Chinese Research Research Articles

The Origin and Development of Chinese Language Studies in Spain from the Perspective of Sinology

: Chinese language education and studies in Spain originated from Spanish sinology. Early Spanish missionary is the first group of sinologists and language experts in Europe. In the process of contacting, learning and studying Chinese, they constructed the field of Chinese language research that integrates Chinese and Spanish language studies. Chinese language studies experienced the rise and fall with the development of Spanish Sinology. The research contents, theoretical perspectives and research methods of Contemporary Spanish Chinese tend to be diversified, and Chinese research literature has high linguistic research value. This article reviews the evolution process and key figures of Chinese Studies in Spanish Sinology since the 16th century, and identifies the development context and research fields of Chinese language studies conducted by the Spanish linguists, so as to reveal the important role that Chinese language plays in the exchange and mutual understanding between Chinese and Spanish civilizations, and provide a historical reference for the development of contemporary Chinese education in Spain.

Medical Instruction of Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on VisualGLM-6B Fine-Tuning Training

Traditional Chinese medicine as an important component of traditional Chinese medicine, has a wide range of application value. Because the traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in the treatment of diseases, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and analysis to guide clinical application. The accuracy of traditional Chinese medicine research methods is relatively low because of the influence of human factors and the small number of samples. In order to solve this problem, in recent years, deep learning-based traditional Chinese medicine research methods have gradually emerged. Among them, VisualGLM-6B fine-tuning training is a Chinese medicine research method based on deep learning method, which can improve the accuracy of the model through fine-tuning training of Chinese medicine, and provide more accurate support for the medical guidance of Chinese medicine. Therefore, this paper will be based on VisualGLM-6B fine-tuning training, to study its application effect in Chinese medicine guidance, in order to improve the effect and quality of clinical application of Chinese medicine, to make greater contributions to human health

Sirolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of lupus nephritis: Results from a real-world CSTAR cohort study.

No prior studies have directly compared sirolimus with the standard of care (SoC) for lupus nephritis (LN) patients. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of sirolimus with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for the treatment of LN. A real-world cohort study based on the Chinese SLE Treatment and Research (CSTAR) registry was conducted. Patients with active LN who were prescribed either sirolimus or MMF were enrolled. Propensity score matching was applied to ensure comparable baseline disease conditions. SLE disease activity indices, serological parameters, steroid doses, renal efficacy, and adverse events were evaluated at 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-ups. Data from 53 patients in each group were analyzed. Sirolimus demonstrated clinical effectiveness comparable to MMF, as evidenced by similar rates of lupus nephritis remission and lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS) /remission or a clinical response (reduction of SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 [SLEDAI-2K] ≥4 and increase in physician's global assessment [PhGA] < 0.3), as well as changes in 24-hour urine protein level, SLEDAI-2K score, PhGA score, and steroid tapering effect (P ≥ 0.05 at all follow-up timepoints). Notably, sirolimus group exhibited greater improvements in complement levels compared to MMF group at 3, 6, and 12 months. Ten adverse events in sirolimus group and one in MMF group were reported, with no severe adverse events. Sirolimus demonstrated comparable efficacy to MMF in the treatment of LN and glucocorticoid tapering, with additional benefits in serological improvement. Furthermore, sirolimus was well tolerated in LN patients, supporting its potential as a therapeutic option for LN.

Move-stance connection in Chinese and English research article conclusion sections: A cross-linguistic study

Move-stance connection in Chinese and English research article conclusion sections: A cross-linguistic study

