Chili Extract Research Articles

Determination of Peak Purity in HPLC by Coupling Coulometric Array Detection and Two-Dimensional Correlation Analysis

This work aims to evaluate the purity of chromatographic peaks by a two-dimensional correlation (2D-corr) analysis. Such an analysis leads to two contour plots: synchronous and asynchronous. The synchronous contour plot provides information on the number of peaks present in the chromatogram. The asynchronous contour plot reveals the presence of overlapping species on each peak. The utility of 2D-corr analysis was demonstrated by the chromatographic analysis of Capsicum chili extracts obtained by HPLC coupled with a coulometric array of sixteen detectors. Thanks to 16 electrochemical sensors, each poised at increasing potentials, the resulting 2D-corr analysis revealed the presence of at least three species on the peak located at a retention time of 0.93 min. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was used to analyze the coeluting species, which were identified as: quinic acid (3.593 min), ascorbic acid (3.943 min), and phenylalanine (4.229 min). Overall, this work supports the use of 2D-corr analysis to reveal the presence of overlapping compounds and, thus, verify the signal purity of chromatographic peaks.

CAYENNE PEPPER (Capsicum frutescens) ETHANOL EXTRACT EFFECT ON RATS SKIN WOUND HEALING AND MALONDIALDEHYDE (PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETHANOL CABAI RAWIT (Capsicum frutescens) TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA DAN MALONDIALDEHYDE KULIT TIKUS)

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescent) is often used as spices. Cayenne pepper also has health benefits such as relieving sore muscle, pain, and toothache. Cayenne pepper contains capsaicin, vitamin A, vitamin C, antioxidants. Vitamin A also serves to epithelialize skin, and vitamin C works to stimulate collagen synthesis. This study was conducted to determine the effect of ethanol extract of cayenne pepper on the wound healing time and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) on Wistar rats skin. This study used 25 male rats Wistar strain divided into five groups. Chili extract doses used in this study used three-dose concentrations, there were 2%, 1%, and 0.5% for seeking effective dose, which was administered for 14 days. Healing time was measured by observing the downsizing of the diameter of the wound on days 3, 7, and 14 following the phase of wound healing, and MDA levels were measured on day 14. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Mann-Whitney test (P<0.05). The results showed that the group who were given extracts of chili with all three concentrations were experiencing delays in wound healing at days fourteen (P=0.01), and MDA levels were higher than the control group. It can be concluded that the extract of chili causes a delay in the healing process because the unmeasured dose of the extract of chili causes the release of free radicals produced by nitric oxide stimulated by capsaicin contained in chili.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates Thai chili extracts induced gut inflammation and dysbiosis despite capsaicin bactericidal effect against the probiotics, a possible toxicity of high dose capsaicin.

Because of a possible impact of capsaicin in the high concentrations on enterocyte injury (cytotoxicity) and bactericidal activity on probiotics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus L34 (L34) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), the probiotics derived from Thai and Caucasian population, respectively, were tested in the chili-extract administered C57BL/6 mice and in vitro experiments. In comparison with placebo, 2 weeks administration of the extract from Thai chili in mice caused loose feces and induced intestinal permeability defect as indicated by FITC-dextran assay and the reduction in tight junction molecules (occludin and zona occludens-1) using fluorescent staining and gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Additionally, the chili extracts also induced the translocation of gut pathogen molecules; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (1→3)-β-d-glucan (BG) and fecal dysbiosis (microbiome analysis), including reduced Firmicutes, increased Bacteroides, and enhanced total Gram-negative bacteria in feces. Both L34 and LGG attenuated gut barrier defect (FITC-dextran, the fluorescent staining and gene expression of tight junction molecules) but not improved fecal consistency. Additionally, high concentrations of capsaicin (0.02–2 mM) damage enterocytes (Caco-2 and HT-29) as indicated by cell viability test, supernatant cytokine (IL-8), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transepithelial FITC-dextran (4.4 kDa) but were attenuated by Lactobacillus condition media (LCM) from both probiotic-strains. The 24 h incubation with 2 mM capsaicin (but not the lower concentrations) reduced the abundance of LGG (but not L34) implying a higher capsaicin tolerance of L34. However, Lactobacillus rhamnosus fecal abundance, using qRT-PCR, of L34 or LGG after 3, 7, and 20 days of the administration in the Thai healthy volunteers demonstrated the similarity between both strains. In conclusion, high dose chili extracts impaired gut permeability and induced gut dysbiosis but were attenuated by probiotics. Despite a better capsaicin tolerance of L34 compared with LGG in vitro, L34 abundance in feces was not different to LGG in the healthy volunteers. More studies on probiotics with a higher intake of chili in human are interesting.

PENGENDALIAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DENGAN OVITRAP DAN MOSQUITO TRAP DI BEBERAPA DAERAH DI INDONESIA

The Dengue Fever (DF)/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still a major public health problem in Indonesia. Indonesia of DHF cases in 2019 increased compared to the previous year, which was 138.127 cases with an Incidence Rate (IR) of 51.53 per 100.000 population. The vectors of dengue virus are Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes polynesiensis, and Aedes scutellaris mosquitoes. Prevention of dengue transmission relies mainly through vector control. The use of traps such as ovitrap and mosquito trap has the potential to be applied and integrated with other methods. Ovitrap and mosquito trap usage information is expected to be applied in the community and can assist in the dengue vector control program. The data in this article were secondary data from several research results that had been published and were field experiment. Ovitrap and mosquito trap are able to trap Aedes and non-Aedes mosquitoes. The effectiveness of the trap can be increased through the use of attractants from plant-based ingredients in the form of straw soaking water, mixture of brown sugar and yeast, mixture of granulated sugar and yeast, and chili extract. Ovitrap and mosquito trap with attractants from plant-based ingredients were quite effective in reducing the density of Aedes mosquitoes, besides that it safer for humans and non-target animals.

Analysis of Lycopene Content and Antioxidant Activity Test of Katokkon Chili Extract (Capsicum chinense Jacq)

This study aimed to determine lycopene contents and the antioxidant activity of katokkon chili extract. The extraction process of katokkon chili used the maceration method with the mixture of n-hexane : acetone : ethanol (2:1:1). The concentrated extract of katokkon chili was obtained through the evaporator process at a temperature of 40 ˚C. The analysis process used a UV-Vis spectrophotometer in which the absorbance reading was at λ = 472 nm. The average content of lycopene in katokkon chili extract was 1.457 mg/100g. Testing the antioxidant activity of katokkon chili extract used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method with positive control the vitamin C. The absorbance readings for the antioxidant activity test were at λ = 517 nm. The test results showed that the antioxidant power of katokkon and vitamin C extracts in reducing DPPH free radicals had a similar result which was equally strong. The IC50 value for chili katokkon extract was 13.84 mg/L, and the IC50 value for vitamin C was 5.78 mg/L, so it can be concluded that chili katokkon can be an alternative source of natural antioxidants to replace vitamin C.

Effect of pepper extracts on the viability kinetics, topography and Quantitative NanoMechanics (QNM) of Campylobacter jejuni evaluated with AFM

