Frequency In Children Research Articles

Structural equation modelling of the complex relationship between toothache and its associated factors among Indonesian children

The Indonesian family life survey (IFLS) is used for formulating various government policies. Our preliminary study using data from the IFLS showed increase in the prevalence of toothache from 2007 to 2014. Hence, a need to analyse the factors associated with toothache using structural equation modelling (SEM) for identifying the direct and indirect association of factors with toothache was evident. The objective of this study is to analyse the complex relationships between toothache and its associated risk factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted on the data obtained from the IFLS in 2014. The IFLS data pertaining to toothache and its prevalence were analysed using the STATA software, and the multifaceted relationship was analysed using SEM. The prevalence of toothache among Indonesian children was 15.55% (1,959 of 12,595). SEM showed the direct association between toothache and age (p < 0.001) and parent awareness of children's health conditions (p < 0.005) and food consumption frequency (p < 0.001). Parents’ education level and residential area showed an indirect association with toothache, mediated by socio-economic status and parent awareness of children's health conditions (p < 0.001). We identified the multifaceted relationship between toothache and the social covariates. Parents’ awareness of their children’s health conditions mediated several indirect associations, highlighting its importance.

Predictors of undernutrition and anemia among children aged 6–24 months in a low-resourced setting of Ghana: a baseline survey

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of child undernutrition and anemia among children 6–24 months old in the East Mamprusi district, Northern region, Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThis cross-sectional study recruited 153 children and their mothers. Weight, height and hemoglobin levels of the children were measured. A structured questionnaire based on the World Health Organization's indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices was used to collect data on parents' socioeconomic status, household characteristics, hygiene and sanitation practices, mothers' knowledge on feeding practices such as child's meal frequency and dietary diversity and child morbidity within the past two weeks. Predictors of child nutritional status were determined using multinomial logistic regression analysis.FindingsUnderweight in the children was significantly predicted by maternal knowledge on protein foods (AOR = 0.045, p = 0.008), time of initiation of complementary feeding (AOR = 0.222, p = 0.032) and maternal age (AOR = 9.455, p = 0.017). Feeding child from separate bowls (AOR = 0.239, p = 0.005), minimum meal frequency per child's age (AOR = 0.189, p = 0.007) and time of initiation of complementary feeding (AOR = 0.144, p = 0.009) were significant determinants of stunting among the children. Exclusive breast feeding (AOR = 7.975, p = 0.012) and child's past morbidity (AOR = 0.014, p = 0.001) significantly contributed to anemia among the children.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a cross-sectional study and cannot establish causality. The small sample size also limits the generalizability of study findings. However, findings of the study highlight factors which could potentially influence the high rate of child undernutrition in the study setting.Practical implicationsThis study identifies determinants of undernutrition in the East Mamprusi district, an underresourced area in Ghana. This information could inform the development/reformulation of locally sensitive key messages and targeted intervention strategies to curb the high levels of child undernutrition in the East Mamprusi district of Ghana.Originality/valueThis study identifies maternal care practices as key potential drivers of undernutrition in a low-resource setting known for high prevalence of child undernutrition. It suggests insight for large-scale studies on the predictors of child undernutrition in Northern Ghana and other resource-poor settings.

Characteristics and Frequency of Children With Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Undergoing Elective Polysomnography.

To determine the prevalence and demographics features of pediatric patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who would not undergo preoperative polysomnography (PSG) under current American Academy of Otolaryngology (AAO) guidelines. In this retrospective cohort study, we identified patients from the electronic medical record who underwent elective polysomnography for evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing between 2012 and 2018. Urban tertiary safety net hospital. A total of 456 patients with a mean (SD) age of 5.7 (3.2) years (263 male, 193 female). Demographic factors (age, sex, race, language, insurance status) and clinical findings (symptom severity, tonsil size) were recorded. The data were analyzed by univariate analysis. Of 456 patients identified, 66 (14.5%) were found to have severe OSA. African American patients had 3.7 times the odds of severe OSA compared to white patients (95% CI, 1.2-10.8). Patients aged 2 to 3 years had 2.2 times the odds of severe OSA compared to patients aged 4 to 6 years (95% CI, 1.2-4.0). Sex, ethnicity, language, and insurance type were not significantly associated with severity of OSA. The presence of apneic episodes and tonsil size were not found to be statistically significant. Up to 14.5% of healthy pediatric patients with sleep-disordered breathing may have severe OSA; young age and African American race are statistically significant predictors. Clinical findings, such as tonsil size and symptom severity, were not found to be statistically significant predictors.

