year DFS (HR), tpCR had high-quality evidence. Dual HER2 blockade with pertuzumab and trastuzumab demonstrated superior short- and long-term efficacy compared with trastuzumab alone, with each treatment showing a distinct but manageable safety profile. PROSPERO CRD42021286130.

ABSTRACT In recent years, housing prices have become a focal point of attention in Chinese society, with particular emphasis on the relationship between housing prices in different cities. However, the academic discussion and depth of research on this issue are limited, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This paper, based on the new economic geography theoretical model, incorporates the housing sector and macroeconomic monetary policy variables to enhance the theoretical model of inter-city housing price relationships. Empirically, using baseline regression and introducing various interaction terms, the paper verifies the influencing factors of housing price differentiation and the transmission mechanisms through which monetary policy affects housing price differentiation. The study finds that population, resident income, and land transfer area are crucial factors influencing inter-city housing price differentiation. From the perspective of money supply, the impact of narrow money supply (M1) growth rate is more significant than that of broad money supply (M2), and the greater the difference between them, the more dynamic the real estate market becomes, leading to further widening of inter-city housing price differentiation. This paper contributes to filling gaps in related fields, revealing the mechanism through which residents’ home-buying behavior is influenced by money supply. It provides essential references for government departments to formulate policies that appropriately stabilize investment cycles and guide the flow of money.

The complicated tapestry of cultural exchange between India and China has been twisted over millennia, characterized by a dynamic interplay of ideas, practices, and artistic expressions. This spectacle, often referred to as the "Buddhicization of Chinese Culture," summarized the profound influence that Indian philosophical thought, religious practices, and artistic traditions have exerted on Chinese society. The historical overview of this cultural exchange is not merely a version of one of the impacts of the civilizations over another one. It is a complex novelette of mutual adaptation, negotiation, and transformation that has shaped both cultures in remarkable ways. This is an ability to understand this Buddhicization process which requires a multifaceted approach that considers historical contexts, socio-political dynamics, and the transnational flow of ideas. The basic foundations of Indian Buddhist cultural influence in China can be traced back to the early centuries of the Common Era i.e. 206 BCE to 220 CE (China), particularly with the spread of Buddhism. As one of the most significant cultural exports from India, Buddhism served as a conduit for various Indian Buddhist philosophies, artistic styles, and even linguistic elements to permeate Chinese society. A trade route better known as Silk Route, is a network connecting the East and West not only for the exchange of goods furthermore for the transmission of cultural and religious ideas too. Consequently, it has interconnected the permission to Indian Buddhist monks, scholars, and traders to travel to China. These lead to bringing with them their beliefs, texts, and artistic traditions. This tradition has had an impact in China which leads to the translation of the Buddhist scriptures into Chinese language particularly from the period of Han dynasty (206BCE-220CE). Therefore, the era of the Han dynasty marked a climactic moment in this cultural exchange, laying the groundwork for the eventual integration of Indian Buddhist thought into Chinese intellectual and spiritual life.

Chronic insomnia frequently co-occurs with common neuropsychiatric disorders, including migraine, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, generalized anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, body distress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and disorders due to use of alcohol. The prevalence of these neuropsychiatric disorders is hiher among patients with chronic insomnia than in the general population, and the conditions mutually exacerbate each other. Comorbidities not only exacerbate the severity and increases the relapse risk of each condition but also lead to a poorer prognosis, more severe impairment of social functioning, a higher all-cause mortality risk, and greater treatment challenges. Therefore, the Sleep Disorders Group, Chinese Society of Neurology and Sleep Medicine Group,China Neurologist Association have convened experts in relevant fields, based on current medical evidence, to establish guideline for the management of Chinese adults with chronic insomnia comorbid with the aforementioned 10 categories of common neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim is to standardize clinical practice and improve treatment effectiveness and cure rates.

The article discusses modern trends and key issues of media convergence in China in the context of the digital transformation of the media sphere. The relevance of the study is due to the transition of the national media industry to a stage of deepened convergence, where the formation of an omnichannel communication system becomes a strategic direction for development and an important factor in enhancing the effectiveness of public communication. In the context of the rapid expansion of new media and the complexity of the media landscape, there is an increasing need to assess how technological innovations, institutional frameworks, and content production models interact and shape the new architecture of the Chinese media ecosystem. A comprehensive analysis of the evolution of government policy on media convergence, structural features of the omnichannel system, and the mechanisms of its practical implementation has been conducted. Special attention is given to the concept of "four comprehensive media" and the transition to "fully intelligent media," reflecting the growing role of artificial intelligence and intelligent technologies in media production. The main barriers to the deep implementation of media convergence have been identified, including insufficient understanding of convergent processes among staff of traditional media and the mismatch of existing management mechanisms with the demands of the new media environment. It has been determined that the convergence of traditional media and new media contributes to improved communication efficiency, stimulates innovation in the industry, and creates conditions for the development of the cultural environment. The methodological basis of the research includes systemic and comparative analysis, the study of regulatory documents, and a critical review of scientific publications. The conclusion is drawn on the necessity of a systematic approach to the formation of the omnichannel communication system, suggesting the strengthening of specialist training, modernization of management mechanisms, and acceleration of organizational transformations. It is emphasized that the further promotion of the omnichannel model is a key condition for enhancing the national communication potential and forming a modern information ecosystem in China. Overall, the progress of the omnichannel communication system will contribute to the formation of an open, coordinated, and efficient information ecosystem that meets the current demands of the digital society. The development of such a system ensures not only the improvement of information flow quality and optimization of interaction between various media platforms but also creates conditions for more transparent, prompt, and scientifically grounded social management for modern Chinese society. In the long term, this becomes an important structural element of modernization development, strengthening the institutional mechanisms of communication, supporting innovation processes, and expanding the capabilities of the state and society in the field of managerial decision-making.