Campylobacter jejuni is a pathogen bacterium that causes foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. However, phenolic compounds extracted from natural sources such as capsicum pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L. var. aviculare) could inhibit the growth of C. jejuni. Therefore, different extracts were prepared using ultrasonic extraction (USE), conventional extraction (CE) and thermosonic extraction (TSE). C. jejuni was then exposed to chili extracts to examine the antimicrobial effect and their growth/death bacterial kinetics were studied using different mathematical models. Atomic force microscopy was applied to investigate the microstructural and nanomechanical changes in the bacteria. Extracts obtained by TSE had the highest phenolic content (4.59 ± 0.03 mg/g of chili fresh weight [FW]) in comparison to USE (4.12 ± 0.05 mg/g of chili FW) and CE (4.28 ± 0.07 mg/g of chili FW). The inactivation of C. jejuni was more efficient when thermosonic extract was used. The Gompertz model was the most suitable mathematical model to describe the inactivation kinetics of C. jejuni. Roughness and nanomechanical analysis performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided evidence that the chili extracts had significant effects on morphology, surface, and the reduced Young’s modulus of C. jejuni. The novelty of this work was integrating growth/death bacterial kinetics of C. jejuni using different mathematical models and chili extracts, and its relationship with the morphological, topographic and nanomechanical changes estimated by AFM.

Utilizing local plant extracts to control Diamondback moth in round cabbage

Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) with abbreviation DBM is a detrimental pest that mostly attacks cabbage and other vegetables in Brassicaceae family. The build-up of resistance in DBM due to continuous and indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides have refocused farmer’s perspectives to plant based extracts. Plant extracts are generally compatible with natural enemies of pests therefore are considered eco-friendly. This study was done to evaluate the push effect of Garlic (Allium sativum L.), Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) and Seaweed extract on the activity of DBM. All three treatments; chili extract, garlic extract, and seaweed extract were generally effective in controlling DBM than the reference group (control treatment). Separation of means by Student-newman-keuls (SNK) test showed that Diamondback moth (DBM) abundance under seaweed extract was significantly low (2.18±0.32, p< 0.05) followed by chili extract (3.22±0.43, p< 0.05). There was no significant difference in DBM abundance under garlic extract and control treatment. For defoliation, only control treatment recorded a significant increase in DBM population (5.40±0.64, p< 0.05). The other three plant extracts had similar low non-significant abundances (p> 0.05). Data on LAI did not show any significant differences in all the treatments meaning treatments did not affect LAI (p> 0.05). This study found that both seaweed and chili extracts were effective in controlling P. xylostella in round cabbage. Both extracts are recommended for use since they differ in their mechanism pathways to protect crops.

The Effect of Chilli Extract on Gastroprotective Function in Male

Chilli is one of plant from genus Capsicum and as vegetable commodities most consumed by the Indonesian people. Chilli contains a unique compound called capsaicin which gives a burning sensation like burning when consumed. This research aims to determine the effect of chilli extract on gastroprotection in the stomach of mice. The study used 35 white male rats were divided into seven groups, one group as the control group, and six groups were given extracts from three varieties of chilli (red chilli, green chilli, and chilli) with high doses (1 g / kg bb) and low doses (0.5 g / kg bb) for 14 days. On the 15th day, gastric decapitation and isolation were carried out to make histological preparations of the rat's stomach. The results showed mucosal tissue in the stomach of rats given a dose of 0.5 g/kg BW remained in normal condition compared to the group of rats given high doses of chilli. In this group, a lot of damage to the gastric mucosal tissue of rats (ulcers). This study concludes that consuming 0.5 g/kg BW chilli does not cause damage to the gastric mucosal tissue of rats.Keywords: Chilli, Gastric mucose, Gastroprotective

Concentration effects of chili and ginger extracts against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) on round cabbage

Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) is a major pest of cabbage and other vegetables in the Brassicaceae family. The management and control of this cosmopolitan and economic pest has been a challenge in tropical regions. Reliance on chemical insecticides have led to resistance, natural enemy suppression, contaminated residues, risks to chemical poisoning and other environmental contamination. Therefore, the need to utilize non-host spice plants is an alternative. For this study, we focus on different concentration levels of two local spice plants; (1) chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) and (2) ginger (Zingiber officinale R.). Based on previous studies, extracts from both plants have been able to reduce pest infestation in vegetables. There were nine (9) treatments (T): T1=3ml of chili extract L−1 v/v, T2=6ml of chili extract L−1 v/v, T3=9ml of chili extract L−1 v/v, T4= 3ml of ginger extract L−1 v/v, T5= 6ml of ginger extract L−1 v/v, T6= 9ml of ginger extract L−1 v/v, T7=3ml of pure water L−1 v/v, T8=6ml of pure water L−1 v/v and T9=9ml of pure water L−1 v/v. From these treatments, 6ml chili was effective in lowering the defoliation (%) and was able to produce high leaf area index (LAI) regardless of increasing rainfall. Ginger 9ml produced high LAI and low defoliation in spite of increasing rainfall. Rainfall (mm) was an important environmental factor affecting the abundance, LAI and defoliation.