Invisible racism rethought: a globally oriented approach to anti-Chinese racism

ABSTRACT This article explores the invisible educational space in which overseas Chinese grapple with and resist anti-Chinese racism. Focusing on examining ethnic expressions and experiences of Chinese postgraduate research students (PGRs) in the post-pandemic UK, it identifies institutional limitations to subject them to the BAME (Black and Asian Minority Ethnic) category that does injustice to the historical and everyday formations of their distinct (inter-)national, racial and ethnic identities. By responding to a rare opportunity in the post-pandemic UK, this research is co-produced with Chinese PGRs who became open to reflecting on their racial, ethnic, and educational experiences in UK higher education (HE). I argue for anti-Chinese racism to be recognised as geopolitically infused and structurally embedded under the rising concerns of knowledge security and global mobility. Through the geopolitical lens, I conceptualise the recent development of racism experienced by Chinese PGRs, especially those from Mainland China, as interlinked to politicised global events and border control practices, intersecting the higher education sector. This article contributes to understanding how the geopolitics of higher education impacts Chinese PGRs’ racialised experiences and navigation strategies in the global university system. It highlights the heterogeneity of Chinese educational migrants and calls for greater knowledge, sensitivity, and attention to support provisions on university campuses.

Russia’s Demographic Problems in the Mirror of Chinese Academic Literature

The analysis of demographic problems is relevant both for understanding the internal situation in the country and for implementing international cooperation in the field of demographic and migration policy. Russia is a long-term strategic partner of China, and the topic of its demographic development attracts the attention of a wide range ofChinese scientists. The article is devoted to the analysis of the main research directions of demographic problems of Russia inthe Chinese scientific literature using the CiteSpace6.3 application. The source material for the analysis is 284 articles published between 1994 and 2024 in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. The purpose of the study isto identify structural and temporal patterns and trends in the Chinese scientific literature devoted to the study of demographic problems in Russia. It has been established that in the evolution of scientific research by scientists from China devoted to this topic, three stages of development can be distinguished: the initial stage (1994-2014), the transitional stage (2015–2019) and the modern stage (2020–2024). In addition, several influential Chinese scientists are working in the field ofdemographic situation research in Russia, however, the level of Their international cooperation remains limited. An ana-lysis of the keywords used in publications on this issue shows that the attention of Chinese researchers is most often attracted by: “low birth rate”,” high mortality”, “population aging”, “brain drain” and “Chinese migration”. Our results open prospects for further comparative analysis of the scientific literature on demographic challenges in Russia and China, which is of great importance not only for scientific, but also for practical work on solving these problems in both countries.

Research on Educational Leadership and Management in China since 2000s: A Systematic Literature Review

Reviews providing an overview of literature regarding educational leadership and management (EDLM) that synthesize Chinese research and practice in recent years were rare. Thus, we conduct a review study focusing on EDLM in China in a systematic approach. This article aims to describe research concerning publication volume, authorship, research topics, research methodologies, and practice features involving contextual intervention, leader’s role, and leader-follower interaction. PRISMA was used in the source identification and data extraction from two international databases and “core” journals in this field. In total, 196 journal articles were included for analysis in the period between 2000 and 2023. This review draws a holistic picture of major patterns of knowledge production by exploring key Chinese characteristics and highlighting the connections and differences compared to similar reviews in other countries or regions. Notably, the findings identified that more than half of the studies had been published in the past three years, indicating that the Chinese literature in EDLM is mainly contemporary and similar to that of other Asian and developing countries. This study contributes to the landscape of leadership and management in China and connects it to the international literature, which provides sustaining power for the EDLM knowledge base.

BASIC IDEAS FOR THE STUDY OF CHINESE ART IN THE 1950S

During the period of Chinese art history research in the 20th century, many art forums and historians have achieved remarkable results in the organization of materials and documents, which have provided important help for later research, including making remarkable contributions to the modern transformation of Chinese art historiography. In the research direction of methodology and systematics, we make a discussion of the basic research ideas on the study of Chinese art in the 1950s.

Registration Level and Nonprofit Foundation Efficiency: The Moderating Role of Organizational Income

Nonprofit foundations are becoming significant stakeholders in global governance and business operations. However, measuring their efficiency is a challenging task due to their mission-driven nature. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the program efficiency of nonprofit foundations in China. A set of indicators are employed and tested using data from the Chinese Research Data Services (CNRDS) platform. The study employs multiple regression analysis to examine the influential factors identified in the dataset. The study’s findings suggest a positive and significant correlation between registration level and nonprofit efficiency (program and administrative efficiency). Furthermore, organizational income appears to moderate the impact of registration level on both program and administrative efficiency. The results of the analysis provide valuable insights for nonprofit foundation operators, policymakers, and researchers in the field of the nonprofit sector (e.g., nonprofit foundations in China are encouraged to find an equilibrium between their organizational efficiency and their registration status). In terms of theoretical contributions, this study stands as one of the pioneering efforts in investigating the influence of registration levels and the moderating effect of organizational income on nonprofit foundations’ efficiency. Finally, we have delineated its limitations and outlined avenues for future research.