Development of a measure of the relative reinforcing value of food versus parent-child interaction for young children

The relative reinforcing value (RRV) of food captures individual differences in the motivation to eat and is associated with weight status among infants, children, and adults. Currently, there is no concurrent measure of the RRV of food versus a non-food alternative for 4-to-5-year-old children. The present study aimed to develop and validate a measure of the RRV of food versus time spent interacting with a parent in the context of reading among 4-to-5-year-old children. The first phase of the study involved an online survey. Parents of 4-to-5 year olds (n = 102) reported their children's consumption frequency and liking for thirty-six snack foods. A priori criteria were used to identify snacks that were well-liked and served at least sometimes for use in the subsequent laboratory study. Then, a validation study was conducted in the laboratory to examine the construct validity of the finalized RRV task. Thirty-one parent-child dyads completed a laboratory visit, in which children's RRV of food versus time spent reading with a parent was measured concurrently on a progressive ratio reward schedule. Linear regression was used to assess validity of the task. Children's RRV of food positively and significantly predicted BMI z-scores among children with complete data (B = 0.41, p < 0.05, n = 28). Maximum schedules reached for food also positively and significantly predicted BMI z-scores (B = 0.30, p < 0.05). The relationship between maximum schedules reached for parent-child reading and BMI z-scores was in the expected direction, but this relationship was non-significant. Results support the validity and feasibility of the RRV paradigm used in the present study. Future research could continue to examine the measurement properties of this paradigm, as well as the potential for positive parent-child interactions to serve as a novel alternative to food.

Symptom Frequency in Children with Congenital Heart Disease and Parental Care Burden in Predicting the Quality of Life of Parents in Turkey

PurposeThis study was conducted to investigate the symptom frequency and parental care burden of the children with congenital heart disease in predicting the quality of life of parents in Turkey. Design and methodThe study subjects for the present study included 124 parents whose children were suffering from heart disease. The data for the study were collected from these parents using parent information form, the questionnaire of the frequency of heart disease-related symptoms of the child, the caregiver burden scale, and the quality of life scale. The level by which the heart disease-related symptoms of the child and caregiver burden predicted the quality of life was analyzed using the regression analysis. ResultsThe most common symptoms in children were found to be anorexia, difficulty in activities, palpitations, shortness of breath, weakness, and fatigue. The number of symptoms observed in children and the care burden of the parents were determined to explain 27.1% of the psychological health sub-dimension, 14.4% of the social relations sub-dimension, and 34.9% of the environment sub-dimension. When the variables were examined separately, the number of symptoms was found to significantly predict only social relations sub-dimensions. ConclusionIncreased number of symptoms increased parental care burden. Increased number of symptoms and care burden of parents reduced the quality of life of parents. Practice implicationsSymptom management is one of the important responsibilities of nurses in improving care burden and quality of life for parents of children with heart disease.

Urinary levels of organophosphate pesticides and predictors of exposure in pre-school and school children living in agricultural and urban communities from south Spain

Background. Despite the widespread use of organophosphate (OP) pesticides, information on predictors of children's exposure to such pesticides is scarce.Objective. To assess exposure to OP pesticides in children 3-11 year-old living in agricultural communities and urban areas from Andalusia (Southern Spain), and to identify the main determinants of exposure.Methods. A longitudinal study was conducted in children 3-11-year-old children living in agricultural communities and urban areas from the provinces of Almeria, Granada and Huelva (Andalusia, Spain) between 2010 and 2011. Urinary levels of six dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites were measured by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS at the periods of low and high pesticide use in the agriculture (LPU and HPU, respectively). Information on sociodemographic characteristics, parental occupation, residential history, lifestyle and diet, among other relevant factors, was obtained from questionnaires administered to the mothers.Results. A total of 559 and 597 children participated in LPU and HPU periods, respectively. The proportion of urine samples below LOD was 67.4% for ΣDMs (sum of dimethyl metabolites), 77% for ΣDEs (sum of diethyl metabolites) and 58.5% for ΣDAPs (sum of total dialkylphosphate metabolites) in LPU period, and 50.4% for ΣDMs, 65.3% for ΣDEs and 43.9% for ΣDAPs in HPU period. Significantly greater urinary ΣDAP, ΣDM and ΣDE levels were observed in HPU relative to LPU period. Maternal schooling years, proximity of the house to crops or greenhouses, use of insecticides at home, spraying the garden with pesticides, storage of pesticides at home, house cleaning frequency, as well as child's frequency of bath/shower, were found to be the major predictors of urinary levels of ΣDAP. Likewise, not washing fruit and vegetables before consumption and banana consumption were also identified as determinants of the exposure levels.Conclusions. Urinary levels of metabolites of OP pesticides found in this study were relatively lower compared to similar studies. DAP levels were significantly increased in HPU period. Maternal schooling years and variables related to residential environment and home exposures were identified as the most relevant determinants of DAP metabolites. Regarding diet, banana consumption and not washing fruit before consumption were also identified as determinants of the exposure levels. This study contributes to improve our knowledge on the main sources and determinants of children exposure to OPS, and given that children are more vulnerable than adults this information is essential to reduce children exposure and protect their health.