The Effect Javanese Chili Extract (Piper Retrofractum Vahl) Administration On The Increase Of Albino Male Mice Libido

Libido is a sexual desire that is an important part of adult human life. The main active compound of Javanese chili is piperine. Javanese chili is reported to cause increased libido. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of administration Javanese chili extract (Piper retrofractum Vahl) to increase libido in albino male mice. The doses of Javanese chili extract used is 50 mg/kgbw; 100 mg/kgbw; and 200 mg/kg bw given as a single dose for 9 days. The parameters observed were kissing, mounting latency, and mounting frequency of albino male mice. The results showed that the administration of Javanese chili extract at doses of 50 mg/kgbw, 100 mg/kgbw, and 200 mg/kgbw showed faster kissing and mounting latency and higher mounting frequency and significantly different (p&amp;#60;0,05) compared to the control group. Increasing the dose of Javanese chili fruit extract gave a very strong correlation to the reduction in kissing and mounting latency (r = -0,951 and r = -0,933), and increased mounting frequency (r = 0,892). From the research results, it can be concluded that the administration of Javanese chili fruit extract can increase the libido of albino male mice and the increase in the dose of Javanese chili extract gives a very strong correlation to the increase in the libido of albino male mice.

Capsaicin Inhibits the Expression of Melanogenic Proteins in Melanocyte via Activation of TRPV1 Channel: Identifying an Inhibitor of Skin Melanogenesis.

Chili pepper belongs to the genus Capsicum of Solanaceae family. Capsaicin is the primary capsaicinoid in placenta and flesh of chili pepper fruit, which has been shown to have various pharmacological functions, including gastric protection, anti-inflammation, and obesity treatment. Here, we revealed that capsaicin as well as chilli extract was able to inhibit synthesis of melanin in melanocytes. In cultured melanocytes, the melanin content was reduced to 54 ± 6.55% and 42 ± 7.41% with p < 0.001 under treatment of 50 μM capsaicin for 24 and 72 h, respectively. In parallel, the protein levels of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 were reduced to 62 ± 8.35% and 48 ± 8.92% with p < 0.001. Such an inhibitory effect of capsaicin was mediated by activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. This resulted in a degradation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, leading to reduction of melanogenic enzymes and melanin. These results revealed that capsaicin could be an effective inhibitor for skin melanogenesis. Hence, chili pepper, as our daily food, has potential in dermatological application, and capsaicin should be considered as a safe agent in treating hyperpigmentation problems.

Novel and Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide by Capsicum Annuum: Its Photo Catalytic Activity

ABSTRACT Graphene takes concerned noteworthy consideration payable its distinctive thermal, optical as well as mechanical characteristics. There are several chemical methods are available for reduce graphene oxide (r-GO) towards graphene use by many reducing agent’s alike hydrazine hydrate and its derivatives. Nevertheless, they are highly explosive and emit harmful gases. Reduction of graphene oxide (GO) employing green approaches by way of plants consumes fascinated much devotion by reason of its competence, sustainable structures, and relatively low in price. Though, the crucial constituents in green extracts and their biological degradation determinations regarding GO continue quiet not well unstated. Now present work, the GO was reduced by capsicum annuum (CA) extract. The ideal circumstances for bio reduction existed at volume proportion of chili extract (10 g L−1) and GO (0.5 g L−1) solution aimed at 8 h at 80°C. The r-GO was considered with Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X- Ray diffraction (XRD), Thermo gravimetric analysis/Differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and zeta potential. Outcomes inveterate the oxygen-holding clusters in GO were well detached, development of topping coat on the exterior of r-GO, besides virtuous diffusion of r-GO in aquatic medium. The photo catalytic degradation of GO nano composite was 96% for methyl violet (MV) in 60 minutes.