Evaluating the research quality of dance education articles in China: implications for internationalization of dance education in peripheral countries

ABSTRACT Despite efforts to internationalize, Chinese dance education research still faces limited global recognition. While globalization promotes academic integration through English, it reinforces Western dominance and marginalizes local knowledge. In this study, the research quality of Chinese dance education articles is examined, and significant deficiencies were discovered in rigor, theoretical framework, and literature review, as well as group problems such as neglect of empirical research and a lack of collaboration between authors and institutions. It reflects China’s difficulty in integrating with international academic standards and the limitations of local knowledge dissemination. According to the results, institutional and policy settings, the publication economy, relational manuscripts, and the lack of dance education research journals in China further contribute to an academic culture that prioritizes quantity over quality, preventing high-quality research and internationalization. This study not only provides a deeper understanding of the current state of Chinese dance education research but also offers insights into similar efforts in other peripheral countries facing similar challenges.

Waves of progress: a bibliometric analysis of the current status and emerging trends in maritime security research

PurposeMaritime security is a crucial aspect of national security. In recent years, it has become a vital factor in safeguarding maritime rights and interests, developing maritime power, and strengthening global ocean governance. This paper aims to review the current status and research hotspots of maritime security in Chinese journals, compare these findings with relevant studies from foreign-language journals, and propose directions and references for future research.Design/methodology/approachBy employing CiteSpace visualization software and bibliometric visualization analysis from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), this paper conducts a visual analysis of 879 relevant publications in the CNKI database. The visualization results are then compared with research findings reported in foreign-language journals.FindingsThe analysis shows that maritime security has received increasing attention, with research activity rising sharply after 2004. Key research areas include global ocean governance and maritime security, Sino-Japanese maritime security issues, China’s maritime security under the Indo-Pacific Strategy, and response strategies based on the evolving maritime security situation. The evolution of research themes has followed distinct stages, influenced by international dynamics, China’s surrounding security environment, and shifts in national strategies.Research limitations/implicationsThis study relies solely on data from CNKI, excluding sources from English databases such as Web of Science and Scopus. As a result, it mainly reflects maritime security research in China and may not offer a comprehensive view of global research trends.Originality/valueThis paper systematically reviews China’s maritime security research output, identifies major research topics and emerging trends, and provides directions and references for future research. It also compares Chinese findings with significant international research priorities in maritime security, highlighting similarities and differences. Thus, it serves as a useful reference for international audiences seeking to understand Chinese research on maritime security.

Study on speech imagery electroencephalography decoding of Chinese words based on the CAM-Net model

Speech imagery is an emerging brain-computer interface (BCI) paradigm with potential to provide effective communication for individuals with speech impairments. This study designed a Chinese speech imagery paradigm using three clinically relevant words-"Help me", "Sit up" and "Turn over"-and collected electroencephalography (EEG) data from 15 healthy subjects. Based on the data, a Channel Attention Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network (CAM-Net) decoding algorithm was proposed, which combined multi-scale temporal convolutions with asymmetric spatial convolutions to extract multidimensional EEG features, and incorporated a channel attention mechanism along with a bidirectional long short-term memory network to perform channel weighting and capture temporal dependencies. Experimental results showed that CAM-Net achieved a classification accuracy of 48.54% in the three-class task, outperforming baseline models such as EEGNet and Deep ConvNet, and reached a highest accuracy of 64.17% in the binary classification between "Sit up" and "Turn over". This work provides a promising approach for future Chinese speech imagery BCI research and applications.

