Bone Marrow Cells Of Chinese Hamsters Research Articles

The possible role of probiotics as dietary antimutagens

Possible antimutagenic actions of probiotics - mainly lactic acid bacteria - were examined using in vitro and in vivo test systems. In the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA1538 beef extract and nitrosated beef extract were used as mutagens. L. casei showed high antimutagenic activity on mutagenicity induced by nitrosated beef extract only without S9 mix, whereas Omniflora (a lyophilized preparation of lactobacilli and E. coli and its cellfree culture broth exhibited antimutagenic action only on beef extract. The actions of probiotics were more homogeneous when living animais were used in the tests. Using busulfan as a mutagen both the chromosome aberration test (with Chinese hamster bone marrow cells) and the micronucleus test (with bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters and mice) showed strong anticlastogenic action when L. casei, Omniflora or yoghurt (with living bifiobacteria) were given orally at the same time as the mutagen. Lactobacilli were effective also after i.p. injection. Cell-free culture broths had no or only weak antimutagenic effects. Mutagen-induced chromosome aberrations and micronuclei were reduced by up to 80% by the lactobacilli.

Genotoxic evaluation of chronic fluoride exposure: sister-chromatid exchange study

As part of a continuing investigation, this study was conducted to examine the genotoxic effects of chronic exposure to sodium fluoride (NaF) in drinking water on the frequency of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) in the bone-marrow cells of male Chinese hamsters. Animals at about 3 weeks of age were randomly assigned to 6 groups, each with at least 3 hamsters, and were maintained on a low fluoride diet (< 0.2 ppm F) throughout the experiment. At 4 weeks of age, the animals in groups I–V began to receive drinking water containing fluoride at concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 50 and 75 ppm, respectively. Group VI was treated with cyclophosphamide and served as the positive control. The animals were sacrificed at 24 weeks of age by cervical dislocation. The humeri and plasma were analyzed for fluoride content, which was found to increase with the increase in fluoride concentration in drinking water. Slides of chromosomes from bone-marrow cells were prepared and blindly examined for the frequency of SCE. The mean scores of SCE for the hamsters receiving drinking water containing F concentrations up to 75 ppm for 21 weeks ranged from 4.28 to 6.28 per cell, and were not significantly different from those of the negative controls (4.60–5.44/cell). The results indicated that chronic fluoride exposure had no effect on the frequency of SCE in Chinese hamster bone-marrow cells under the conditions of the present investigation.

The anticlastogenic potential of fatty acid methyl esters

To test for possible anticlastogenic effects of fatty acids, the methyl esters of fatty acids — short-chain to long-chain — were examined on busulfan in Chinese hamster bone-marrow cells using the chromosome aberration test. When the experimental animals were treated with fatty acid esters and the mutagen, the chromosome-breaking actions of busulfan were not modulated by the short-chain fatty acids, but the fatty acids from lauric acid (C 12) up to nonadecanoic acid (C 19) reduced the rate of aberrant metaphases from 9.4 to about 3% at doses of 100 mg/kg and less. Other chemical properties of the fatty acids (saturated or not, number of double bonds, even- or odd-numbered) had no influence on the anticlastogenic effects. The only exceptions to this rule were arachidonic acid, which had no effect, and γ-linolenic acid, which had no consistent effect on the action of busulfan.

Investigation on the distribution of SCEs in metaphase chromosomes of Chinese hamster bone marrow cells

Investigation on the distribution of SCEs in metaphase chromosomes of Chinese hamster bone marrow cells

An in vitro and in vivo study of a BrdU-sensitive fragile site in the Chinese hamster

The frequencies of chromosome aberrations and development of the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-sensitive fragile site were studied in vitro in Chinese hamster kidney and bone marrow cells and in vivo in Chinese hamster bone marrow cells. Chromosome aberrations in these cell systems were measured in response to different concentrations of BrdU, fluorodeoxyuridine, or both. The fragile site was found in both homologues of chromosome 1 at 1q22. Treatment with BrdU in vitro but not in vivo produces significant chromosome aberrations. About 50% of chromosome aberrations found after treatment in vitro were at the BrdU-sensitive fragile site compared with 12.5% after treatment in vivo. These results show that BrdU is much more potent in vitro than in vivo in inducing both chromosome aberrations and the expression of the BrdU-sensitive site.

Genotoxic activity of the aminophenols as evidenced by the induction of sister chromatid exchanges.