Influence of a Novel Food-Grade Formulation of Red Chili Extract (Capsicum annum) on Overweight Subjects: Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study

Capsaicinoids from pungent red chilies (Capsicum annum and Capsicum frutescens) have received significant attention as a natural supplement for the management of obesity. However, the consumption of chili extract at physiologically relevant dosage of capsaicinoids is a challenge owing to its pungency and gastrointestinal discomforts. The present study reports the systemic absorption, safety and influence of a novel, food-grade, and sustained-release formulation of capsaicinoids-rich red chili extract using fenugreek dietary fiber (Capsifen®). Twenty-four healthy overweight subjects were randomized into placebo (n = 12) and Capsifen (n = 12) groups and supplemented with 200 mg × 1/day of Capsifen (4 mg capsaicinoids/day) for 28 days. Influence of Capsifen on eating behavior and appetite was followed by Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and Council of Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ), respectively. Consumption of Capsifen did not reveal any adverse events or deviations in hematology and biochemical parameters related to safety. However, a significant decrease in body weight (2.1%), w/h ratio (4%) and body mass index (BMI) (2.2%) were observed among Capsifen group when compared to placebo. The TFEQ and appetite analysis revealed a significant improvement in uncontrolled eating and reduction in appetite among Capsifen subjects. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis confirmed the absorption of capsaicinoids from CAP supplementation. The study further demonstrated the safety and tolerability of Capsifen at the investigational dosage. Thus, the significant reduction in anthropometric parameters such as body weight, w/h ratio, and BMI along with the improvement in eating behaviour as well as appetite, indicated the potential body weight management effect of Capsifen.

Antioxidant and anti-obesity properties of local chilies varieties in Malaysia.

Obesity is a serious health concern as it may initiate common chronic diseases. Chili pepper is an important spice that brings spiciness and commonly used in cuisines. However, the antioxidant and anti-obesity properties of chili varieties in Malaysia has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antioxidant (content and activity) and anti-obesity properties of five different varieties of local chili peppers. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined through ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2, 2'azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays. Cell cytotoxicity of the selected chili extracts was determined in 3T3-L1 pre adipocytes using cell viability assay (MTT) assay. Whereas the ability to inhibit oil accumulation in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes of the selected chili pepper extracts was assayed using Oil Red O staining. The results showed that Kulai 568 pulp extract had the highest level of total phenolic content (TPC) (47.88 ± 0.220mg GAE/g), whereas Centil pulp extract had the highest level of total flavonoid content (TFC) (26.60 ± 0.52mg QE/g). In term of antioxidant activities, Bara pulp extract had the highest value in FRAP (3.058 ± 0.002mM Fe2+/mg extract) and ABTS (IC50 = 12.411 ± 0.025). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, Bara pulp extract has the highest level of capsaicin (72.271 ± 0.957µg/ml). In terms of inhibition of oil accumulation Centil seed extract presented the best result (69.09-92.20%), while Bara pulp extract inhibited the most pancreatic lipase activity (IC50 = 4.84 ± 0.57µg/ml). Thus, it is suggested that Centil seed and Bara pulp extracts can be a potent antioxidant and anti-obesity agents.

Effect of combined extracts of aged garlic, ginger, and chili peppers on cognitive performance and brain antioxidant markers in Aβ-induced rats.