The analysis of invention patents in the field of artificial intelligent medical devices

The emergence of new-generation artificial intelligence technology has brought numerous innovations to the healthcare field, including telemedicine and intelligent care. However, the artificial intelligent medical device sector still faces significant challenges, such as data privacy protection and algorithm reliability. This study, based on invention patent analysis, revealed the technological innovation trends in the field of artificial intelligent medical devices from aspects such as patent application time trends, hot topics, regional distribution, and innovation players. The results showed that global invention patent applications had remained active, with technological innovations primarily focused on medical image processing, physiological signal processing, surgical robots, brain-computer interfaces, and intelligent physiological parameter monitoring technologies. The United States and China led the world in the number of invention patent applications. Major international medical device giants, such as Philips, Siemens, General Electric, and Medtronic, were at the forefront of global technological innovation, with significant advantages in patent application volumes and international market presence. Chinese universities and research institutes, such as Zhejiang University, Tianjin University, and the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, had demonstrated notable technological innovation, with a relatively high number of patent applications. However, their overseas market expansion remained limited. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the technological innovation trends in the artificial intelligent medical device field and offers valuable information support for industry development from an informatics perspective.

Expert consensus on science and technology evaluation in Chinese hospitals (2025 edition)

Scientific and technological evaluation serves as a pivotal mechanism for fostering innovation. Objective and scientific evaluation markedly enhances technological innovation capacity and vitality. Presently, research-oriented hospitals in China bear the mission of facing four key orientations: the global scientific and technological frontiers, the development of the economy, the major needs of the country, the health and safety of people. These institutions also bear the responsibility for high-quality development. Establishment of a technological evaluation system aligned with contemporary needs is essential. Such a system can scientifically lead an advanced medical innovation, accelerate transformation of research outcomes, and contribute substantially to the "Healthy China" strategy. Collaborative research group on deepening reform of science and technology evaluation in Chinese hospitals and clinical research management group of scientific research management branch of medical scientific research management of Chinese Medical Association, in collaboration with institutions and expert teams, dedicated to research and management of hospital technological evaluation systems, alignment with national demands occurs. Reference to the global research advancements and integrations of hospital practices inform the formulation of this expert consensus. This consensus systematically delineates the framework for constructing and applying a technological evaluation system in Chinese hospitals. Through a scientific and standardized evaluation mechanism, enhancement of hospital innovation capacity and optimization of medical service quality will be promoted. The consensus encompasses evaluation objectives, principles, system constructions, application strategies, and supportive measures. A highly operational indicator system and implementation pathway are provided. Guidance is offered for hospital administrators, policymakers, and researchers.

Специфика понимания традиционной культуры Китая: взгляд из КНР и России

The article highlights the views of Chinese and Russian researchers on traditional Chinese culture. A brief re-view of the literature is provided, key similarities and differences in the views of representatives of different national schools are highlighted. It is revealed that Chinese and Russian researchers are united by the recogni-tion of the importance of three main philosophical teachings, a high degree of continuity of values and tradi-tions. Differences in views are found in the definition of the core of traditional culture, the nature of its devel-opment and key areas of research. Chinese scholars often focus on Confucianism, while Russian researchers consider traditional Chinese culture in the context of the interaction of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese researchers tend to perceive traditional culture as continuous, while Russian scientists study it through the prism of cyclicality and linearity. Chinese researchers focus on intangible heritage, while Russian scientists pay much attention to elements of material culture.

Тенденции развития китайской теории международных отношений

International relations theory as a scientific discipline has a long history, formulated by Western countries. The traditional approach to it, rooted in the Westphalian system, is still widespread in the scientific community, de-spite its inability to adequately explain many contemporary international processes. In contrast, Chinese re-searchers of global relations develop and apply adapted theories and offer their own interpretations of existing concepts. The aim of this approach to the study of international relations is to ensure the active participation of China and other countries in the formation of a world order based on common rules and principles of justice. A key feature of Chinese policy in this area is its flexibility and adaptability to the changing geopolitical situation, which is reflected in the constant review and adjustment of the theoretical models used in line with the evolu-tion of the international situation. China does not simply borrow Western theories, but actively reinterprets them and adapts them to its national interests and vision of a just world order, practicing the creation of its own theo-retical models as part of its quest for more inclusive and equitable governance of global processes.