Fast food intake and excess weight gain over a 1-year period among preschool-age children.

Fast food is cross-sectionally associated with having overweight and obesity in young children. To examine whether fast food intake independently contributes to the development of overweight and obesity among preschool-age children. Prospective cohort of 3- to 5-year-old children (n = 541) followed for 1 year. Children's height and weight were objectively measured at baseline and study end. Parents reported their child's fast food intake frequency in the past week from 11 chain fast food restaurants in six online follow-up surveys, completed approximately 8 weeks apart. Poisson regression with robust standard errors modelled the risk of a child increasing in weight status (ie, transitioning from a having a healthy weight to having overweight or from having overweight to having obesity) over the study period in relation to their average weekly fast food intake, adjusted for sociodemographics, child obesogenic behaviours, and parent weight status. At baseline, 18.1% of children had overweight and 9.8% had obesity; 8.1% of children transitioned to a greater weight status over the 1-year period. Mean fast food intake frequency among consumers was 2.1 (SD: 1.4) times per week. The risk of increasing in weight status increased linearly with each additional time fast food was consumed in an average week over the study year (RR: 1.38; 95% CI, 1.13-1.67; P < .01). Greater fast food intake over 1 year was associated with increasing weight status during that time in this preschool-age cohort.

Development of vertical and forward jumping skills in typically developing children in the context of referent control of motor actions.

The empirically based referent control theory of motor actions provides a new framework for understanding locomotor maturation. Mature movement patterns of referent control are characterized by periods of minimization of activity across multiple muscles (global electromyographic [EMG] minima) resulting from transient matching between actual and referent body configurations. We identified whether locomotor maturation in young children was associated with (a) development of referent control and (b) children's frequency of participation in everyday activities evaluated by parents. Kinematics and EMG activity were recorded from typically developing children (n=15, 3-5years) and young adults (n=10, 18-25years) while walking, vertical or forward jumping. Presence and location of global EMG minima in movement cycles, slopes of ankle vertical/sagittal displacements, and shoulder displacement ratios were evaluated. Children had fewer global EMG minima compared to adults during specific phases of vertical and forward jumps. Ankle displacement profiles for walking and jumping forward were related to each other in adults, whereas those for walking and vertical jumping were related in children. Higher frequency of participation was significantly correlated with more mature jumping patterns in children. A decrease in the number of global EMG minima and changes in ankle movement patterns could be indicators of locomotor immaturity in typically developing children.

The Impact of Social Media Influencers on Children's Dietary Behaviors.

Over the past years vlogs rapidly have become an attractive platform for food industries, sponsoring social media influencers to promote their products. As with more traditional media, social media influencers predominantly promote unhealthy drinks and foods that are high in sugar, fat, and salt – consumption of which may increase the risk of overweight, obesity, and non-communicable diseases. The aim of the current Brief Research Report is to examine the impact of vlogs on children’s unhealthy dietary behaviors. Drawing on longitudinal survey data from 453 8- to 12-year-old children, we analyzed the longitudinal relations between children’s frequency of watching vlogs and their consumption of unhealthy beverages and snacks. Structural path modeling analyses of three waves of data with 1-year intervals showed that children’s self-reported frequency of watching vlogs influenced consumption of unhealthy beverages 2 years later. The analyses did not yield significant relations for Unhealthy Snacks Consumption. The strength of the observed longitudinal relation between children’s Frequency of Watching Vlogs and Consumption of unhealthy beverages was comparable to previous findings regarding more traditional types of food marketing.

Pilot Trial to Evaluate The Effect of Oral Methylprednisolone on Seizure Frequency in Children With Epilepsy

Pilot Trial to Evaluate The Effect of Oral Methylprednisolone on Seizure Frequency in Children With Epilepsy

Is frequency of sugary food consumption associated with body mass index?