A combination of aged garlic, ginger, and chili peppers extracts (AGC) was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and ferric-reducing antioxidant assays, and oxidative stress markers were analyzed in Aβ1-42-induced rats. The AGC was orally administered to Wistar rats at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight (AGC125, AGC250, AGC500, respectively) for 64 days. At day 56, Aβ1-42 was injected via both sides of the lateral ventricles. The effects of the AGC on spatial and recognition memory were examined using a Morris water maze and novel object recognition tasks. Rats induced with Aβ1-42 exhibited obvious cognitive deficits, as demonstrated by their increased escape latency time (ET) and decreased retention time (RT) and percentage of discriminative index (DI). When compared with the control group, all AGC-treated rats showed significantly shorter ETs and higher DIs during the 5-min delay testing phase. Rats treated with AGC250 also had significantly longer RTs. Administration of Aβ1-42 significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in the rat brain homogenate. Pretreatment with the AGC caused significant increases in SOD, GPx, and CAT activities, as well as a significant decrease in MDA in the rat brain homogenates after Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Our results suggested that an AGC may ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in Aβ-treated rats due to its role in the upregulation of SOD, GPx, and CAT.

Safety assessment of a fenugreek dietary fiber-based formulation of capsaicinoids-rich red chili (Capsicum annum) extract (Capsifen®): Acute and sub-chronic studies

Despite the promising health beneficial effects (thermogenic, lipolytic, hypotriglyceridemic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer) of capsaicinoids-rich red chili pepper, commonly known as cayenne pepper (Capsicum annum or Capsicum frutescence), its consumption at physiologically relevant dosage is always hampered by the pungency and stomach discomforts. The present study examined the safety of a pungency-masked and sustained release food-grade formulation of capsaicinoids-rich red chili pepper extract using fenugreek derived galactomannan soluble dietary fiber (Capsifen®). The safety was assessed by oral acute (300, 2000, 5000 mg/kg b. wt. for 14 days) and subchronic (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg b. wt.) toxicity studies in Wistar rats. None of the group of animals belonging to both acute and subchronic treatments did produce any adverse events in feeding behavior, urine analysis, and in hematology/biochemical parameters when compared to the control. However, a decrease in body weight was observed among 500 and 1000 mg/kg b. wt. treated groups. The terminal autopsy did not reveal any alterations in relative organ weight except for the high dose treated group, where an increase in liver and kidney weight was observed. Histopathology of all the animals was normal. Thus, the Low-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of Capsifen was determined for 500 mg/kg b. wt. /day.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity and Synergistic Effect of Spices against Few Selected Pathogens

Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of spices along with determination of its synergistic effect against few selected pathogens.&#x0D; Methods: In this study, ethanolic extract of 5 different spices; Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Allium sativum (Garlic), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Capsicum annum (Chili) and Allium cepa (Onion) were obtained by using Soxhlet apparatus. The ethanolic extract was concentrated by evaporation and different concentrations of extract were prepared in Dimethy Sulphoxide (DMSO) solvent. Test organisms included mainly pathogens i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined by well diffusion technique both individually and in combination. On the other hand, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined by serial dilution technique. The result were interpreted on the basis of the fact that the growth occurs in positive control and other tubes with inadequate amount of extract whereas the lowest concentration of agent that inhibits growth of organism, detected by lack of visible turbidity by inhibition of 99% is designed as the MIC. The MBC is identified by determining the lowest concentration of extract solution that reduces the viability of the initial bacterial inoculum by a predetermined reduction such as ≥99.9%. Likewise, for determination of Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI), two extracts were combined along with standardized inoculum of bacterial strain. Tubes without visible turbidity were streaked on agar plate and observed for 99.9% killing. &#x0D; Results: All the tested extract of spices were found effective against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae only. The highest zone of inhibition (ZOI) was found in chili extract (ZOI=26 mm) against S. aureus whereas lowest zone of inhibition was found in garlic extract against K. pneumoniae (ZOI=12mm). Similarly, highest ZOI was produced by combined extract of both Turmeric and Ginger (ZOI= 26 mm). Turmeric extract was found to be effective against S. aureus (MIC value = 62.5 mg /ml and MBC value = 31.25 mg/ml) and K. pneumoniae (MIC value 125 mg/ml and MBC value = 62.5 mg/ml). The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) values of combined extract suggested synergistic and additive effect (0.5&lt;FIC&lt;1). Chili and ginger were effective with FIC value of 0.25.&#x0D; Conclusion: To recapitulate, the extract of spices can be used to prevent the pathogenic organism.