1 Most hair dyes contain the structural isomers ortho-, meta- and para- aminophenol which were investigated concerning their ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in cultured human lymphocytes in vitro and in Chinese hamster bone marrow cells in vivo. 2 In vitro only ortho-aminophenol significantly induced SCE in a dose-dependent manner. 3 In vivo none of the structural isomers increased significantly the SCE frequency. 4 It is concluded that ortho-aminophenol is a weak directly acting compound which is detoxified during its metabolism.

Cytogenetic effects of cigarette smoke condensates in vitro and in vivo.

Various cigarette smoke condensates (CSC) were analyzed with respect to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human lymphocytes in vitro. CSC from a reference cigarette, from three different tobaccos of the reference cigarette, and from a British cigarette induced similar SCE frequencies. CSC from the reference cigarette did not induce SCE in Chinese hamster bone marrow cells in vivo.

Chromosomal analysis in bone-marrow cells of Chinese hamsters after treatment with mycotoxins

Mycotoxins are ubiquitously occurring metabolites of moulds that grow on foodstuffs. They are able to cause toxic diseases in man and animals. Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1), aflatoxin G 1 (AFG 1), and platulin (PA) induce chromosomal damage in Chinese hamster bone-marrow cells. With respect to the number of induced aberrant mitoses the 3 mycotoxins can be ranked in the order PA > AFB 1 > AFG 1.

The effect of cyclophosphamide and isoniazid (INH) alone and in combination on the centromere separation sequence in Chinese hamster bone marrow cells.

X-irradiation of Chinese hamsters with 50 and 200 rad delayed the centromere separation of bone marrow chromosomes. Combination of a treatment with 13.3 mg cyclophosphosphamide/kg body wt. and 50 rad did not result in an enhanced effect compared with the single treatments. Again, the separation sequence was not influenced. No delay was induced by a treatment with 125 mg isoniazid/kg, but a slightly and significantly earlier separation of the chromatids in both groups of metacentric and acrocentric chromosomes occurred. The separation delay seen after irradiation with 50 rad disappeared when the animals were pretreated with isoniazid. Independently of these results the asynchronous separation sequence was not altered in any of the experiments.

Comparative analysis of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in bone-marrow cells of Chinese hamsters after treatment with aflatoxin B 1, patulin and cyclophosphamide

Comparative analysis of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in bone-marrow cells of Chinese hamsters after treatment with aflatoxin B 1, patulin and cyclophosphamide

Effects of various cyclophosphamide concentrations in vivo on sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations of Chinese hamster bone marrow cells

The in vivo SCE formation and the induction of chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow of Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) were studied after various concentrations of cyclophosphamide, and the sensitivity of the two test methods was compared. The administraiton of 1.0, 5.0, 13.3, 25.0, and 40.0 mg/kg body weight induced a dose-dependent increase in SCE. The frequency of chromosome aberration, however, was not increased significantly with doses of 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight. Only with doses of more than 13.3 mg is a significant induction of chromosome aberrations seen. Therefore the SCE test system seems to be 10 times more sensitive than the induction of chromosome aberrations in the same cell type.

Chromosome aberrations in oocytes of NMRI mice and bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters induced with 3,4-benzpyrene

This paper deals with mutagenicity tests with 3,4-benzpyrene in mice oocytes of the strain NMRI and Chinese hamster bone-marrow cells. The mutagenic effect of this hydrocarbon was observed in both test systems. Investigations of bone-marrow chromosomes clearly show dose-response curves.

Inhaled ozone as a mutagen: II. Effect on the frequency of chromosome aberrations observed in irradiated Chinese hamsters

Exposure-adjusted break frequencies for chromosome aberrations produced in Chinese hamster circulating blood lymphocytes were the quantitative indicator of damage from 5 hours of exposure to x-radiation (118 keV effective, 70 cm FSD, 230 rad) and/or to ozone (0.2 ppm, uv generated). There were two groups of four per treatment plus one group exposed to 330 rad. Radiation produced 5.51 × 10 −4 breaks/cell rad for cells withdrawn 2 weeks after exposure, a reasonable value when compared with data from in vivo exposure of human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster bone marrow cells. Animals exposed to the two agents simultaneously exhibited >70% of the total breaks anticipated assuming the expected equal contributions (See Part 1) to be additive. Extending to humans, at presently permitted levels, exposure to ozone would be much more detrimental than exposure to radiation.