AbstractRelatively convincing evidence suggests that diets with large amounts of added sugar, especially from sugar-sweetened beverages, are associated with excess weight in children. Less is known about the association of consumption frequency of sugary foods with body mass index (BMI). We evaluated frequency of sugary food consumption in children (n = 8,990, mean age 11.1, ± 0.9) from the Finnish Health in Teens (Fin-HIT) cohort study. They answered a questionnaire including a 16-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and lifestyle-related questions, e.g. sleep duration and leisure time physical activity. Their measured BMI was categorized as underweight, normal-weight, and overweight. Based on the FFQ with six sugary food items (chocolate/sweets, biscuits/cookies, ice cream, sweet pastry, sugary juice drinks and sugary soft drinks), a sugary food index (SFI) was derived to indicate a mean frequency of weekly sugary food consumption. Frequency was estimated with a range of 0–14 times a week. Based on quartiles (Q) of SFI, children were categorized as low (Q1, cut-off &lt; 0.7), medium (Q2 + Q3, cut-off 0.7–1.8), and high (Q4, cut-off &gt; 1.8) consumers. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to obtain odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Compared with normal-weight children, high consumers had a higher risk for underweight (OR 1.22 [1.04; 1.43]) and a lower risk for overweight (OR 0.86 [0.72; 0.97]), and low consumers had a higher risk for overweight (OR 1.32 [1.14; 1.52]). We further stratified the analysis by sleep duration since we found an interaction between sleep duration and SFI (p &lt; 0.001). In children with recommended sleep duration (n = 8070), we yielded similar results as in the whole group. In children who slept more than recommended (n = 191), high consumers had a higher risk for overweight (OR 3.31 [1.30; 8.42]) compared with normal-weight children. Our results suggest that consuming sugary foods with high frequency is not associated with overweight, except in those sleeping more than recommended. Association between low consumption frequency and overweight may imply that overweight children's consumption frequency of sugary foods is controlled, restricted, or under-reported because of social desirability.

The role of parental education in the dental health behavior of Turkish secondary school children

Background/Aim: Parents are usually the major factor influencing children's development of routine oral health behavior. A higher education level of the parents is generally associated with having a more positive influence on their children's health habits and motivation to maintain healthy dentition. From this perspective, the aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of certain habits influencing dental health, such as toothbrushing, regular visits to the dentist, and changing toothbrushes, in a group of Turkish secondary school children, and to explore its relation to the education level of their mothers and fathers. Material and Methods: The study consisted of the use of a questionnaire designed to collect demographic information, oral health behavior of the children, and the parents' education level. Demographic characteristics and oral health behavior of the children were asked of the children in a face-to-face interview by one investigator. Only the parents' education level was asked of the children's parents. Results: The mean age of the 444 children was 11.66 ± 0.98. According to chi-square testing applied, there was a statistically significant correlation between the parents' education level and their children's dental visit frequency (p&lt; 0.05), whereas there was no statistically significant link between the parents' education level and the frequency of the children's toothbrushing and replacing their toothbrushes (p&gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Irrespective of the education level of their parents, positive oral health attitudes and behavior were not observed in Turkish secondary school children.

Case- and form-sensitive letter frequencies in children’s picture books

Letter knowledge is a critical preliteracy skill that is essential for school readiness. Interventions designed to develop children's letter knowledge have been based on caregivers’ and teachers’ picture book reading. Despite the importance of picture books for developing children's letter knowledge, there are no published norms of letter frequencies for picture books. To create case-sensitive letter frequencies for children's picture books, we analyzed a corpus of 100 picture books containing 68,741 words made up of 264,063 lowercase and 14,134 uppercase letters. Analyzing the corpus, we determined that letter frequencies varied by letter and case (p < .001) and thus we created case-sensitive letter frequencies and letter ranks. Comparing uppercase and lowercase letter frequencies, there was a moderate correlation (r = .520). Comparing the children's picture book letter frequencies to adult letter frequencies, there were high correlations between uppercase (r = .815) and lowercase (r = .979) letter frequencies. Further, we extend conceptualizations of letter frequency norms from letter case to letter form. By measuring each letter's features, we determined which letters had the same form across uppercase and lowercase. We used these calculations to create a new set of frequency norms based on the forms of letters. We suggest that the similarities and differences across case should also be accounted for when ranking letter frequencies, especially when considering exposure to uppercase letters. These norms may provide a better representation of the letter forms that children are exposed to and can be used to better understand the foundations of literacy development.