PENGARUH BEBERAPA JENIS PESTISIDA NABATI TERHADAP HAMA ULAT GRAYAK (Spodoptera litura F.) PADA TANAMAN SAWI (Brassica Juncea L ) DI LAPANGAN

This study aims to determine the effect of extracts of tobacco plants, cloves, lemongrass, neem seeds, and chillis on the development of gray pests caterpillars Spodoptera litura F. and determine sure plant extracts against armyworms. The design used was a randomized group design (RCBD) with the treatment of 5 types of vegetable pesticides, namely E1 (tobacco extract) E2 (clove extract) E3 (citronella extract) E4 (neem extract) E5 (red chili extract). The observational variables in this study were insects intensity, pest mortality, plant fresh weight, and original weight per hectare. The results showed that five types of vegetable pesticide extract affected the armyworm Spodoptera litura F. Tobacco leaf extract was an appropriate and effective plant against the mortality of armyworm by 32%. The lowest insect intensity in the treatment of tobacco extract by 25%, fresh weight of planting mustard was equal to 112, 85 gr, and the original weight of plants per hectare amounted to 28.21 tons.

Capsaicinoids in Chili Habanero by Flow Injection with Coulometric Array Detection

AbstractThis study presents a sensitive electroanalytical method for the determination of capsaicinoids in chili extracts using flow injection with coulometric array detector. Flow injection method was developed based on the coulometric signal of capsaicinoids obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detector (HPLC‐ECD). Capsaicinoids concentration in 18 chili samples from Yucatán México cultivated in different types of soils was quantified using UHPLC‐DAD and HPLC‐ECD and expressed in Scoville units. The plants were cultivated in a greenhouse on three types of limestone soils, namely, red, black and brown. Chili peppers were harvested in two stages of maturity: immature (green), and mature (orange). HPLC‐ECD method showed ten times higher sensitivity compared to the UHPLC‐DAD. Capsaicinoid content in 18 chili samples was measured by flow injection method. The best correlation with the Scoville units was obtained by the analysis of the current signal of the sensor poised at +450 mV (R2=94). ANOVA analysis showed that the soil type and the harvest date were significant for the capsaicinoid content. Chili plants cultivated in red soil had higher capsaicinoid content. In addition, the capsaicinoid content was increasing at later harvest dates. In summary, the suggested flow injection method with coulometric array detector decreased the time of analysis from 15 min to 30 s. Therefore it can be successfully applied for the routine capsaicinoid analysis in chili.

In Vivo Cell Tracking, Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging, and Antioxidative Gene Down Regulation by Long-Term Exposure of Biomass-Derived Carbon Dots.

Biomass derived carbon dots (CD) have been observed to be excellent bioimaging probes due to their nontoxic, stable fluorescence, lesser bleachability, and excellent bioconjugation properties. In the current study, green chili extract derived CD synthesis via microwave irradiation is reported. The time dependent top down degradation of carbonaceous materials to CD are monitored via electron microscopy and correlated with fluorescence intensity. Further, the CD were explored for long-term cell tracking and cell therapy monitoring in a rodent model to study wound healing kinetics. The cells were monitorable up to 21 days (until the entire wound healed). CD were observed to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and in vivo and provided control over ROS scavenging enzyme gene expressions via down regulation. Further, it was observed to remodel the wound healing kinetics via altering granulation tissue distribution and formation of microvessels to establish the capability of CD to enhance wound healing.