Abstract: How did cost influence Chinese students’ patterns of study abroad in Japan and the United States between 1900 and 1937? Drawing on archival sources including student memoirs, institutional reports, and official funding records, this article estimates typical annual expenses and traces how these expenses affected both government-sponsored and privately funded students. While government policy and international relations were the most important factors shaping overseas study trends in the first two decades of the twentieth century, declining government support and rising costs made financial considerations increasingly decisive in the 1920s and 1930s. Students studying in the United States received far more government support than those in Japan. The article analyzes the socioeconomic backgrounds of privately funded students to demonstrate that by the 1920s and 1930s only the wealthiest classes of Chinese society could fund study abroad without government support. This study shows cost to have been a critical and previously underappreciated factor in the dynamics of China’s overseas education movement in the early twentieth century.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potentially curative treatment for severe aplastic anemia (SAA). In China, the number of SAA patients undergoing allo-HSCT has risen considerably. However, owing to variations in clinical practices between China and other countries, certain aspects of transplantation demonstrate unique and distinct characteristics. To address these unique challenges and standardize clinical practice, we developed evidence-based guidelines tailored to the management of Chinese SAA patients undergoing allo-HSCT. This clinical practice guideline was developed using the Evidence to Decision framework and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to formulate evidence-based recommendations. In instances where high-quality evidence was lacking, the Delphi method was used to integrate expert opinions. The guidelines adhere to the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) framework and the Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Health Care (RIGHT) statement to ensure methodological rigor and transparency. The guidelines present 32 recommendations encompassing key aspects of allo-HSCT for SAA, including patient eligibility criteria, donor and graft selection, pretransplant assessment and conditioning strategies, graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis, early management of posttransplant complications, and long-term follow-up. These recommendations are based on the latest clinical evidence and expert consensus, offering a structured approach to optimize transplantation outcomes. These guidelines establish standardized protocols to enhance allo-HSCT management for SAA in China by integrating current evidence and expert consensus. Its widespread adoption is expected to improve donor selection strategies, conditioning regimen applications, posttransplant care, and long-term patient outcomes. Ultimately, these recommendations aim to increase the quality of patient care, improve survival rates, and contribute to the advancement of national health care standards.

This qualitative study aimed to explore the work–family conflict phenomenon in China, to extend our understanding of such a phenomenon experienced under a different cultural background outside of the West, and to help suggest the Chinese culturally specific variables (e.g., filial piety) related to the work–family conflict in China for future research. A purposive sample of 16 Chinese employees was interviewed. Using Creswell’s phenomenological method, six themes and 17 sub-themes emerged through 297 significant statements. The participants described the work–family conflict as only a life experience or no more than a minor problem in life that has influenced their coping strategy (e.g., avoidance coping). It appeared that Chinese culture places both positive and negative effects that simultaneously ease and exacerbate work–family conflict (e.g., a greater level of family support came with more family obligation). After comparing the results with the previous Western findings, differences in the experience of work–family conflict were identified. Relevant factors related to the experience of work–family conflict were suggested, providing directions for future work–family conflict studies.

von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder caused by germline heterozygous pathogenic variants of the VHL gene or promoter hypermethylation. It is characterized by multiple tumors and cystic lesions, primarily affecting the central nervous system, retina, kidneys, pancreas, adrenal glands, and other organs. In recent years, significant progress has been made in both basic and clinical research on VHL syndrome, particularly in genotype-phenotype correlations and targeted therapies, such as the clinical application of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α inhibitors. To further standardize the diagnosis and management of VHL syndrome in China, the Chinese Society of Rare Diseases of the Chinese Medical Association, the Beijing Society of Rare Diseases, and the Chinese Alliance for Genetic and Rare Diseases of the Urinary System of the Chinese Urological Association have updated the epidemiological, genetic, and clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, treatment strategies, and long-term management protocols based on the latest evidence-based medical findings and the "Chinese expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome" in the 2018 edition, and forms 12 recommended suggestions, aiming to provide scientific guidance for clinical practice.