Characteristics of Formant Frequency in Children with Intellectual Disabilities

Objective: This research aims to investigate the characteristics of vowels by analyzing the intellectually disabled children’s formant frequency F1, F2, F3, F4. And also, this research is to collect the basic data on the voice of children with intellectual disabilities from the listener’s point of view. Method: Participants are 5 intellectually disabled children(3 of them are in Class 2 and the other 2 children are in Class 3), and there are additional 5 normal children as a control group for comparing each group’s voices. F1, F2, F3, F4 of all children’s voices were analyzed into the average frequency, the standard deviation, and more by using the descriptive statistics, and the differences between each group were examined with the independent t-test(SPSS 22.0). Results: Children with intellectual disabilities were observed to be significantly higher in F1 of /u/(p=.020), F1 of /e/(p=.000), F1 of /o/(p=.003) than normal children. Conclusion: The children with intellectual disabilities narrow their ligaments when vocalizing vowels /u, /e/, and /o/.

Teacher's code-switching and bilingual children's heritage language learning and cognitive switching flexibility.

To code-switch or not to code-switch? This is a dilemma for many bilingual language teachers. In this study, the influence of teachers' CS on bilingual children's language and cognitive development is explored within heritage language (HL) classes in Singapore. Specifically, the relationship between children's language output, vocabulary development, and cognitive flexibility to teachers' classroom CS behavior, is examined within 20 preschool HL classrooms (10 Mandarin, 6 Malay, and 4 Tamil). Teachers' and children's utterances were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for CS frequency and type (i.e., inter-sentential, intra-sentential). 173 students were assessed with receptive vocabulary and dimensional card sort tasks, and their vocabulary and cognitive switching scores assessed using correlational and mixed effects analyses. Results show that inter-sentential and intra-sentential CS frequency is positively and significantly related to children's intra-sentential CS frequency. Overall, findings revealed that teachers code-switched habitually more often than for instructional purposes. Neither inter-sentential nor intra-sentential CS was significantly related to children's development in HL vocabulary, and intra-sentential CS was found to positively and significantly relate to children's growth in cognitive flexibility. These findings reveal the multi-faceted impact of teacher's CS on children's early development.

Effect of Levetiracetam on Cognitive Function and Clonic Seizure Frequency in Children with Epilepsy.

This study aimed to explore the clinical effect of levetiracetam in the treatment of children with epilepsy. 136 children with epilepsy were selected from January 2017 to December 2017. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the experimental group and the conventional group, with 68 cases in each group. The conventional group was treated with valproate, while the experimental group was treated with levetiracetam. The effective rate, the cognitive function and the frequency of clonic seizures in the two groups were compared. There was no significant difference in the total effective rate between the two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in attention, executive ability, abstract and orientation scores between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, the focus of attention (106.54±6.56), executive ability (105.76±6.77), abstract and directional score (106.65±6.57) were significantly higher than that of the conventional group. The difference in the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the frequency of myoclonic seizures (9.22±0.95) and the frequency of tonic-clonic seizures (11.68±1.36) were found to be significantly lower than those of the conventional group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Levetiracetam is effective in the treatment of children with epilepsy. It can effectively improve the cognitive function of the patients, reduce the frequency of myoclonic seizures and tonic-clonic seizures, and has a high promotion value.

Individualized Neurofeedback Training May Help Achieve Long-Term Improvement of Working Memory in Children With ADHD.

Background. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may suffer from working memory deficits, which can adversely affect their academic performance. Neurofeedback training may enhance working memory and provide a solution to this problem. Aim. To investigate the effect of frequency-neurofeedback on working memory in children with ADHD and to check if the effect is long-lasting. Method. Forty-eight children with ADHD (aged 6-12 years) were randomly assigned either to a neurofeedback with training parameters chosen to take into account each child's peak alpha frequency (PAF) or to a waiting list control group. Each trained child underwent 19-channel electroencephalography (EEG). All children had average intelligence and none were receiving treatment, such as medications, for ADHD. Prior to the training, MOXO and n-back tests were performed. Next, neurofeedback training sessions with frequency bands for theta and beta ranges determined using each child's PAF were carried out for 10 weeks. Training parameters were set to increase amplitudes in the low beta range and to decrease amplitudes in the theta and high beta frequency ranges. The n-back test was performed again right after the training and then a year later. Results. During the first n-back test, children from both groups responded correctly to more than 43% of the stimuli. During the second test, children from the waiting list responded correctly to an average of 49% of the stimuli, while children who underwent the neurofeedback training were correct, on average, 69% of the time (significant difference, P < .001). During the third n-back test a year later, children from the waiting list responded correctly to 53% of the stimuli, while those who underwent the neurofeedback training responded correctly to nearly 71%. Conclusion. This study found a statistically significant improvement in a measure of working memory in children who did 10 to 12 sessions of neurofeedback training with training frequency ranges for theta and beta defined according to each child's PAF. The beneficial effects were still present a year after training.

The Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Participation in Home, School, and Community Activities Among School-Aged Children.

Sleep duration has important implications for children’s participation in daily activities; however, past attempts to examine this relationship has been limited to specific types of physical or educational activities. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and participation in various daily activities among school-aged children. A school-based sample of 391 children aged 5–12 years (boys: 52.4%) participated in this cross-sectional survey. Sleep duration was quantified using parental reports of their children’s bedtime and wake-up time on weekdays and weekends. The parent-reported Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth was used to measure their children’s participation frequency and involvement in 25 home, school, and community activities. The results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that, when the demographic variables were controlled for, weekday sleep duration was positively related to homework involvement and negatively related to the frequency of TV viewing; however, it was unrelated to participation in school and community activities. Conversely, weekend sleep duration was positively related to overall participation in school activities, and participation frequency and involvement in some home and community activities. Furthermore, sleep duration was approximately an hour shorter on weekdays than on weekends. These results suggest that weekend sleep duration has stronger positive implications for children’s participation in daily activities than does weekday sleep duration. Interventions aiming to promote children’s activity participation may either prolong children’s weekend sleep duration or address their shorter weekday sleep duration.

P174 Improving Dietary Behaviors of Hispanic Children with a Family-Based Obesity Prevention Program: “Abriendo Caminos”

Background Childhood obesity disproportionately affects Hispanic children in the U.S. Family-based obesity prevention efforts show promise in improving health behaviors. Obesity interventions for Hispanic immigrant families can have success in positively influencing dietary behaviors if they use cultural-tailoring in the development of the intervention. Objective To evaluate the effect of a culturally-tailored, obesity prevention intervention on Hispanic children's dietary behaviors. Study Design, Settings, Participants The Abriendo Caminos: Clearing the Path to Hispanic Health study (AC2) is a multi-state, randomized-controlled trial. Mexican and Puerto Rican families in Fresno, California and Central Illinois attended a six-week workshop on nutrition, family routines, and physical activity. Each workshop lasted two hours. Families (n = 116) with at least one child between 6 and 18 years old are included in this study. Measurable Outcome/Analysis An analysis of baseline and six-weeks post-intervention child diet outcomes was conducted. Mothers reported their child's frequency of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), 100% fruit juice, fruit, vegetables, French fries, sweets, and salty snacks. Generalized estimating equations models adjusted for child age, gender, and site were used to evaluate intervention effects. Results The children in this study had a high prevalence of obesity (30.1%) compared to the national prevalence of Hispanic children (25.8%). Children in the intervention decreased frequency of consumption of SSB (P = .01), 100% fruit juice (P = .009), and sweets (P = .02). Children in the control group decreased the frequency of consumption of sweets (P = .05). There were no changes in fruit and vegetable consumption in either groups. Conclusion Family-based programs can improve Hispanic children's diet by decreasing high sugar foods consumption. Understanding how these changes influence other dietary behaviors such as beverage choice will be important. Future efforts should aim to increase intake of fruits and vegetables by considering family's barriers and access to healthy foods. Funding USDA-NIFA.

The Moderating Role of Maternal Supervision in the Relation of Social-Ecological Risk Factors to Children's Minor Injuries.

Although maternal supervision has been found to reduce injury riskin young children, it is not clear whether supervision moderates the impact of social-ecological risk variables on children's injury frequency. This study examined whether maternal supervision moderated the relation of child, maternal, and family risk factors to children's minor injuries. Mothers (N = 170) of toddlers were interviewed biweekly about their children's injuries and their supervision over a 6-month period, and mothers completed measures about child and family variables. Supervision moderated the effect of mothers' marital/partner relationship satisfaction on children's injury frequency; closer supervision was protective for mothers with lower relationship satisfaction. Findings suggest thathelping mothers with low levels of relationship satisfaction provide closer supervision for their children may mitigate the effects of low marital satisfaction on children's injury frequency.