Motivations of Novice and Experienced Female Chinese Applied Linguistics Researchers to Participate in Peer Reviews

ABSTRACTThis article reports on an exploratory inquiry into the experiences of novice and experienced female Chinese applied linguistics researchers in their roles as peer reviewers. Using an ecological perspective to situate self‐determination theory, we interpret participants' accounts of reviewing, gathered through semi‐structured interviews, in this inquiry. The analysis suggests that the mesosystem (i.e., institution) has the most noticeable impact on female Chinese novice researchers' motivations to conduct reviews. Under the pressure of performance evaluations and promotion requirements, female Chinese novice researchers tend to be extrinsically motivated to write reviews for journals. In contrast, experienced researchers are likely to be intrinsically motivated as they associate doing reviews with a sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The identified differences in the motivations of novice and experienced researchers for acting as reviewers suggest that the internalisation of review motivation—from extrinsic to intrinsic—could be an important part of the participants' professional growth from novice to experienced researchers. This points to opportunities for further study to compare researchers across different disciplines and cultural backgrounds, assessing how their motivations to conduct reviews evolve through different stages of their careers.

Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (2025 edition)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease, with challenges in both its diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, advances in basic and clinical research related to SLE have led to the emergence of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, as well as the continuous updating of international clinical guidelines. Against this backdrop, the existing guidelines are no longer fully aligned with current clinical practice in China. Initiated by the National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases and the Chinese SLE Treatment and Research Group (CSTAR), and in collaboration with the Chinese Rheumatology Association and other relevant academic societies, an expert panel has comprehensively evaluated the latest research evidence and integrated domestic clinical experience. In accordance with the GRADE framework, the "2020 Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus" has undergone systematic revision. This updated guideline provides detailed evidence-based recommendations addressing 12 critical clinical concerns prioritized by frontline rheumatologists in China. The revision aims to optimize the scientific rigor of SLE clinical management and enhance patient-centered healthcare services.

Assessment of positive psychological functioning among Chinese university students: Revision and psychometric properties of a psychological capital scale.

Psychological capital serves as a psychological asset facilitating personal growth and enhanced performance. It aids individuals in navigating life's myriad challenges and adversities, promoting psychological well-being and adaptability. Despite the widely recognized importance of psychological capital in enhancing competitiveness and work performance, existing assessment tools, such as the PCQ-24 developed by Luthans et al. (2007), have not been adequately validated in the Chinese university student population. To explore the factor structure of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-24) developed by Luthans et al., the researchers employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), extracting factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. The results revealed a six-factor structure, which is inconsistent with the original four-factor structure of the PCQ-24 measurement tool. Therefore, Luthans' psychological capital scale is not suitable for university students. Additionally, the indigenous scale developed by Chinese researchers Ke Jianglin et al (2009) is more suitable for organizational employees rather than university students. Hence, it is essential to revise and validate a psychological capital measurement tool appropriate for Chinese university students. To fill this gap, the researchers aimed to revise and validate a psychological capital scale suitable for Chinese university students based on the four structural dimensions proposed by Luthans et al. In this study, a large-scale survey of Chinese university students (N = 2780) was conducted, and SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 were used to statistically analyze the data and assess the psychometric properties of the Revised Mental Capital Scale. The results indicate that the revised psychological capital scale meets the psychometric requirements. The study concluded that the psychological capital scale revised and validated by the researcher can be used as an instrument to measure and assess the psychological capital of university students.

Analysis on the Differences between the Four-Factor Model of Chinese and International Markets and Research on Optimization Paths

This study focuses on the four-factor model of the Chinese market and the international market, and deeply analyzes the differences between the two. By combing the development context and constituent elements of the four-factor model, combined with the particularity of A-shares, a Chinese version of the model is constructed and compared with the international market model to analyze the factor performance and model effect. The study found that the models of the two markets have commonalities in development and composition, but there are significant differences in market environment, factor performance, etc., and each has its own advantages and disadvantages in explaining stock returns. Based on this, the direction of model optimization, cross-market analysis and method improvement is proposed for subsequent research, in order to provide reference for investors and market research.